Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) encode a class of enzymes that dehydrooxidize aldehydes into corresponding carboxylic acids, which are involved in the growth and development of plants and in the response to various biological and abiotic stresses. In this study, we identified 27 ALDH genes in the Chinese cabbage genome and grouped them into 10 different families. Chromosomal mapping revealed that, except for one gene distributed on Scaffold, the remaining 26 genes were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes of Chinese cabbage. Based on a comparison of the homologous relationship between BrALDHs and ALDH genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, duplicated patterns of the ALDH gene family in Chinese cabbage were analyzed. The exon–intron structures, conserved protein motifs, and phylogenetic relationship with ALDH in six other species were also predicted and analyzed. Finally, we used available RNA-Seq data and real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the expression of ALDH genes in different tissues of Chinese cabbage including the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and siliques. The results showed the tissue specificity and differential expression in different tissues of BrALDHs. The analysis of ALDH gene transcriptome data of Chinese cabbage under different stress conditions (cold, heat, drought, and salinity) showed that the response levels of different genes varied under different stresses, suggesting the function of some genes in these processes. Details of the ALDH gene family in Chinese cabbage has enriched studies on the ALDH gene family in plants and animals and is crucial for understanding ALDH function during plant growth and development.