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30 January 2014 Immunoglobulin A as an Early Humoral Responder After Mucosal Avian Coronavirus Vaccination
Nichole Orr-Burks, Stephen L. Gulley, Rodrigo A. Gallardo, Haroldo Toro, Frederik W. van Ginkel
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Abstract

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious coronavirus prevalent in all countries with an extensive poultry industry and continues to cause economic losses. IBV strains of the Ark serotype are highly prevalent in the Southeastern United States despite extensive vaccination. One explanation for this observation is the high genetic variability of IBV. In addition, IBV Ark-type vaccines may induce suboptimal mucosal immune responses, contributing to the prevalence and persistence of the Ark serotype. To test this hypothesis, chickens were ocularly vaccinated with a commercially available live attenuated IBV Ark–Delmarva Poultry Industry vaccine strain and both mucosal and systemic antibody responses were measured. The highest immunoglobulin A (IgA) spot-forming cell (SFC) response was observed in the Harderian glands (HG) and to a lesser extent in the spleen and conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissues, while a limited IgG SFC response was observed in either the mucosal or systemic immune compartment. Interestingly, the peak IgA SFC response occurred 2 days earlier in spleen than in the head-associated lymphoid tissues despite ocular vaccination. Furthermore, IgA IBV-specific antibody levels significantly increased over controls 3 days earlier in tears and 4 days earlier in plasma than did IgG antibodies. IgA antibody levels were higher than IgG antibody levels throughout the primary response in tears and were similar in magnitude in plasma. In addition, a very early increase in IgA antibodies on day 3 postvaccination was observed in tears; such a response was not observed in plasma. This early increase is consistent with a mucosal T-independent IgA response to IBV. In the secondary response the IBV antibody levels significantly increased over controls starting on day 1 after boosting, and the IgG antibody levels were higher than the IgA antibody levels in both tears and plasma. In summary, ocular vaccination induced higher IgA antibodies in the primary IBV response, while the memory response is dominated by IgG antibodies. Thus, lower mucosal IgA antibody levels are observed upon secondary exposure to IBV, which may contribute to vulnerability of host epithelial cells to infection by IBV and persistence of the Ark serotype.

La inmunoglobulina A como una respuesta humoral temprana después de la vacunación en las mucosas con coronavirus aviar.

El virus de la bronquitis infecciosa (IBV) es un coronavirus muy contagioso prevalente en todos los países con una industria avícola extensa y sigue causando pérdidas económicas. Las cepas del virus de bronquitis del serotipo Arkansas son altamente prevalentes en el sureste de los Estados Unidos a pesar de la vacunación extensiva. Una explicación de esta observación es la alta variabilidad genética del virus de bronquitis. Además, las vacunas del tipo Arkansas pueden inducir respuestas inmunitarias subóptimas en las mucosas, que contribuyen a la prevalencia y persistencia del serotipo Arkansas. Para comprobar esta hipótesis, los pollos fueron vacunados ocularmente con una cepa vacunal viva atenuada disponible comercialmente del serotipo Arkansas DPI (Delmarva Poultry Industry) y las respuestas inmunitarias de las mucosas y de anticuerpos sistémicos fueron medidas. El sitio de células formadoras de inmunoglobulina A con mayor producción se observó en la glándula de Harder y en menor medida en el bazo y en los tejidos linfoides asociados a la conjuntiva, mientras que se observó una limitada respuesta de los sitios de células formadoras de IgG, ya sea en la mucosa o en el compartimento inmune sistémico. De manera interesante, el pico de respuesta de los sitios celulares formadores de IgA se produjo dos días antes en el bazo que en los tejidos linfoides asociados con la cabeza a pesar de que la vacunación fue por vía ocular. Por otra parte, los niveles de anticuerpos IgA específicos contra el virus de bronquitis aumentaro

American Association of Avian Pathologists
Nichole Orr-Burks, Stephen L. Gulley, Rodrigo A. Gallardo, Haroldo Toro, and Frederik W. van Ginkel "Immunoglobulin A as an Early Humoral Responder After Mucosal Avian Coronavirus Vaccination," Avian Diseases 58(2), 279-286, (30 January 2014). https://doi.org/10.1637/10740-120313-Reg.1
Received: 4 December 2013; Accepted: 1 January 2014; Published: 30 January 2014
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