Zyras (Zyras) malaisei Scheerpeltz, 1965: 345 ff.

Type material examined

Paratypes: 1 ♀: “♀ / N. E. Burma, Kambaiti 7000 ft., 25–27/4 1934, R. Malaise / Schwedische Indien-Burma Expedition 1934 / ex coll. Scheerpeltz / Allotypus / Typus Zyras Malaisei O. Scheerpeltz / Malaisei Schp. / Zyras malaisei Scheerpeltz, det. V. Assing 2015″ (NHMW); 1 ♂: same data, but “19/4 1934 … Cotypus Zyras Malaisei O. Scheerpeltz” (NHMW); 1 ♂ [slightly teneral]: same data, but “23/5-34″ (NHMW).

Comment

The original description is based on a male holotype and five paratypes from “N. E. Burma, Kambaiti” (Scheerpeltz 1965). The type material is deposited in SMNH and NHMW.

Redescription

Rather large species; body length 7.5–9.0 mm; length of forebody 3.6–3.9 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum black; elytra reddish-yellow to reddish, with the posterior portion extensively blackish (Fig. 56); abdomen (Fig. 112) with segments III–IV reddish to dark-reddish, V reddish to blackish-brown with reddish anterior and lateral margins, VI–VII blackish, and VIII–X yellowish; legs yellowish to dark-reddish; antennae (Fig. 1) blackish with the apical 2–3 antennomeres pale-yellowish and sometimes with the basal antennomeres reddish-brown; maxillary palpi blackish with the terminal palpomere reddish.

Head (Fig. 56) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions rather coarse and moderately sparse. Eyes noticeably longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 1) approximately 3 mm long and rather slender; antennomeres IV–V weakly oblong; VI–VII approximately as broad as long; VIII–X weakly transverse; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 56) 1.10–1.15 times as broad as long and 1.30–1.33 times as broad as head, posteriorly with a pronounced median impression; punctation of variable density, but generally sparse, irregularly spaced, and of variable size and depth (though generally coarse); midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins with few long black setae anteriorly and posteriorly.

Elytra (Fig. 56) approximately 0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation coarse, dense and somewhat asperate in lateral and anterior portions, sparser in posterior portions and near suture. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 112) slightly narrower than elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with distinct and dense non-setiferous punctation; tergite III with a pair of median punctures, a lateral puncture, and a lateral marginal puncture on either side, otherwise impunctate; tergites IV–V each with a lateral puncture on either side and with four marginal punctures; tergite VI with a lateral puncture on either side and with six marginal punctures posteriorly; tergite VII with sparse punctation arranged in two irregular rows; tergite VIII with moderately dense punctation in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: tergite VIII transverse, posterior margin with distinct median concavity and with a convex lateral projection on either side (Fig. 201); sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII and convex posteriorly (Fig. 202); median lobe of aedeagus approximately 1.0 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 176–177.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

Zyras malaisei is characterized by the combination of relatively large body size, relatively slender antennae with the apical two to three antennomeres pale-yellowish, irregularly spaced punctation of the pronotum, distinctly bicoloured elytra, yellowish apex of the abdomen, a modified and sexually dimorphic posterior margin of tergite VIII, and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

Zyras malaisei is currently known only from the type locality at the Burmese side of the border between Burma and the Chinese province Yunnan, and from one locality in North Vietnam (Assing 2015d) (Fig. 301), suggesting that the species is widespread and present also in China. The type specimens were collected at an altitude of approximately 2100 m, the additional specimen was sifted from litter of bushes and trees near a forest margin at an altitude of 2030 m. One of the examined paratypes is slightly teneral.

Zyras (Zyras) chinkiangensis Bernhauer, 1939: 148 f.

Type material examined

Lectotypus ♂ [dissected prior to present study; in rather poor condition; right elytron and right antenna missing], present designation: “Nordwestl. [sic] China / Chinkiang, Col. Reitter / chinkiangensis Bernh. Typus. Zyras / chinkiangensis Brnh. Typ. / Chicago NHMus, M. Bernhauer Collection / Zyras chinkiangensis / Zyras chinkiangensis Ber., det. R. Pace 1984, Holotypus / Lectotypus ♂ Zyras chinkiangensis Bernhauer, desig. V. Assing 2015 / Zyras chinkiangensis Bernhauer, det. V. Assing 2015″ (FMNH).

Comment

The original description is based on an unspecified number of syntypes from “Nordwestl. China: Chinkiang”, today Zhenjiang in Jiangsu province, East China ( Bernhauer 1939). The sole type specimen in the Bernhauer collection, a male with only one elytron and one antenna, is designated as the lectotype. It had been mis-sexed as a female (“♂ unbekannt”) by Bernhauer (1939). As can be inferred from the identification label, it had been examined and dissected by R. Pace. The abdominal sternites have the pubescence long and erect, but this may be an artefact previously observed also in many other aleocharines dissected and processed by R. Pace. For remarks on the possible synonymy with Z. setosipennis see the comment in the section on that species.

Redescription

Rather large species; body length 7.3 mm; length of forebody 3.7 mm. Coloration: head blackish; pronotum blackish-brown; elytra brown; abdomen (Fig. 113) with tergites I–V reddish, VI–VII blackish with the anterior margins reddish, and VIII brown (Fig. 57); legs yellowish with the bases of the meso- and metatibiae slightly darker, the profemora dark-brown, and the protibiae brown; antennae (Fig. 2) blackish, with antennomeres IX–XI pale-yellowish; maxillary palpi dark-brown with palpomere IV yellowish.

Head (Fig. 57) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions rather fine and moderately sparse. Eyes strongly bulging and much longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 2) approximately 3 mm long and slender; antennomere IV distinctly oblong, approximately 1.5 times as long as broad; antennomeres V–VII weakly oblong, VIII approximately as broad as long, and IX–X weakly transverse; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 57) 1.2 times as broad as long and 1.26 times as broad as head; lateral margins sinuate posteriorly in dorsal view; anterior angles and lateral margins with numerous long and erect brown setae; punctation rather dense, fine, and nearly regularly spaced.

Elytra long, approximately 0.95 times as long as pronotum; punctation dense and moderately coarse. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 113) broad, with deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V with rather fine non-setiferous punctures; tergite III with several lateral punctures on either side and with approximately eight punctures at posterior margin; tergite IV with several lateral punctures on either side and with approximately ten punctures at posterior margin; tergite V with a median pair of punctures, with several lateral punctures on either side and with more than ten punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI anteriorly with non-setiferous punctation on whole disc except near posterior margin, this punctation dense in anterior portion and sparser in median portion, posterior margin with approximately twelve setiferous punctures; tergite VII with nonsetiferous punctation in anterior half and with setiferous punctures arranged in two irregular transverse series in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave in the middle.

♂: sternite VIII broadly convex; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 1.0 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 178–179; apical lobe of paramere very short.

♀: unknown.

Comparative notes

Zyras chinkiangensis is characterized particularly by its coloration, rather large size, the sinuate lateral margins of the pronotum, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

This species is currently known only from Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, East China (Fig. 301). Additional data are not available.

Zyras (Zyras) alboantennatus Pace, 1986a: 460.

Zyras (Zyras) sichuanorum Pace, 2012a: 85 f.; n. syn.

Type material examined

Z. alboantennatus: Holotype ♂: “Burma, Anisakan [21°57′N, 96°25′E], 12.I.1981, De Rougemont / Holotypus Zyras (s. str.) alboantennatus mihi, det. R. Pace 1982 / Zyras alboantennatus n. sp., det. R. Pace 1983″ (MCSNV).

Z. sichuanorum: Holotype ♂: “China, Sichuan, Qingcheng Shan, 65 km NW Chengdu, 103.33 E, 30.53 N, 18.V/3.-4.VI.1997, 8 km W Taiping, 800–1000 m, leg. A. Pütz / Holotypus Zyras sichuanorum mihi, det. R. Pace 2009 / Zyras sichuanorum n. sp., det. R. Pace 2009″ (cPüt). — Paratypes: 2 ♀♀: “China: Prov. Sichuan, Wenjian Distr., Guanxian Co., 65 km NW Chengdu, Qingcheng Shan, 975 m, 30.53.84N, 103.32.80E, 18.VI.1999, leg. A. Pütz” (cPüt).

Additional material examined

China: 1 ♂, Sichuan, Ya'an Pref., Shimian Co., Daxue Shan, road between Anshunchang and Wanba, ca. 20 km WSW Shimian, ca. 1500 m, 9.VII.1999, leg. Wrase (cAss); 1 ♀, Sichuan, Moxi env., Hailuogou valley, Gonghe, 29°37′N, 102°06′E, 1715 m, fallows near margin of mixed forest, at light, 17.-21.VI.2014, leg. Hájek et al. (NMP).

Comment

The original description of Z. alboantennatus is based on a single male from “Burma, Anisakan” (Pace 1986a), that of Z. sichuanorum on a male holotype and two female paratypes collected in two localities in the Qingcheng Shan, Sichuan (Pace 2012a). An examination of the type material of both names revealed that, regarding their external characters, the specimens are all within the range of intraspecific variation of one and the same species and that the male primary sexual characters are identical. Hence the synonymy proposed above.

Redescription

Large species; body length 8.0–9.5 mm; length of forebody 3.4–4.1 mm. Coloration: head black; pronotum bright-reddish; elytra reddish with the postero-lateral portions more or less extensively triangularly infuscate (Fig. 60), rarely uniformly reddish; abdomen (Fig. 117) bright-reddish, with the middle of tergites VII and VIII, mostly also of tergite VI, more or less extensively infuscate, sometimes leaving only the margins reddish; legs yellowish, with the profemora and protibiae brownish; maxillary palpi dark-brown, with the terminal joint yellowish; antennae (Fig. 3) blackish-brown, with antennomeres VIII–XI, IX–XI, or X–XI pale-yellowish.

Head (Fig. 60) moderately transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with rather sparse and fine punctation; interstices broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes strongly bulging, distinctly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 3) slender, 2.6–2.9 mm long; antennomeres IV distinctly, V–VI weakly oblong; VII–VIII approximately as long as broad; IX–X weakly transverse; XI slightly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 60) 1.15–1.20 times as broad as long and approximately 1.25 times as broad as head; punctation fine, moderately dense, and very shallow; interstices on average broader than diameter of punctures; midline impunctate only in the middle; pubescence long, yellowish, sparse, and suberect.

Elytra (Fig. 60) approximately 0.9 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined, much more so than that of pronotum, moderately fine, and rather dense. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 117) large, nearly as broad as elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; tergites III–V each with a row of rather dense nonsetiferous punctures in anterior impressions, with some setiferous punctures bearing long black setae in lateral portions, with a median pair of punctures, and with scattered fine punctures on discs; tergite VI with rather dense punctation in anterior half, some setiferous punctures laterally, scattered fine punctures in posterior half, and with a row of coarser punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with dense and fine punctation in anterior half, and with coarser and less dense punctation in posterior half; tergite VIII with moderately dense punctation only in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII shallowly concave in the middle.

♂: sternite VIII with strongly convex posterior margin; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 1.1 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 180–181.

♀: general outline of posterior margin of sternite VIII broadly and weakly convex, in the middle with pronounced concavity.

Comparative notes

This species is characterized particularly by its large size, the conspicuous coloration, the fine punctation of the pronotum, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus. For characters distinguishing it from the similar Z. setosipennis see the comparative notes in the section on that species.

Distribution and natural history

Based on examined material, the known distribution includes four localities in Sichuan (Fig. 304), one in Burma, and one in Vietnam (Assing 2015d). Pace (2012a) recorded the species from the environs of Lijiang, Yunnan.

The non-type male was collected on a stream bank, the female with a light trap placed in fallows near the margin of a mixed forest. The altitudes range from approximately 360 to 1715 m.

Zyras (Zyras) kambaitiensis Scheerpeltz, 1965: 347 f.

Zyras (Zyras) ferrugineiventris Scheerpeltz, 1965: 349 f.; n. syn.

Zyras (Zyras) semiasperatus Scheerpeltz, 1965: 353 f.; n. syn.

Type material examined

Z. kambaitiensis: Paratypes: 1 ♀: “♀ / N. E. Burma, Kambaiti 7000 ft., 22/4 1934, R. Malaise / Schwedische Indien-Burma Expedition 1934 / ex coll. Scheerpeltz / Allotypus / Typus Zyras kambaitiensis O. Scheerpeltz / kambaitiensis Schp. / Zyras kambaitiensis Scheerpeltz, det. V. Assing 2015″ (NHMW); 1 ex.: same data, but “13/5 1934 … Cotypus Zyras kambaitiensis O. Scheerpeltz” (NHMW); 2 exs.: same data, but “28/5.1934, 2000 m” (NHMW); 2 exs.: same data, but “12/5.1934″ (NHMW).

Z. ferrugineiventris: Holotype ♀: “♀ / N. E. Burma, Kambaiti 7000 ft., 19/4 1934, R. Malaise / Holotypus / Typus Zyras ferrugineiventris O. Scheerpeltz / Zyras (Zyras) ferrugineiventris n. sp., det. Scheerpeltz 1941 / 3736, E91 + / NHRS-JLKB 000023265 / Zyras kambaitiensis Scheerpeltz, det. V. Assing 2015″ (SMNH).

Z. semiasperatus: Paratypes: 1 ♀: “♀ / N. E. Burma, Kambaiti 7000 ft., 13/5 1934, R. Malaise / Schwedische Indien-Burma Expedition 1934 / ex coll. Scheerpeltz / Allotypus / Typus Zyras semiasperatus O. Scheerpeltz / semiasperatus Schp. / Zyras kambaitiensis Scheerpeltz, det. V. Assing 2015″ (NHMW); 1 ex.: same data, but “12/5 1934 … Cotypus Zyras semiasperatus O. Scheerpeltz / Zyras kambaitiensis Scheerpeltz, det. V. Assing 2015″ (NHMW); 1 ex.: same data, but “1/5 1934″ (NHMW).

Additional material examined

China: 1 ♂, Yunnan, Nujiang Lisu Aut. Pref., Gaoligong Shan, pass 21 km NW Liuku, 25°58′N, 98°41′E, 3150 m, under stones along road, 9.VI.2007, leg. WRASE (cAss).

Comment

The type localities of Z. kambaitiensis, Z. ferrugineiventris, and Z. semiasperatus are identical (“N. E. Burma, Kambaiti”). The original description of Z. kambaitiensis is based on 17 type specimens, that of Z. ferrugineiventris on a single female, and that of Z. semiasperatus on seven type specimens (Scheerpeltz 1965). The lengthy descriptions of Z. ferrugineiventris and Z. semiasperatus do not emphasize any characters distinguishing these species from Z. kambaitiensis. The examined type material of Z. ferrugineiventris and Z. semiasperatus is more or less distinctly teneral, but otherwise (including the male sexual characters) identical to that of Z. kambaitiensis, indicating that all three names are synonymous. They were made available in the same article; Zyras kambaitiensis is designated as the senior name.

Redescription

Body length 6.5–8.0 mm; length of forebody 3.5–4.2 mm. Coloration: body blackish-brown to black (Figs. 59–115), with the abdominal apex (segments VII–X) reddish and occasionally the abdominal segments III or III–IV slightly paler; legs yellowish; antennae (Fig. 5) blackish, sometimes with the basal two antennomeres slightly paler; maxillary palpi yellowish to yellowishbrown.

Head (Fig. 59) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions rather fine and sparse. Eyes noticeably longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 5) 2.6–3.0 mm long and rather slender; antennomeres IV–V weakly oblong or as long as broad; VI–X weakly transverse; XI slightly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 59) relatively weakly transverse, 1.08–1.12 times as broad as long and 1.30–1.35 times as broad as head, posteriorly with a pronounced median impression; punctation of variable density, moderately sparse, irregularly spaced, and of variable size and depth (mostly moderately coarse); midline narrowly impunctate.

Elytra (Fig. 59) 0.80–0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation moderately coarse, dense and somewhat asperate in lateral and anterior portions, sparser in posterior portions and near suture. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 115) slightly narrower than elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with very sparse non-setiferous punctation, nearly impunctate; tergites III–V with a lateral puncture on either side and with four punctures at posterior margin, otherwise impunctate; tergite VI with a lateral puncture on either side and with six punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII in posterior portion with two transverse rows composed of only about four punctures each; tergite VIII with few setiferous punctures in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: tergite VIII (Fig. 203) transverse, middle of posterior margin with a pair of tooth-like projections, between these projections concave; sternite VIII (Fig. 204) longer than tergite VIII, approximately as long as broad, and convex posteriorly; median lobe of aedeagus 1.0–1.1 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 182–183.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

Zyras kambaitiensis is characterized particularly by the coloration of the body, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, the modifications of the sexually dimorphic tergite VIII, and by the shape of the aedeagus. It is distinguished from the syntopic and sympatric Z. malaisei by the less coarse punctation of the head and pronotum, the different coloration of the antennae, the elytra, the abdomen, and the maxillary palpi, the nearly impunctate anterior portions of the abdominal tergites III–VII, the different modifications of the male tergite VIII, and the differently shaped median lobe of the aedeagus. From the similarly coloured Z. kraatzi, Z. kambaitiensis differs by larger body size, distinctly longer and more massive antennae, a more transverse and less convex (cross-section) pronotum with denser and coarser punctation, much denser, coarser, and partly granulose punctation of the elytra, and a larger median lobe of the aedeagus with a more slender (lateral view) apical portion of the ventral process.

Distribution and natural history

Zyras kambaitiensis is currently known from two localities, one in northeastern Burma, close to the border with Yunnan, and one in the Gaoligong Shan, western Yunnan, China, from where the species is reported for the first time (Fig. 302). The partly teneral type specimens were collected at an altitude of approximately 2100 m, the additional specimens from under a stone on a road margin at an altitude of 3150 m.

Zyras wei: Pace (2010a); misidentification.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “Taiwan, Kaohsiung Hsien, Peinantashan trail 2450 m, 2.V.1995 A. Smetana [T170] / Zyras wei Pace, det. R. Pace 2006 / Holotypus ♂ Zyras rufapicalis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cSme).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: same data as holotype (cSme); 2 ♂♂: “Taiwan, Nantou Hsien, Nenkaoshan ridge, 2850 m, 7.V.1992, A. Smetana [T118]” (cSme, cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet is composed of the Latin adjectives rufus (red) and apicalis (apical). It alludes to the conspicuously reddish apex of the abdomen.

Description

Large species; body length 8.5–9.5 mm; length of forebody 3.8–4.0 mm. Coloration: body (Figs. 62, 116) black and shiny, with the abdominal apex (segments VIII–X and posterior half of VII) reddish; legs with the femora blackish, the tibiae brownish, and the tarsi reddish; maxillary palpi yellowish-red to reddish-brown; antennae (Fig. 6) reddish-brown to brown, with blackish-brown antennomere I.

Head (Fig. 62) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions sparse; interstices distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes distinctly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 6) 2.7–2.8 mm long, moderately massive; antennomere IV approximately as long as broad; V–VI as long as broad or weakly transverse; VII–X gradually and weakly increasing in width; X weakly transverse, much less than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 62) 1.14–1.20 times as broad as long and 1.34–1.38 times as broad as head; punctation moderately sparse; interstices on average broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins and antero-lateral portion with some long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 62) 0.85–0.90 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and moderately dense (denser in anterior portion), interstices on average broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV, or nearly so.

Abdomen (Fig. 116) approximately 0.95 times as broad as elytra and with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; posterior margins of tergites III–VII with fine punctation; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior margin of tergite VI with sparse nonsetiferous micropunctation; discs of tergites III–VI each with a median pair of setiferous punctures (individual punctures may be missing) and with some lateral punctures on either side; tergite VII with fine punctures near anterior margin and with two transverse rows each composed of approximately 8 setiferous punctures in posterior half; tergite VIII with a few setiferous punctures in posterior fourth, impunctate in anterior three-fourths; integument without microsculpture and very glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII concave in the middle, this concavity delimited by a tooth-like process on either side; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin truncate in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 0.95–1.02 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 184–185.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave in the middle; posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly concave.

Comparative notes and comment

This distinctive species is readily identified based on its large size and conspicuous coloration alone. In addition, it is characterized by the punctation pattern of the abdomen and by the morphology of the aedeagus. It differs from Z. kambaitiensis (Yunnan, northeastern Burma), the only species of similar size and coloration known from China, by the broader and more densely punctate pronotum, the denser punctation of the head, the much darker legs (Z. kambaitiensis: legs pale-yellowish), and by the more slender median lobe of the aedeagus with a straight (lateral view) and relatively longer ventral process.

The type material was erroneously reported from Taiwan as Z. wei by Pace (2010a).

Distribution and natural history

The known distribution is confined to two localities in Taiwan (Fig. 301). The specimens were collected at altitudes of 2450 and 2850 m.

Zyras songanus: Pace (2012a); misidentification.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: W-Hubei daba [sic] Shan pass E of Mt. Da Shennongjia 12 km / NW Muyuping 31°30′N, 110°21′E 1950 m, A Smetana [C117] / Zyras songanus Pace, det. R. Pace 2005 / Holotypus ♂ Zyras rufoterminalis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀: “China — NW Sichuan, 20 km NW Maowen, 2150 m, Jiuding Shan, coniferous wood, 7–28.VI.2004, leg. R. Fabbri” (cSch, cAss); 1 ♀: “China — NW Sichuan, between Shangliusuo—Luhua, 5 km E of Luhua, 2400 m, shrubs, 7–28.VI.2004, leg. R. Fabbri” (cSch); 1 ♂: “China (W-Hubei) Daba Shan, pass E Mt. Da Shennongjia, 12 km NW Muyuping 31°30′N, 110°21′E, 1950 m (dry creek vall., mix. decid. forest), 16.-22.VII.2001 Wrase [13]” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet is composed of the Latin adjectives rufus (red) and terminalis (terminal). It alludes to the conspicuously reddish apex of the abdomen.

Description

Large species; body length 8.0–10.0 mm; length of forebody 4.0–4.6 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum (Fig. 61) blackish-brown to blackish; elytra yellowish, with the postero-lateral portions extensively triangularly blackish; abdomen (Fig. 118) blackish, with the posterior margins of segments III–VI and all of segments VII–X bright-reddish; legs yellowish; antennae (Fig. 16) blackish-brown, with antennomeres I–II sometimes indistinctly paler and with antennomere XI dark-reddish.

Head (Fig. 61) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions rather sparse; interstices on average broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes as long as, or slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 16) very long (3.2–3.4 mm), slender, and moderately massive; antennomeres IV–VI weakly transverse to weakly oblong, VII–X as long as broad to weakly transverse, and XI usually shorter than, more rarely as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 61) approximately 1.15 times as broad as long and 1.34–1.38 times as broad as head, rather weakly convex in cross-section; punctation moderately dense; interstices on average as broad as, or slightly narrower than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins and antero-lateral portion with some long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 61) approximately 0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined, coarser and distinctly denser than that of pronotum, interstices on average narrower than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV, or nearly so.

Abdomen (Fig. 118) slightly narrower than elytra and with shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; posterior margins of tergites III–VI each with a row of rather dense setiferous punctures bearing long yellowish setae; remainder of surfaces of tergites III–VI, including anterior portions, with few scattered punctures, occasionally nearly impunctate; tergite VII with moderately dense punctation in anterior fourth and very scattered punctures in posterior three-fourths; tergite VIII with some setiferous punctures bearing long black setae in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and very glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII concave in the middle.

♂: posterior concavity of tergite VIII delimited by a more or less pronounced tooth-like process on either side; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 1.1 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 186–187.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII not dentate on either side of median concavity; posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes and comment

This distinctive species is characterized by its conspicuous coloration (of the shaanxiensis type, but with reddish abdominal apex), large body size, very long antennae (longer than in any of the other species recorded from China), the very sparse punctation of the abdomen, and by the morphology of the aedeagus.

Remarkably, the holotype had been identified as Z. songanus Pace, 1993, a species known only from Beijing, by R. Pace. This species, however, is much smaller (5.6–6.3 mm), of different coloration, and much more densely punctate on the abdomen.

Distribution and natural history

The species was discovered in three localities in northwestern Sichuan and western Hubei (Fig. 301). The specimens were collected in a coniferous forest, in a shrub habitat, and in a mixed deciduous forest at altitudes of 1900–2400 m.

Zyras (Zyras) birmanus Scheerpeltz, 1965: 350 f.

Zyras (Zyras) pseudobirmanus Scheerpeltz, 1965: 351 f.; n. syn.

Type material examined

Z. birmanus: Paratypes: 1 ♀: “♀ / N. E. Burma, Kambaiti, 2000 m, 14/5.1934, Malaise / Schwedische Indien-Burma Expedition 1934 / ex coll. Scheerpeltz / Allotypus / Typus Zyras birmanus O. Scheerpeltz / birmanus Schp. / Zyras birmanus Scheerpeltz, det. V. Assing 2015″ (NHMW); 3 exs.: same data, but “7–9/6.1934 … Cotypus Zyras birmanus O. Scheerpeltz” (NHMW); 1 ex.: same data, but “12/5 1934, 7000 ft.” (NHMW); 1 ex.: same data, but “25–27/4 1934″ (NHMW).

Z. pseudobirmanus: Holotype ♀: “N. E. Burma, Kambaiti 7000 ft., 12/5 1934, R. Malaise / Holotypus / Typus Zyras pseudobirmanus O. Scheerpeltz / Zyras (Zyras) pseudobirmanus n. sp., det. Scheerpeltz 1941 / 3812, E91 + / NHRS-JLKB 000023267 / Zyras birmanus Scheerpeltz, det. V. Assing 2015″ (SMNH).

Additional material examined

China: Yunnan: 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Dali Bai Aut. Pref., Zhemo Shan, 7 km SW Xiaguan, 25°32–33′N, 100°10–11′E, 2870–2970 m, shrubs with bamboo, oak, and rhododendron, litter sifted, 18.IX.2009, leg. Schülke & Wrase (cSch, cAss); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, 1 ex., Dali Bai Aut. Pref., Jizu Shan, summit plateau, 37 km NE Dali, 25°59′N, 100°22′E, 3150, mixed forest, litter and moss sifted, 5.IX.2009, leg. Schülke & Wrase (cSch, cAss); 1 ♂, Dali Bai Aut. Pref., Jizu Shan, path to cable car, 37 km NE Dali, 25°58′N, 100°23′E, 2450 m, mixed forest, sifted from litter, moss and pine apples, 5.IX.2009, leg. Schülke (cSch); 1 ♀, Dali Bai Aut. Pref., mountain range E Weishan, 12 km NE Weishan, 25°17′N, 100°22′E, 2630–2660 m, shrubs with pine and bamboo, litter sifted, 15.IX.2009, leg. Wrase (cAss); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Dali Bai Aut. Pref., Diancang Shan W Dali, 25°42′N, 100°06′E, 2970 m, sifted at rock edges and under small shrubs, 28.V.2007, leg. Schülke (cSch, cAss); 1 ♂, Dali Bai Aut. Pref., Diancang Shan, 3 km W Dali old town, pine forest at “Cloud Road”, right upper chairlift station, 25°41′N, 100°07′E, 2750 m, vinegar trap, 17.-23.VI.2005, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 ex., Lijiang Naxi Aut. Co., E Yulongxue Shan, 30 km N Lijiang, 27°09′N, 100°15′E, 2800–2900 m, creek valley, secondary mixed forest, 13.VIII.2003, leg. Schülke (cSch, cAss); 1 ♀, same data, but leg. Smetana [labelled “Zyras songanus Pace, det. R. Pace 2005″] (cSme); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Baoshan Pref., Gaoligong Shan, near Xiaoheishan N. R., 35 m SE Tengchong, 24°50′N, 98°46′E, 2110 m, primary deciduous forest, litter sifted, 30.V. and 4.VI.2007, leg. Wrakse (cSch, cAss); 1 ♀, Baoshan Pref., 10 km SE Kambaiti pass, 45 km NW Tengchong, 25°21′N, 98°14′E, 1700–1800 m, primary forest, litter and mushrooms sifted, 29.VIII.2009, leg. Schülke (cSch); 1 ♂, Baoshan Pref., Gaoligong Shan, 33 km SE Tengchong, 24°51′N, 98°46′E, 2150 m, degraded primary deciduous forest, litter, wood, mushrooms sifted, leg. Schülke (cSch).

Comment

The type localities of Z. birmanus and Z. pseudobirmanus are identical (“N. E. Burma, Kambaiti”). The original description of the former is based on 16 specimens, that of the latter on a single female holotype (Scheerpeltz 1965). According to the original description of Z. pseudobirmanus, this species is distinguished from Z. birmanus by slight differences in coloration, proportions, and punctation. A comparison of the holotype with the type material of Z. birmanus and with the additional material listed above, however, yielded no evidence whatsoever that it should represent a distinct species. All the distinguishing characters indicated by Scheerpeltz (1965) are well within the range of intraspecific variation of Z. birmanus. Both Z. birmanus and Z. pseudobirmanus were described in the same article; the former is designated as the senior name.

One of the females listed as additional material above had been identified by Pace as Z. songanus.

Redescription

Body length 6.5–8.0 mm; length of forebody 2.8–3.2 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum black; elytra dark-yellowish, with the postero-lateral portions extensively black (Fig. 64); abdomen (Fig. 124) blackish, with the posterior margins of tergites III–VIII and the paratergites bright reddish-yellow and paratergites V–VI weakly infuscate in the middle; legs and maxillary palpi dark-yellowish; antennae (Fig. 17) blackish-brown, with the basal 2–3 antennomeres and antennomere XI reddish.

Head (Fig. 64) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions sparse; interstices on average distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 17) 2.4–2.5 mm long and moderately massive; antennomere IV as long as broad or even oblong; V–X gradually and weakly increasing in width; X rather weakly transverse; XI distinctly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 64) usually 1.14–1.18 times as broad as long and 1.30–1.35 times as broad as head; punctation similar to that of head; interstices on average distinctly broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins with few long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 64) 0.80–0.83 times as long as pronotum; punctation denser and coarser than that of pronotum, but interstices still broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I as long as, or longer than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 124) 0.90–0.96 times as broad as elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V, and with conspicuously sparse non-setiferous punctation; anterior impressions of tergites III–V impunctate or with few fine punctures, discs of these tergites practically impunctate aside from few scattered punctures laterally and a row of sparse setiferous punctures bearing long dark setae at posterior margins; posterior margin of tergite III impunctate; tergite VI anteriorly with few fine non-setiferous punctures, with a row of sparse setiferous punctures at posterior margin, and with or without a pair of setiferous punctures on disc; tergite VII anteriorly with a transverse band of moderately dense fine non-setiferous punctures, a row of sparse setiferous punctures at posterior margin, and with scattered punctures on disc; tergite VIII with sparse punctation anteriorly and posteriorly; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin truncate to weakly convex in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus 0.80–0.87 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 188–189.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave in the middle.

Intraspecific variation

Aside from the usual variability of body size, this species is subject to some variation of antennal morphology, the coloration of the antennae (antennomere III reddish or infuscate), the coloration of the abdominal tergite VIII (completely reddish to blackish with reddish margins), and even the shape of the pronotum. In one female from the Yulongxue Shan the pronotum is distinctly larger than in the other specimens examined. Moreover, the apex of the ventral process of the aedeagus is somewhat stouter in the type material than in the additional material from Yunnan.

Comparative notes

Among the species with a similar coloration pattern and of similar size, Z. birmanus is characterized by the relatively sparse punctation of the forebody, the conspicuously sparsely punctate, partly impunctate abdomen, as well as by the morphology of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

Originally described from northeastern Burma, Z. birmanus is also widespread and evidently rather common in western Yunnan (Fig. 303). It was collected in various kinds of forest and shrubland habitats, mostly by sifting litter and moss, at altitudes between approximately 1750 and 3150 m. One specimen was collected with a vinegar trap.

Zyras (Zyras) shaanxiensis Pace, 1998: 971.

Type material examined

Holotype ♂: “China — Shaanxi, Nanwutai, 17-IX-95, Rougemont / Holotypus Zyras shaanxiensis m., det. R. Pace 1996 / Zyras shaanxiensis sp. n., det. R. Pace 1996 / Zyras shaanxiensis Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (MHNG).

Additional material examined

China: Shaanxi: 1 ex., Daba Shan, 22 km NW Zhenping, SE pass, 32°00′N, 109°21′E, 1930 m, 11.VII.2001, leg. Schülke (cSch); 1 ex., Daba Shan, 20 km NW Zhenping, creek valley SE pass, 31°59′N, 109°22′E, 1680 m, 11.VII.2001, leg. Schülke (cSch); 1 ex., Daba Shan, Ten'ja village, 31°55′N, 109°05′E, 2200–2600 m, 18.-27.VI.2004, leg. Plutenko (cSch); 1 ex., Qinling Shan, pass on road Zhouzhi—Foping, 33°46′N, 107°58′E, 1700 m, stream valley, mixed deciduous forest, moss sifted, 3.VII.2001, leg. Schülke (cAss); 1 ex., same data, but 1700–1990 m, 2.-4.VII.2001, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., 118 km E Xian, Qinling Shan, Hua Shan, 34°27′N, 110°06′E, 1200–1400 m, deciduous forest, 18. —20.VIII.1995, leg. Wrase (cSch). — Gansu: 10 exs., N Chengxian, W-Qinling Shan, 34°08′N, 105°47′E, 1760 m, N-slope, secondary deciduous forest margin, sifted, 28.VII.2012, leg. Assing & Schülke (cAss, cSch); 12 exs., N Chengxian, W-Qinling Shan, 34°10′N, 105°43′E, 1850 m, mixed secondary forest margin, litter sifted, 29.VII.2012, leg. Assing, Schülke & Wrase (cAss, cSch); 14 exs., N Chengxian, W-Qinling Shan, 34°10′N, 105°42′E, 1830 m, stream valley with secondary deciduous forest, moist litter sifted, 29.VII.2012, leg. Assing, Schülke & Wrase (cAss, cSch); 5 exs., mountains SE Longnan, 33°11′N, 105°14′E, 2030 m, N-slope with scree, moss, fern roots, and moist litter sifted, 31.VII.2012, leg. Assking & Schülke (cAss, cSch); 4 exs., mountains SE Longnan, 33°11′N, 105°14′E, 2060 m, N-slope with scree, shrub litter and moss sifted, 7.VIII.2012, leg. Assing & wrase (cAss, cSch); 1 ex., W-Qinling Shan, NW Longnan, 34°03′N, 104°10′E, 2200 m, SW-slope with shrubs, litter sifted, 1.VIII.2012, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., W-Qinling Shan, NW Longnan, Lazikou pass, S-side, Laolong valley, 34°08′N, 103°52′E, 2300 m, S-slope with pine and spruce forest, litter sifted, 3.VIII.2012, leg. wrase (cSch); 1 ex., S Longnan, Min Shan, 33°03′N, 104°41′E, 2200 m, secondary pine forest with hazelnut, moist litter and roots sifted, 6.VIII.2012, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., Min Shan, 60 km NW Wudu, 10.-20.VI.2005, leg. Patrikeev (cSch). — Shaanxi/ Hubei/Chongqing: 1 ex., Daba Shan, pass 20 km SSE Zhenping, 31°44′N, 109°35′E, 1700–1800 m, stream valley, young mixed forest, litter and moss sifted, 9. —12.VII.2001, leg. Wrase (cSch). — Sichuan: 4 exs., 20 km NW Maowen, Jiuding Shan, 2150 m, coniferous forest, 7.-28.VI.2004, leg. Fabbri (cSch, cAss); 1 ex., between Shangliusuo and Luhua, 5 km E Luhua, 2400 m, shrubs, 7.-28.VI.2004, leg. Fabbri (cAss). — Yunnan: 1 ♀, mountains W Dongchuan, Sedan Snow Mountain Scenic Resort, 26°06′N, 102°55′E, 2620 m, secondary pine forest, litter, moss, and roots sifted, 14.VIII.2014, leg. Schülke (cSch); 1 ♀, Dali Bai Aut. Pref., 1 km W Dali old town, stream valley at foothill of Diancang Shan, 25°42′N, 100°08′E, 2170 m, fallow, 28.VIII.-3.IX.2003, leg. Wrase (cAss).

Comment

The original description is based on a unique male holo type from “Shaanxi, Nanwutai” deposited in MHNG (Pace 1998).

Redescription

Body length 5.6–7.2 mm; length of forebody 2.8–3.4 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish; elytra reddish-yellow with more or less extensively blackish postero-lateral portions (Fig. 65); abdomen (Fig. 125) with reddish-yellow paratergites (often with middle of paratergites V and VII weakly infuscate); tergite III uniformly pale-reddish, occasionally brownish in the middle; tergites IV–VIII dark-brown to blackish, with the posterior margins sharply and broadly reddish-yellow; legs yellow; antennae (Fig. 18) dark-brown to blackish-brown with antennomeres I–II, (base of) III, and XI reddish; maxillary palpi yellowish.

Head (Fig. 65) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions moderately coarse and moderately sparse to moderately dense. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 18) 2.2–2.5 mm long and rather massive; antennomere IV approximately as long as broad or weakly transverse; antennomeres V–X weakly transverse and of gradually increasing width; X less than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X, or nearly so.

Pronotum (Fig. 65) weakly transverse, 1.09–1.13 times as broad as long and usually 1.35–1.40 times as broad as head; punctation moderately coarse, moderately dense, and nearly equally distributed; midline narrowly impunctate.

Elytra (Fig. 65) 0.75–0.80 times as long as pronotum; punctation moderately coarse and dense. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 125) slightly narrower than elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V usually with sparse, more rarely with denser non-setiferous punctures; tergite III with a median pair of punctures at or near posterior margin, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with scattered very fine punctures at posterior margin; tergite IV with a pair of median punctures, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with 8–10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite V with a pair of median punctures, with one, sometimes several lateral punctures on either side, and with approximately 10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with a transverse row of non-setiferous punctures near anterior margin, with a transverse row of usually six punctures in posterior half, and with approximately 10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with moderately dense non-setiferous punctures in anterior portion and with moderately dense setiferous punctures usually not arranged in distinct transverse series in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII with shallow concavity in the middle.

♂: sternite VIII longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin nearly truncate in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 0.8–0.9 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 190–192; apical lobe of paramere rather long and slender.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII broadly and shallowly concave in the middle.

Intraspecific variation

The female from the Diancang Shan in Yunnan differs from other specimens examined by darker coloration (elytra more extensively blackish, yellowish only near anterior margins and in humeral portion; posterior margins of abdominal tergites III–VIII more narrowly and more darkly reddish; maxillary palpi brown with yellowish terminal palpomere), but otherwise no evidence was found suggesting that it should represent a different species.

Comparative notes

Among the consubgeners of similar size and coloration known from China, Zyras shaanxiensis is characterized particularly by the moderately massive antennae, the large (in relation to head) but rather weakly transverse pronotum, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus, and the relatively long apical lobe of the paramere.

Distribution and natural history

This species is widespread and apparently common in the Qinling Shan and adjacent mountain ranges (Shaanxi, Gansu) and present also in the Daba Shan, eastwards to the border region between Shaanxi, Hubei, and Chongqing, and in Sichuan (Fig. 302). The above records from Yunnan are based exclusively on females and consequently not absolutely reliable. Pace (2012a) recorded the species from the Emei Shan in Sichuan. The examined specimens were sifted from litter in various forest, shrub, and ruderal habitats at altitudes between 1680 and 2620 m. Two specimens collected in July and August are teneral.

Zyras (Zyras) wei Pace, 1993: 114.

Zyras (Zyras) qingchengensis Pace, 2012a: 85; n. syn.

Type material examined

Z. wei: Holotype ♀: “China X.1986, Guizhou: Huaxi, G. de Rougemont / Holotypus Zyras wei m., det. R. Pace 1987 / Zyras wei sp. n., det. R. Pace 1987″ (cRou).

Z. qingchengensis: Holotype ♂: “China, Sichuan, Qingcheng Shan, 65 km NW Chengdu, 103.33 E, 30.53 N, 18.V/3.-4.VI.1997, 8 km W Taiping, 800–1000 m, leg. A. Pütz / Holotypus Zyras qingchengensis mihi, det. R. Pace 2009 / Zyras qingchengensis n. sp., det. R. Pace 2009 / Zyras wei Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (cPüt). — Paratypes: 2 ♀♀: same data as holotype (cPüt); 1 ♂: “China: Sichuan, Ganzi Pref., Daxue Shan, 101.57 E, 30.02 N, N Kangding, 2600–2700 m, 22./24.V.1997, leg. A. Pütz / Paratypus Zyras qingchengensis mihi, det. R. Pace 2009 / Zyras qingchengensis n. sp., det. R. Pace 2009 / Zyras sp. prope athetoides, det. V. Assing 2015″ (cPüt).

Additional material examined

China: 1 ♂, Fujian, Wuyi Shan Nat. Res., Sangang env., 900 m, 30.V.-12.VI.2001, leg. Hlaváč & Cooter (cAss); 1 ♀, Zhejiang, Tianmu Shan, pass 25 km NNW Linan, 30°26′N, 119°36′E, 620–820 m, stream valley with mixed forest and bamboo, litter sifted, 16.VI.2007, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ♂, Sichuan, Wenjiang Distr., Dujiangyan Co., 56 km NW Chengdu, Qingcheng Shan, 30°54′N, 103°33′E, 975 m, 18.VI.1999, leg. Schülke (cAss).

Comment

The original description of Z. wei is based on a single female from “Guizhou, Huaxi” (Pace 1993), that of Z. qingchengensis on five specimens collected in the Qingcheng Shan and near Kangding in Sichuan (Pace 2012a). An examination of the type material of both names revealed that the type series of Z. qingchengensis is undoubtedly composed of two species, but yielded no evidence whatsoever that the holotype and the paratypes of Z. qingchengensis from the Qingcheng Shan, the holotype of Z. wei, and the additional material listed above should represent different species. Consequently, Z. qingchengensis is placed in synonymy with the senior name Z. wei. The examined paratype from the region to the north of Kangding, evidently a nanistic specimen, is distinguished from Z. wei by numerous characters, particularly the different punctation, the much sparser punctation of the forebody and the abdomen, and the different morphology of the antennae. Among the described Zyras species known from China, it is most similar to Z. athetoides.

Redescription

Body length 6.2–7.5 mm; length of forebody 2.5–2.9 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish-brown; elytra with yellow posterior margin, otherwise variable: blackish brown with humeral portion extensively reddish, or yellowish-red with lateral spot and scutellar region more or less extensively infuscate (Fig. 66); abdomen (Fig. 126) blackish brown, with the paratergites and the posterior margins of the segments yellowish-red to red; legs yellowish; antennae (Fig. 19) dark-reddish to blackish-brown, with antennomeres I–II and base of III yellowish-red to red, and with apex of XI reddish-brown to brown.

Head (Fig. 66) distinctly transverse, narrowly to broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions moderately dense; interstices on average approximately as broad as punctures. Eyes notice ably longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 19) 2.0–2.3 mm long and moderately massive; antennomeres IV–V as long as broad or weakly transverse; V–X gradually increasing in width; X weakly transverse; XI as long as, or slightly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 66) 1.15–1.20 times as broad as long and 1.33–1.40 times as broad as head; punctation dense and very defined; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins with few long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 66) approximately 0.75–0.80 times as long as pronotum; punctation coarse and dense; interstices distinctly narrower than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I as long as, or slightly longer than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 126) slightly narrower than elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with distinct and dense non-seti ferous punctation; posterior margins of tergites III–VI each with a row of setiferous punctures; discs of tergites III–VIII with sparse irregular punctation usually not arranged in distinct transverse rows (rarely, irregular transverse series may be present on tergites VI–VII); tergite VIII with rather dense punctation in posterior portion, fine and sparse punctation in antero-lateral portions, and impunctate in antero-median portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII truncate or weakly concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII and convex posteriorly; median lobe of aedeagus 0.72–0.80 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 193–194.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII truncate in the middle; posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes and comment

Among the species with a similar coloration pattern and of similar size, Z. wei is characterized by the dense, defined, and rather coarse punctation of the forebody (especially of the elytra), the punctation pattern of the abdomen (especially the usually irregular punctation on tergites III–VII), by the posteriorly truncate tergite VIII, and by the morphology of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

Confirmed records are known only from the type locality in Guizhou, the Tianmu Shan in Zhejiang, the Wuyi Shan in Fujian, and the Qingcheng Shan in Sichuan, China (Fig. 306). Pace (2010a, 2012a) reported the species also from several other localities in Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Taiwan. However, an examination of additional material identified by R. Pace as Z. wei revealed that it was composed of at least five [sic] different species and in fact not a single specimen was conspecific with the holotype of Z. wei, suggesting that most likely all other previous records from various localities in China and Taiwan (Pace 2010a, 2012a) are based on misidentifications.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: Fujian prov., Wuyi Shan Nat. Res., Sangan env. (900 m), 30.V.-12.VI.2001, Hlaváč & Cooter lgt. / Holotypus ♂ Zyras firmicornis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective) alludes to the massive antennae, one of the characters distinguishing this species from the similar syntopic Z. wei.

Description

Body length 6.7 mm; length of forebody 2.9 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish-brown; elytra yellowish, with a relatively small dark spot in postero-lateral angles (Fig. 67); abdomen (Fig. 127) blackish-brown with the posterior margins of the segments and the paratergites (except for the middle of paratergites VI and VII) darkyellowish; legs and maxillary palpi yellowish; antennae (Fig. 20) blackish-brown with antennomeres I–II pale-reddish and XI slightly paler than X.

Head (Fig. 67) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions moderately dense; interstices on average approximately as broad as diameter of punctures. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 20) approximately 2.2 mm long and massive; antennomere IV distinctly transverse; V–X gradually increasing in width; X moderately transverse, slightly less than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 67) large, 1.22 times as broad as long and 1.37 times as broad as head; punctation moderately dense; interstices on average slightly broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins with few long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 67) 0.76 times as long as pronotum; punctation similar to that of pronotum. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 127) nearly as broad as elytra, with shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with fine and moderately sparse non-setiferous punctation; posterior margins of tergites III–VI each with row of sparse setiferous punctures bearing long setae, posterior margin of tergite VII with numerous punctures bearing short setae; disc of tergite III with transverse row of 4 setiferous punctures; discs of tergites IV–V each with 6 setiferous punctures; disc of tergite VI with transverse series of approximately 8 setiferous punctures; tergite VII anteriorly with rather numerous oblong non-setiferous punctures, in posterior half with numerous setiferous punctures arranged in three irregular transverse rows; tergite VIII with sparse setiferous punctures in posterior fourth, and with few scattered punctures in anterior threefourths; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII truncate in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII and strongly convex posteriorly; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 0.9 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 195–196.

♀: unknown.

Comparative notes

Zyras firmicornis is distinguished from the similar and syntopic Z. wei by the more massive antennae, the different punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the distinctly larger and differently shaped median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The type locality is situated in the Wuyi Shan, Fujian province (Fig. 301), at an altitude of 900 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China S.Sichuan (Ya'an Pref., Shimian Co.), Xiaoxiang Ling, side-valley above Nanya Cun nr. Caluo, 11 km S Shimian, ca. 1250 m, 12.VII.1999 D. W. Wrase / Holotypus ♂ Zyras subobsoletus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 2 ♀♀: “China: S-Sichuan 1999, Ya'an Prefecture, Shimian Co., Xiaoxiang Ling, Pass zw. Shimian u. Ganluo, 27 km SE Shimian, 29°03′N, 102°31′E, 2450 m, Quellsumpf, Bachufer, 8.VII., leg. M. Schülke” (cSch).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective) alludes to the almost obsolete black markings of the elytra.

Description

Body length 6.5–7.0 mm; length of forebody 2.7–3.0 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum black; elytra yellowish, with more or less reduced dark spots in or near postero-lateral angles (Fig. 73) (in holotype reduced to small, diffuse, and indistinct spot at lateral margin); abdomen (Fig. 129) blackish-brown to black, with the posterior margins of the segments reddish; legs yellowish; antennae (Fig. 21) dark-brown with antennomeres I–II and XI reddish to brown.

Head (Fig. 73) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions moderately sparse; interstices on average broader than punctures. Eyes noticeably longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 21) 2.2–2.4 mm long and moderately massive; antennomeres IV–X weakly transverse, gradually and weakly increasing in width; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 73) approximately 1.16–1.22 times as broad as long and 1.3 times as broad as head; punctation rather sparse and fine; interstices on average broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins with few long thin brownish setae.

Elytra (Fig. 73) 0.75–0.80 times as long as pronotum; punctation similar to that of pronotum. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 129) broad, nearly as broad as elytra, with shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with fine and moderately dense to sparse non-setiferous punctation; posterior margins of tergites III–VII each with a row of setiferous punctures; discs of tergites III–IV sparsely punctate to nearly impunctate, with or without an additional pair of coarser punctures; discs of tergites V–VI with a more or less distinct transverse row of setiferous punctures posteriorly and with scattered additional fine punctures; tergite VII in posterior half with sparse punctation occasionally arranged in indistinct transverse series; tergite VIII with moderately dense punctation in posterior third; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII with shallow concavity in the middle, without evident sexual dimorphism.

♂: sternite VIII slightly longer than tergite VIII and convex posteriorly; median lobe of aedeagus 0.75 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 197–198.

♀: posterior margin of sternite VIII truncate in the middle.

Comparative notes

Regarding its coloration (shaanxiensis type, but with reduced elytral spots), Z. subobsoletus is most similar to Z. sibiricus and Z. firmicornis. It differs from both particularly by the more slender antennomere III, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus, from Z. sibiricus additionally by the sparser punctation of the pronotum and the elytra, as well as by the darker coloration of the pronotum. Regarding antennal morphology, habitus, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus, Z. subobsoletus is most similar to Z. wei, from which it differs by the less dense punctation of the pronotum and the elytra, the less transverse pronotum, and by the morphology of the aedeagus (crista apicalis more oblique; ventral process apically more slender in lateral view and shorter in ventral view). More material would be required to assess whether these differences are constant and indeed an expression of interspecific variation. The possibility that they are within the range of intraspecific variation can, at present, not be ruled out with certainty.

Distribution and natural history

The known distribution is confined to two localities in the Xiaoxiang Ling, southern Sichuan (Fig. 301). The specimens were collected at 1250 and 2450 m, the two paratypes in a swampy habitat.

Zyras sibiricus Bernhauer, 1914: 68.

Material examined

China: 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Beijing distr., Yan Shan, Dongling Mountains, Xiaolongmen, 1400 m, 15.-16.VI.2001, leg. Hlaváč & Cooter (cAss, cHla).

Comment

The original description is based on “ein einziges Weibchen” from “Ost-Sibirien (Schipka-Gora)” ( Bernhauer 1914). A high-resolution photograph of this specimen was made available to me by Munetoshi Maruyama. The redescription below is based on the examined material from China.

Redescription

Body length 5.7–7.2 mm; length of forebody 2.8–3.1 mm. Coloration: head blackish-brown; pronotum darkbrown; elytra yellowish, with or without a small, weakly defined, and weakly infuscate spot in or near postero-lateral angles (Fig. 74); abdomen (Fig. 130) brown with the anterior margins and the broad posterior margins of the segments and the paratergites dark-yellowish; legs yellowish; antennae (Figs. 14, 22) reddish to dark-reddish, with antennomeres I–II and XI paler red.

Head (Figs. 74, 110) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions moderately dense; interstices on average approximately as broad as punctures. Eyes noticeably longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Figs. 14, 22) approximately 2.3 mm long and rather massive; antennomere IV as long as broad or weakly transverse; V–X gradually increasing in width; X rather weakly transverse; XI shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Figs. 74, 110) approximately 1.18 times as broad as long and 1.3 times as broad as head; punctation similar to that of head, but slightly coarser on average; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins without long setae.

Elytra (Figs. 74, 110) approximately 0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation similar to that of pronotum. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I as long as, or slightly longer than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Figs. 130, 140) approximately 0.9 times as broad as elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with fine and moderately distinct non-setiferous punctation; posterior margins of tergites III–VII each with a row of setiferous punctures; discs of tergites III–V each with two irregular transverse rows of punctures; disc of tergite VI with moderately sparse, that of tergite VII with very sparse irregular punctation; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII and convex posteriorly; median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 199–200, 209–210) 0.67–0.73 mm long and with slender ventral process in lateral view.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave in the middle; posterior margin of sternite VIII truncate in the middle.

Intraspecific variation

The specimens from Beijing (Figs. 22, 74, 130, 199–200) differ from material examined from Hokkaido (Figs. 14, 110, 140, 209–210) by slightly finer punctation of the anterior abdominal tergites, a slightly more convex pronotum (cross-section), and the slightly different shape and orientation of the crista apicalis of the aedeagus. However, these differences are not very pronounced and tentatively interpreted as intraspecific variation.

Comparative notes

Among the Chinese species with a similar coloration pattern and of similar size, Z. sibiricus somewhat resembles Z. shaanxiensis, but differs by the absent or indistinctly infuscate posterior spots on the elytra, the paler antennomeres IV–X, the punctation of the abdomen (Z. shaanxiensis: anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI very sparsely punctate; discs of tergites III–VI with very sparse punctures not arranged in transverse rows; tergite VII with denser punctation), and by the morphology of the median lobe of the aedeagus. Zyras sibiricus is also similar to Z. optatus (one female from Honshu examined), but distinguished by the less extensive and less distinct postero-lateral spots on the elytra, the slightly longer antennae (Z. optatus: 2.1 mm), the less dense non-setiferous punctation of the anterior impressions of tergites III–V and of the anterior portions of tergites VI–VII, as well as by the more extensive and denser setiferous punctation of the posterior portions of tergites III–V.

Distribution and natural history

Zyras sibiricus is widespread in the East Palaearctic region and had been reported from East Siberia and North Korea (Hlaváč et al. 2011, Smetana 2004). The examined material includes specimens from North Japan (Hokkaido) and one locality in China (Beijing) (Fig. 304). The partly slightly teneral specimens from Beijing were collected at an altitude of 1400 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: Yunnan, Lincang Pref., Bang-ma Shan, 33 km SSW Lincang, 2150 m, 23°35′41″N, 100°00′27″E, decid. forest remnant, N-slope, litter and dead wood sifted, 11.IX.2000, leg. M. Schülke [CH09-42] / Holotypus ♂ Zyras bangmaicus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet is an adjective derived from the name of the mountain where this species was discovered.

Description

Body length 7.5 mm; length of forebody 3.1 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish; elytra yellowish, with the posterior two-fifths, except for the yellowish suture, extensively blackish (Fig. 75); abdomen (Fig. 131) reddish, with a transverse median spot on tergite IV and most of the discs of tergites V–VII blackish-brown; legs and maxillary palpi yellowish; antennae (Fig. 23) blackish-brown, with antennomeres I–III yellowish-red and XI dark-reddish.

Head (Fig. 75) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle in posterior half; punctation in lateral and anterior dorsal portions sparse; interstices distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 23) 2.5 mm long and not particularly massive, moderately in crassate apically; antennomeres IV–V weakly oblong; VI approximately as long as broad; VII–X gradually increasing in width and increasingly transverse; X approximately 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 75) 1.12 times as broad as long and 1.21 times as broad as head; punctation rather coarse, irregularly spaced, and sparse, particularly in antero-lateral portions of disc; interstices on average broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins without long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 75) rather long, 0.95 times as long as pronotum; punctation rather coarse, defined, and moderately dense; interstices on average slightly broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 131) distinctly narrower than elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI each with a transverse row of non-setiferous punctures; discs of tergites III–VI nearly impunctate, except for some punctures in lateral portions and a median pair of setiferous punctures on tergite III; posterior margin of tergite III impunctate; posterior margins of tergites IV–VI each with four setiferous punctures bearing long dark setae; tergite VII with some partly granulose setiferous punctures in posterior half of disc and a row of dense fine punctures at posterior margin; tergite VIII with moderately dense setiferous punctures bearing long dark setae in posterior portion, in postero-median portion smoothly elevated; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII concave in the middle, on either side of this concavity dentate; sternite VIII longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin strongly convex in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus 0.9 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 205–206.

♀: unknown.

Comparative notes

Among the species with a similar coloration pattern of the forebody, Z. bangmaicus is characterized by the coloration of the forebody, the morphology of the antennae, the relatively slender pronotum with sparse and irregularly spaced punctation, the rather long elytra, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, the smoothly elevated posteromedian portion of tergite VIII, and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The type locality is situated in the Bangma Shan in western Yunnan (Fig. 301). The holotype was sifted from leaf litter in a deciduous forest remnant at an altitude of 2150 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: Qinghai Prov. [CH11-9e], Daban Shan, 62 km NNW Honggu, creek valley, Picea, Populus, Betula forest, 36°51′15–28″N, 102°36′34″–37′07″E, 2236–2350 m, creek valley, litter, dead wood & moss sifted, 10.VII.2011, leg. M. Schülke / Holotypus ♂ Zyras inexcisus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♂: same data as holotype (cSch); 3 exs.: “China Qinghai: [09B] Daban Shan, 62 km NNW Honggu 2240 m, 36°51′28″N, 102°37′07.6″E, creek valley, Picea-Populus-, Betula forest, pitfall traps, vinegar, 11.-15.VII.2011, D. W. Wrase” (cSch); 2 exs.: “China (Qinghai Prov.), Daban Shan, 62 km NNW Honggu, 36°51′26.8″N, 102°36′50.2″E, 2275 m (creek valley, Picea-Populus-Betula forest, litter sifted), 26. & 29.VI.2011 D. W. Wrase [09E]” (cAss); 1 ex.: “China (Qinghai Prov.), Daban Shan, 6 km NW Honggu, 36°49′10.7″N, 102°31′22.8″E, 2366–2400 m (mixed forest: Betula, Populus, Picea, pitfall traps, vinegar), 11.-15.VII.2011 D. W. Wrase [08C]” (cSch); 1 ex.: “China: Qinghai Prov. [CH11-19], road 301 km 180, 43 km ESE Men Yuan, 37°09′32.6″N, 102°02′06.0″E, 2704 m, creek valley with Picea, Salix, Populus, Betula, litter and moss sifted, 5.VII.2011, leg. M. Schülke” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: Gansu Prov. [CH11-27], Lenglong Ling Mts., 60 km NNW Honggu, Jin Sha Gorge, mixed forest (Picea, Populus, Betula), 36°51′06.9″N, 102°38′55.3″E, litter, moss, mushrooms sifted, 12.VII.2011, leg. M. Schülke” (cAss); 1 ♂ [teneral]: “Baikal. Trinkun [?], Sajan. Bang-Haas / optatus Shp., Bang-Haas. det. Bernh. / Chicago NHMus, M. Bernhauer Collection” (FMNH); 1 ♂: “optata Shp, Baikalsee, ded. Reitter. / Chicago NHMus, M. Bernhauer Collection” (FMNH); 1 ♀: “Quellgeb. Irkut. Leder. ded. Reitter / optatus Sharp Ostsibirien, determ. Bernh. / Chicago NHMus, M. Bernhauer Collection” (FMNH); 2 ♀♀: “Rußland: Primorie (S9), Schutzgebiet Sichote-Alin, Kordon Kabaniy [45°05′N, 135°5′E], 7.-13.VII.1998, leg. J. Sundukov” (cSch, cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective) alludes to the absence of a median concavity of the posterior margin of the male tergite VIII.

Description

Body length 6.0–7.0 mm; length of forebody 2.7–3.0 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish-brown; elytra dark-yellowish, with the postero-lateral portions extensively blackish-brown (Fig. 76); abdomen (Fig. 133) blackish-brown, with the posterior margins of tergites III–VIII and the paratergites yellowish-brown; legs and maxillary palpi dark-yellowish; antennae (Fig. 37) usually blackish-brown, rarely reddish-brown, with antennomeres I–II and XI paler, reddish to brown.

Head (Fig. 76) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle in posterior half; punctation in lateral and anterior dorsal portions moderately dense; interstices on average as broad as, or slightly narrower than punctures. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 37) 1.9–2.1 mm long and not particularly massive; antennomere IV distinctly transverse; V–X gradually increasing in width; X approximately 1.5 times as broad as long; XI slightly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 76) 1.08–1.13 times as broad as long and 1.25–1.27 times as broad as head; punctation similar to that of head, but denser; midline very narrowly impunctate; lateral margins with few moderately long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 76) 0.81–0.82 times as long as pronotum; punctation dense, denser and coarser than that of pronotum. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 133) 0.94–0.98 times as broad as elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; non-setiferous punctation of anterior impressions of tergites III–V fine and rather sparse, that of anterior portion of tergite VI moderately sparse to rather dense, and that of anterior portion of tergite VII dense; posterior margins of tergites III–VII each with row of numerous setiferous punctures; discs of tergites III–VIII with moderately dense punctation not arranged in transverse rows; tergite VIII posteriorly rather densely punctate and anteriorly almost impunctate; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII smoothly convex, usually without, rarely with very shallow median concavity.

♂: sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin truncate to weakly convex in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus 0.72–0.75 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 207–208.

♀: sternite VIII with broadly and weakly convex posterior margin.

Comparative notes

Among the species with a similar coloration pattern and of similar size, Z. inexcisus is characterized by relatively short and not particularly massive antennae with distinctly transverse antennomeres IV–X, the rather dense punctation of the body (particularly of the elytra), the smoothly convex posterior margin of the male tergite VIII, and by the morphology of the aedeagus. The species is distinguished from Z. optatus (Sharp, 1888) from Japan (one female from Honshu examined), with which it had been confounded by Bernhauer, by the less convex pronotum in cross-section, the darker antennae with more transverse antennomeres IV–X, the distinctly denser punctation of the forebody, and the more extensive and denser punctation of the abdomen. It differs from the sympatric Z. sibiricus by the slightly darker and shorter antennae with more transverse antennomeres IV–X, more extensive and more distinct punctation particularly of tergites VI–VIII, and by a relatively shorter, less slender (lateral view), and broader (ventral view) ventral process of the aedeagus. Regarding its antennal morphology, the shape of the pronotum, and the general punctation pattern, Z. inexcisus is similar to Z. hauserianus, a species described based on one female from the Tian Shan in the extreme northwest of China. For remarks on distinguishing characters see the comment in the section on Z. hauserianus. For characters separating Z. inexcisus from the similar Z. illecebrosus see the section on that species.

Distribution and natural history

The species is currently known from several localities in the Chinese provinces Qinghai and Gansu, as well as from East Siberia and the Russian Far East. The specimens from China were sifted from leaf litter and moss and collected with pitfall traps baited with vinegar in mixed forests. The altitudes range from approximately 2240 to 2700 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂ [somewhat damaged: left elytron, right hindleg, left mid- and hindlegs missing]: “Ch — S Sichuan, 7.VII.1998, 27.38N, 102.48E, 10 km SW Butuo, cultural steppe, Jaroslav Turna leg. / Holotypus ♂ Zyras granapicalis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratype ♀ [hindlegs missing]: “Ch — S Sichuan, 28.-29.VI.1998, 27.45N, 101.13E, pass 20 km S Muli (Bowa), mixed forest, ca 3500 m, Jaroslav Turna leg.” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet is composed of the Latin noun granum and the Latin adjective apicalis It alludes to the granulose punctation of tergite VIII.

Description

Body length 6.1–7.1 mm; length of forebody 2.8–3.1 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish; elytra yellowish, with the postero-lateral portions sharply and extensively blackish, black markings not reaching suture (Fig. 78); abdomen (Fig. 134) black, with the posterior margins of segments III–VI narrowly and posterior margin of segment VII slightly more broadly yellowish; legs and maxillary palpi yellowish; antennae (Fig. 39) dark-brown, with antennomeres I–II, base of III, and XI dark-reddish.

Head (Fig. 78) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions very sparse; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes distinctly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 39) 2.1–2.3 mm long and moderately massive; antennomeres IV–X weakly transverse; XI slightly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 78) 1.1–1.2 times as broad as long and 1.28–1.30 times as broad as head; punctation rather fine and sparse; interstices broader than diameter of punctures; midline moderately broadly impunctate.

Elytra (Fig. 78) approximately 0.8 times as long as pronotum; punctation similar to that of pronotum, interstices distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed.

Abdomen (Fig. 134) approximately as broad as elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI impunctate; posterior margins of tergites III–VI each with a row rather dense setiferous punctures bearing yellowish setae; discs of tergites III–VI with a median pair of punctures in posterior portion and with very few lateral punctures, otherwise impunctate; tergite VII with few fine punctures anteriorly and with very sparse punctures arranged in irregular transverse rows in posterior portion; tergite VIII with granulose punctures in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII with a distinct concavity in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus nearly 0.9 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 211–212.

♀: tergite VIII similar to that of male, but with less pronounced posterior concavity.

Comparative notes

In size, coloration, and punctation, Z. granapicalis is most similar to Z. birmanus and Z. lativentris, from which it is distinguished particularly by the pale setae at the posterior margins of tergites III–VI (dark in Z. birmanus and Z. lativentris), by the distinctly granulose punctation in the posterior portion of tergite VIII, as well as by the differently shaped aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The specimens were collected in two localities in southern Sichuan (Fig. 301), one in dry arable land and one in a mixed forest at an altitude of approximately 3500 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂ [slightly teneral]: “China: Yunnan, Baoshan Pref., mount. range 25 km S Tengchong, 1900 m, 24°48′21″N, 98°32′05″E, cleft with devast. primary forest, litter & mushr. sifted, 30.VIII.2009, leg. M. Schülke [CHG09-18] / Holotypus ♂ Zyras lativentris sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective) alludes to the relatively broad abdomen.

Description

Body length 6.1 mm; length of forebody 2.8 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish-brown; elytra yellowish, with the postero-lateral portions extensively blackish (Fig. 79); abdomen (Fig. 135) blackish-brown, with the posterior margins of tergites III–VIII and the para tergites dark-yellowish; legs and maxillary palpi yellow ish; antennae (Fig. 40) dark-brown, with antennomeres I–II and base of III reddish-yellow, and XI dark-reddish.

Head (Fig. 79) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions very sparse; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes distinctly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 40) 2.2 mm long and moderately massive; antennomere IV as long as broad; V–X gradually and weakly increasing in width; X rather weakly transverse; XI slightly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 79) large and rather strongly transverse, approximately 1.25 times as broad as long and 1.4 times as broad as head; punctation similar to that of head; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins with few long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 79) 0.79 times as long as pronotum; punctation similar to that of pronotum, interstices distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 135) approximately as broad as elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V with few scattered non-setiferous punctures; tergites IV–VI with row of moderately numerous setiferous punctures at posterior margin; tergites III–V with a pair of setiferous punctures on disc and laterally with few scattered punctures, otherwise impunctate; tergite VI with a transverse row of 8 setiferous punctures on disc; tergite VII with moderately sparse setiferous punctures not arranged in distinct rows; tergite VIII with moderately dense setiferous punctures posteriorly; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII very weakly concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin weakly convex in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus 0.73 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 213–214.

♀: unknown.

Comparative notes

Among the species with a similar coloration pattern and of similar size, Z. lativentris is characterized by the sparse punctation of the forebody, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, as well as particularly by the robust habitus (broad pronotum and abdomen) and by the morphology of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The type locality is situated in a mountain range to the south of Tengchong, western Yunnan (Fig. 301). The holotype was sifted from leaf litter in a degraded primary forest at an altitude of 1900 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China [4] — Yunnan, NE Kunming, 25°09′07″N, 102°53′46″E, 2280 m, sec. pine for. with alder 11.VIII.2014, V. Assing / Holotypus ♂ Zyras caloderoides sp. n. det. V. Assing 2015″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: same data as holotype (cAss); 1 ♀: same data, but leg. Schülke (cSch); 1 ♀: “China [2a] — Yunnan, mts NE Dongchuan, 2670 m, 26°14′10″N, 103°12′31″E, bushes, 9.VIII.2014, V. Assing” (cAss); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀: “China [9b] — Yunnan, mt. W Xundian, 2300 m mixed for., 25°34′58″N, 103°08′42″E, sifted 16.VIII.2014, V. Assing” (cAss); 1 ♂, 1 ♀: “China [10] — Yunnan, mt. NW Wuding, mixed forest, 25°36′53″N, 102°18′59″E, 2190 m, 17.VIII.2014, V. Assing” (cAss); 2 ♀♀: “China: Yunnan, mountain WNW Wuding, 25°38′45″N, 102°06′55″E, 2390 m, mixed forest margin with alder and pine, litter sifted, 1.IX.2014, Schülke [CH14-12a]” (cSch); 1 ♂: “China: Yunnan, NE Kunming, 25°08′35″N, 102°53′49″E, 2320 m, mixed forest with alder, oak, and pine, litter and mushrooms sifted, 13.VIII.2014, Schülke [CH14-06]” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (adjective) alludes to the morphology of the antennae, which somewhat resemble those of some species of the genus Calodera Mannerheim, 1830.

Description

Body length 6.0–7.0 mm; length of forebody 2.6–3.1 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish; elytra yellowish, with the postero-lateral angles extensively blackish (Fig. 71); abdomen (Fig. 128) blackish, with the posterior margins of the segments very narrowly darkreddish; legs pale-yellowish; antennae (Fig. 41) blackish, with antennomeres I–II reddish to blackish-brown and XI reddish to reddish-brown; maxillary palpi brown to darkbrown, with the terminal palpomere reddish-yellow.

Head (Fig. 71) distinctly transverse, moderately broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions moderately dense and moderately coarse. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 41) 1.9–2.2 mm long; antennomere IV weakly transverse; antennomeres V–X gradually increasing in width and increasingly transverse; X slightly less than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 71) distinctly transverse, 1.20–1.24 times as broad as long and approximately 1.3 times as broad as head; punctation moderately coarse and moderately dense, more or less equally distributed; interstices as broad as, or slightly broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral and anterior margins without conspicuous long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 71) approximately 0.8 times as long as pronotum; punctation rather coarse and dense, somewhat sparser in postero-sutural portion. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 128) as broad as, or slightly narrower than elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–IV practically impunctate, that of tergite V with scattered fine non-setiferous punctures; disc of tergite III with a median pair of punctures near posterior margin, with a lateral puncture and with a lateral marginal puncture on either side; tergites IV and V with a median pair of punctures, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with six punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with a transverse band of rather fine non-setiferous punctures near anterior margin, with an irregular transverse row of 6–8 punctures, and with approximately 10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with a transverse band of dense, rather fine non-setiferous punctures anteriorly, with two transverse rows of punctures in posterior portion, and with a variable number of additional sparse punctures posteriorly; tergite VIII in posterior portion with asperate setiferous punctation; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII with shallow median concavity.

♂: sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin strongly convex; median lobe of aedeagus 0.87–0.93 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 215–216.

Comparative notes

Among the species with the Z. shaanxiensis coloration pattern and of similar size, Z. caloderoides is characterized by the combination of rather massive antennae with at least slightly transverse antennomeres IV–X, equally distributed punctation on the pronotum, rather coarse punctation of the elytra, a blackish abdomen with a distinctive punctation pattern, asperate punctation in the posterior portion of tergite VIII, and a rather large median lobe of the aedeagus with a long ventral process. The species is distinguished from the similar Z. shaanxiensis by the shorter and more distinctly incrassate antennae with more transverse antennomeres IV–X, by the sparser punctation of the forebody, and by the more slender apex of the ventral process of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The known distribution is confined to several localities in East Yunnan (Fig. 302). The specimens were sifted from leaf litter in various mixed forests and in bush habitats at altitudes of 2190–2670 m, in one locality together with Z. gilvipalpis.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China [6] — Yunnan, NE Kunming, 25°08′35″N, 102°53′49″E, 2320 m, mixed forest, sifted, 13.VIII.2014, V. Assing / Holotypus ♂ Zyras gilvipalpis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2015″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀: “China [11] — Yunnan, Wuding, Lion Mountain, 2200 m, 25°31′59″N, 102°22′36″E, sifted, 17.VIII.2014, V. Assing” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (adjective) alludes to the yellowish maxillary palpi, one of the characters distinguishing this species from the similar and sympatric Z. caloderoides.

Description

Rather large species; body length 7.0–8.0 mm; length of forebody 3.2–3.5 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish; elytra reddish-yellow, with the postero-lateral angles extensively blackish (Fig. 72); abdomen (Fig. 122) blackish, with the paratergites and the posterior margins of segments III–VI narrowly, those of segments VII and VIII more broadly reddish; legs and maxillary palpi yellowish; antennae (Fig. 7) dark-brown, with the basal 2–3 antennomeres pale-reddish and antennomere XI reddish to dark-reddish.

Head (Fig. 72) distinctly transverse, usually broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions moderately dense and rather fine. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 7) rather massive and 2.5–2.7 mm long; antennomeres IV–VII as long as broad or weakly oblong, VIII–X very weakly transverse, X much less than 1.5 times as broad as long, and XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 72) rather large in relation to head, distinctly transverse, 1.15–1.20 times as broad as long, and approximately 1.4 times as broad as head; punctation rather fine and rather dense, more or less equally distributed; interstices on average approximately as broad as diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral and anterior margins without conspicuous long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 72) 0.75–0.80 times as long as pronotum; punctation dense and not very coarse, slightly sparser in postero-sutural portion. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 122) approximately as broad as elytra or nearly so, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–IV with sparse and fine non-setiferous punctures, that of tergite V with more numerous fine non-setiferous punctures; disc of tergite III with a lateral puncture on either side and with four punctures at posterior margin; tergite IV with a lateral marginal puncture on either side, with a median pair of punctures, and with usually four punctures at posterior margin; tergite V with a lateral puncture on either side, with a median pair of punctures, and with more numerous punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with a transverse band of numerous non-setiferous punctures near anterior margin, with a lateral puncture on either side, with a median pair of punctures, and with approximately 10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with a transverse band of dense, rather fine punctures anteriorly and with numerous punctures not arranged in distinct series in posterior portion; tergite VIII in posterior portion with punctation bearing long black setae; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII truncate or weakly concave in the middle.

♂: sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin strongly convex; median lobe of aedeagus 1.00–1.05 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 217–218.

Comparative notes

Among the species with the Z. shaanxiensis coloration pattern, Z. gilvipalpis is characterized by the combination of rather large body size, long and massive antennae with weakly transverse preapical antennomeres, rather fine punctation on the head and pronotum, equally distributed punctation on the pronotum, dense punctation of the elytra, a blackish abdomen with a distinctive punctation pattern, and a rather large median lobe of the aedeagus. It is distinguished from the similar sympatric and syntopic Z. caloderoides by larger body size, much longer antennae with distinctly less transverse preapical antennomeres, a larger pronotum (in relation to the head), finer punctation of the pronotum, finer and denser punctation of the elytra, the punctation pattern of the abdomen (particularly the more numerous non-setiferous punctures in the anterior impressions of tergites III–V), the simple (non-asperate) punctation on tergite VIII, and by the distinctly larger median lobe of the aedeagus with a relatively shorter and stouter ventral process. This species differs from the similar Z. shaanxiensis by the longer antennae with oblong or less transverse antennomeres IV–X and a distinctly longer antennomere XI, the relatively larger and more transverse pronotum, the convex posterior margin of the male sternite VIII, and by the morphology of the median lobe of the aedeagus (on the whole larger; ventral process more slender; crista apicalis of different orientation).

Distribution and natural history

Zyras gilvipalpis was collected in two localities to the northeast of Kunming and near Wuding, East Yunnan (Fig. 303). The specimens were sifted from leaf litter in a mixed forest with alder, oak, and pine, together with Z. caloderoides, and from moist leaf litter in a stream valley with deciduous forest at altitudes of 2320 and 2200 m, respectively.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China (Qinghai Prov.), Daban Shan, 62 km NNW Honggu, 36°51′26.8″N, 102°36′50.2″E, 2275 m (creek valley, Picea-Populus-Betula forest, litter sifted), 26. & 29.VI.2011 D. W. Wrase [09E] / Holotypus ♂ Zyras dabanicus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 2 ♂♂ [slightly teneral]: same data as holotype (cSch, cAss); 1 ♀: “China: Qinghai Prov. [CH11-08b], Daban Shan, 60 km NW Honggu, 36°49′10.7″N, 102°31′22.8″E, 2366–2400 m, mixed forest (Betula, Populus, Picea) mushrooms sifted, 11.VII.2011, leg. M. Schülke” (cSch).

Etymology

The specific epithet (adjective) is derived from the name of the mountain range where the species was discovered.

Description

Relatively small species; body length 5.4–6.0 mm; length of forebody 2.4–2.5 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish; elytra with the anterior half yellowish and the posterior half, except for the yellowish suture, blackish (Fig. 80); abdomen (Fig. 136) blackish-brown to blackish, with the anterior and the posterior margins of the segments yellowish; legs and maxillary palpi yellowish; antennae (Fig. 42) dark-brown, with antennomeres I–III and XI pale-reddish.

Head (Fig. 80) moderately transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions sparse; interstices broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 42) rather short and distinctly incrassate apically, 1.5–1.7 mm long; antennomeres IV–X all distinctly transverse, gradually and distinctly increasing in width; X more than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 80) moderately transverse, 1.10–1.15 times as broad as long and approximately 1.3 times as broad as head; punctation relatively fine and moderately sparse; interstices broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral and anterior margins without long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 80) approximately 0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation rather fine and moderately sparse, interstices on average slightly to distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 136) approximately 0.9 times as broad as elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; tergites III–VI, including anterior portions, with moderately sparse and irregular fine punctation, each with a row of dense punctures bearing short yellowish setae at posterior margin; tergite VII with rather dense punctation near anterior margin and moderately sparse punctation on remainder of disc; tergite VIII with moderately sparse to rather dense punctation in posterior half; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII without sexual dimorphism, with or without shallow median concavity in both sexes.

♂: sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus rather small, approximately 0.65 mm long; ventral process with long apical portion in lateral view (Figs. 119–120).

Comparative notes

Among the species with the Z. shaanxiensis coloration pattern and of similar size, Z. dabanicus is characterized by the short and apically strongly incrassate antennae with distinctly transverse antennomeres IV–X, the relatively sparse and fine punctation of the forebody, the moderately transverse pronotum, the punctation pattern of the pronotum, as well as by the morphology of the aedeagus. The species additionally differs from the similarly coloured Z. shaanxiensis by smaller body size and the posteriorly more extensively blackish elytra (Z. shaanxiensis: posterior blackish spots usually not reaching suture and of more triangular shape). It is distinguished from Z. hauserianus by the distinctly less transverse and more convex (cross-section) pronotum, and the much sparser punctation of the abdomen (especially of tergites VI and VII).

Distribution and natural history

The species is known from two localities in the Daban Shan, Qinghai province (Fig. 302). The specimens were sifted from leaf litter and mushrooms in mixed forests at altitudes of 2275–2400 m.

Zyras (Zyras) notaticornis Pace, 1998: 971.

Type material examined

Holotype ♂: “KARC [= Kadoori Agricultural Research Centre] F.I.T., 19–31.V.96 / Holotypus Zyras notaticornis m., det. R. Pace 1996 / Zyras notaticornis sp. n., det. R. Pace 1996 / Zyras notaticornis Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (MHNG). — Paratype ♀ [heavily damaged; elytra and parts of antennae missing]: “Hong Kong, KARC [= Kadoori Agricultural Research Centre] 31.V.1996, G. de Rougemont / Flight interception trap / Para typus Zyras notaticornis m., det. R. Pace 1996 / Zyras notaticornis Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (cRou).

Additional material examined

China: 1 ♂, Guangxi A. R., Longsheng Hot Spring, 25°53.6′N, 110°12.4′E, 360 m, forested river valley, 11.-14.IV.2013, leg. Fikáček, HÁJEK & Růžička (NMP); 1 ♂, Guangxi, Diding, 1200 m, 8.VII.1999, leg. Fellowes (cAss).

Hong Kong: 1 ♀, Hong Kong, III–IV.1997, leg. Rougemont (cRou).

Comment

The original description is based on a male holotype and four paratypes of unspecified sex from “Hong Kong, Kadoorie Agricultural Research Centre” and a male paratype from “Zhejiang Prov., Anji County, ca. 480 m, Long Wan Shan N. R.” (Pace 1998). According to the description, antennomere XI is yellowish and the length of the body is 5.4 mm, whereas in the examined material antennomere XI is pale-reddish to dark-brown and body length is somewhat greater (holotype: 6.0 mm). Note that the illustrations of the median lobe of the aedeagus provided by Pace (1998) are not quite accurate (orientation of the crista apicalis; shape of apex of ventral process in ventral view).

Redescription

Body length 6.0–7.6 mm; length of forebody 2.5–3.0 mm. Forebody conspicuously glossy. Coloration: head and pronotum black; elytra black, with the humeral portions and the suture reddish-yellow (Fig. 81); abdomen (Fig. 137) black, with the posterior margins of the tergites more or less narrowly reddish; legs yellowish; antennae (Fig. 24) black, with antennomere XI pale-reddish to darkbrown; maxillary palpi dark-brown to blackish, with the terminal palpomere yellowish.

Head (Fig. 81) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions rather coarse and rather sparse. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 24) 2.3–2.4 mm long; antennomere IV weakly oblong; antennomeres V–VI weakly oblong or as broad as long; VII approximately as broad as long or weakly transverse, VIII–X weakly transverse, X slightly less than 1.5 times as broad as long, and XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 81) moderately transverse, 1.15–1.18 times as broad as long and 1.24–1.26 times as broad as head; punctation rather coarse, rather sparse, and somewhat irregularly spaced, posterior portion nearly impunctate; interstices broader than diameter of punctures; midline rather broadly impunctate.

Elytra (Fig. 81) approximately 0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation rather coarse, defined, and dense in anterior portion and rather sparse in posterior portion, interstices in posterior half on average distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 137) nearly as broad as elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI with a row of rather ill-defined and not very coarse non-setiferous punctures; tergite III with a pair of median punctures, and with a lateral and a latero-marginal puncture on either side; tergite IV with a pair of median punctures, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with four punctures at posterior margin; tergites V–VI with a pair of median punctures, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with approximately 8 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with few scattered non-setiferous punctures in anterior portion and with two irregular transverse series of sparse setiferous punctures in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII with distinct median concavity.

♂: sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 225–226) 0.73–0.83 mm long; ventral process apically slender, straight, and acute in lateral view.

Comparative notes

This species is distinguished from other Chinese representatives of the subgenus with a similar coloration pattern particularly by the conspicuously glossy body, the rather coarse punctation of the pronotum and elytra, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

Zyras notaticornis is currently known from Hong Kong and the Chinese provinces Guangxi and Zhejiang (Fig. 302). The low altitudes (200–1200 m), at which the species was collected, suggest that it may widespread in South China. The type material was caught with flight interception traps (Rougemont 2001).

Zyras (Zyras) seminigerrimus bernhauer, 1933b: 54.

Type material examined

Lectotype ♂ [dissected prior to present study], present designation: “Tatsienlu, China / —Kiulung, Reitter / seminigerrimus Bernh. Typ. un. / seminigerrimus Brnh. Typus un., don. Emm. Reitter / Chicago NHMus, M.Bernhauer Collection / Zyras (Zyras) seminigerrimus / Lectotypus ♂ Zyras seminigerrimus Bernhauer, desig. V. Assing 2015 / Zyras seminigerrimus Bernhauer, det. V. Assing 2015″ (FMNH).

Comment

The original description is based on an unspecified number of syntypes from “Tatsienlu [= Kangding] —Kiulung” (Bernhauer 1933b). The examined syntype is apparently unique, as can be inferred from the labels attached to it. Nevertheless, it is designated as the lectotype. The specimen had been dissected prior to the present study. As a result, the abdominal segments VII–X are nearly completely bleached (pale-yellowish) and damaged. Thus, the redescription of the coloration of these segments had to rely on the original description. Also, it was not possible to assess the original body length; according to Bernhauer (1933b) it is 5.5 mm, but judging from what is left of the specimen, its total length is between 6.5 and 7.0 mm.

Redescription

Length of forebody 3.0 mm. Coloration: forebody blackish (Fig. 82); abdomen (Fig. 138) with tergites I–II blackish, III–IV pale-reddish, V–VI dark-brown with reddish margins and paratergites, VII bicoloured, reddish in anterior three-fifths and blackish-brown in posterior twofifths (tergites VIII–X completely bleached; see comment above); legs yellowish; antennae (Fig. 44) blackish-brown with apical portion of antennomere XI only indistinctly paler and antennomeres I–II and base of III reddish-brown; maxillary palpi reddish, with palpomere IV yellowish.

Head (Fig. 82) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions rather coarse and very sparse. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 44) 2.2 mm long, moderately slender, and moderately massive; antennomeres IV–V approximately as broad as long, VI–X of gradually increasing width and increasingly transverse; X approximately 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 82) moderately transverse, 1.16 times as broad as long and 1.32 times as broad as head; punctation very sparse and irregularly spaced, antero-lateral and posterior portions of disc nearly impunctate; midline narrowly impunctate.

Elytra (Fig. 82) 0.82 times as long as pronotum; punctation moderately coarse, moderately dense anteriorly and very sparse posteriorly, disc in postero-lateral portion extensively nearly impunctate. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 138) slightly narrower than elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V with a row of nonsetiferous punctures not reaching lateral margins; tergite III with a median pair of punctures in posterior portion, and with a lateral puncture and a postero-lateral puncture on either side; tergite IV with a lateral puncture on either side and with four punctures at posterior margin; tergite V with a lateral puncture on either side and with six punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with rather dense nonsetiferous punctation anteriorly, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with 8 punctures at posterior margin (posterior segments damaged in lectotype).

♂: median lobe of aedeagus 0.9 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 236–237; apical lobe of paramere moderately long and slender.

Comparative notes

Zyras seminigerrimus is characterized particularly by the coloration pattern of the body, the sparse and irregularly spaced punctation of the pronotum and the elytra, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

Zyras seminigerrimus is currently known only from the type locality near Kangding in the Chinese province Sichuan (Fig. 302). Additional data are not available.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China (W-Hubei) Daba Shan, creek vall. 11 km NW Muyuping, 31°30′N, 110°22′E, 1960 m (creek vall., mix. decid. for., moss, leaves-sift.) 18.VII.2001 Wrase [17] / Holo typus ♂ Zyras maculicollis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: “China: W-Hubei (Daba Shan), creek valley 8 km NW Muyuping, 31°29′N, 110°22′E, 1550–1650 m, 18.VII.2001, leg. M. Schülke [C01-16A] / creek valley, deciduous forest, moss (sifted) [C01-16A]” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: Jiangxi prov., Wuyi Shan Nat. Res., Huangganshan [sic], (1800–2050 m), 5.VI.2001, Hlaváč & Cooter lgt.” (cHla).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective) alludes to the pair of indistinct anterior reddish spots on the pronotum.

Description

Body length 6.5–7.4 mm; length of forebody 3.0–3.4 mm. Coloration: head blackish brown to blackish; pronotum blackish-brown to blackish, anteriorly with a sometimes nearly obsolete indistinct and diffusely limited reddish spot on either side of middle; elytra yellowish, with extensively blackish postero-lateral portion reaching, but not including, suture, the blackish coloration extending beyond middle anteriorly (Fig. 83); abdomen (Fig. 141) reddish-yellow, with the middle of tergite VI and the posterior third of tergite VII blackish; legs yellowish; antennae (Fig. 25) darkbrown, with antennomeres I, II, and XI reddish.

Head (Fig. 83) moderately transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions sparse; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 25) 2.4–2.7 mm long and rather slender; antennomeres IV–V weakly oblong; V approximately as long as broad; VI–X gradually and weakly increasing in width; X approximately 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as, or slightly longer than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 83) relatively small in relation to head, 1.14–1.15 times as broad as long and 1.20–1.22 times as broad as head, weakly convex in cross-section; punctation irregularly spaced, as coarse as that of head, irregularly spaced, antero-laterally, in the middle, and posteriorly with more or less extensive patches without, or with distinctly sparser punctures; interstices on average distinctly broader than diameter of punctures; lateral margins with few long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 83) approximately 0.95 times as long as pronotum; punctation denser than that of pronotum, interstices approximately as broad as diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I slightly shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 141) approximately 0.9 times as broad as elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V, and with conspicuously sparse punctation; anterior impressions of tergites III–IV with sparse nonsetiferous punctation; anterior impression of tergite V with few fine non-setiferous punctures, discs of tergites III–V practically impunctate aside from few scattered punctures, without median pairs of punctures, laterally and posterolaterally with few setiferous punctures bearing long dark setae; posterior margins of tergites III–V nearly impunctate; tergites VI and VII without non-setiferous punctures anteriorly; tergite VI impunctate, except for a few scattered punctures anteriorly, laterally, and postero-laterally; tergite VII posteriorly with two irregular rows of sparse setiferous punctures, otherwise impunctate; tergite VIII with few sparse setiferous punctures in posterior third; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: tergite VIII with some granulose punctures posteriorly, posterior margin with distinct concavity in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus 0.83 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 221–222.

♀: tergite VIII with simple punctation, posterior margin convex; posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly concave.

Intraspecific variation

The paratype from Jiangxi differs from the two type specimens from Hubei by larger body size, nearly obsolete reddish spots on the pronotum, somewhat denser and coarser punctation of the pronotum, and more extensively blackish elytra. In other respects, however, it is highly similar, suggesting that the differences should be attributed to intra- rather than interspecific variation.

Comparative notes

Among the species with a similar coloration pattern and of similar size, Z. maculicollis is characterized by the relatively small pronotum, the presence of two indistinct reddish spots near the anterior angles of the pronotum, the coloration and punctation pattern of the abdomen, as well as by the morphology of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The known distribution is confined to two geographically close localities in the Daba Shan, Western Hubei, and one in the Wuyi Shan, Jiangxi (Fig. 305). The specimens from Hubei were sifted from leaf litter and moss in mixed deciduous forests at altitudes between 1550 and 1960 m. The paratype from Jiangxi was collected at an altitude between 1800 and 2050 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “Taiwan — Kao-Hsiung Co., Yushan N. P., Road 20, km 117, 1800 m, road sides, slopes, litter, 13.IV.2009, leg. Vít [9] / Holotypus ♂ Zyras tenuicornis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♀ [most of antennae missing]: “Taiwan — Taipeh, Yangmingshan, slopes E Mt. Cising, Lenghuiskeng Visitor Centre, 800 m, 25.X. 2007, leg. Vít” (cAss); 1 ♂: “Lushan (Wenchuan), Nantou — Hsien, Taiwan (1200 m), July 29th, 1983, Y. Shibata leg.” (cMar); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀: “Szuling, c. 1100 m, Taoyuan Taiwan, 19.XI.2000, Hiroshi Sugaya leg. (Under dead leaves)” (cMar, cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective) alludes to the slender antennae.

Description

Body length 6.2–7.0 mm; length of forebody 2.7–3.0 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish-brown; elytra yellowish, with the postero-lateral portions extensively blackish-brown (Fig. 84); abdomen (Fig. 142) bicoloured, with segments III–V reddish and VI–VIII blackish-brown, except for the reddish anterior portions of tergites VI–VII and paratergites VI–VII; legs pale-yellowish; maxillary palpi brown, except for the reddish terminal palpomere; antennae (Fig. 26) blackish brown, with antennomeres I–III dark-reddish and apex of XI brown.

Head (Fig. 84) relatively weakly transverse, 1.13 times as broad as long, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions very sparse; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes distinctly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 26) 2.2–2.3 mm long and very slender; antennomeres IV–VI oblong; VII–VIII approximately as long as broad; IX–X weakly transverse; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 84) small in relation to head, 1.10–1.15 times as broad as long and approximately 1.25 times as broad as head; punctation sparse; interstices on average much broader than diameter of punctures; midline rather broadly impunctate; lateral margins with few very long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 84) approximately 0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation coarse, defined, and not very dense, interstices on average broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 142) distinctly narrower than elytra, broadest at segments III–IV, gradually tapering towards apex, and with rather deep and narrow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V each with a row of dense coarse non-setiferous punctures; tergite III with a pair of setiferous punctures in the middle and two setiferous punctures near paratergites on either side, without punctures at posterior margin; tergite IV with a pair of setiferous punctures in the middle of the otherwise impunctate posterior margin and with two setiferous punctures near paratergites on either side; tergite V with a median pair of punctures, two lateral punctures on either side, and a row of approximately 10 setiferous punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with a transverse row of coarse punctures near anterior margin, a somewhat irregular transverse row of approximately 8 setiferous punctures in the middle, and a row of approximately 10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with approximately 15–30 non-setiferous punctures anteriorly, and two transverse rows of setiferous punctures, one behind middle and one near posterior margin; tergite VIII with few scattered punctures near anterior margin and with few setiferous punctures in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin weakly convex in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 223–224) 0.83 mm long, with a ventral process of distinctive shape in lateral view.

Comparative notes

Among the species with a similar coloration pattern and of similar size, Z. tenuicornis is characterized by the dark coloration of the maxillary palpi (much darker than the legs), the sparse punctation of the forebody, the presence of very long setae at the lateral margins of the pronotum, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, the rather small and slender pronotum, and particularly by the slender antennae and by the shape of the ventral process of the aedeagus. The median lobe of the aedeagus is very similar to that of Z. maculicollis, from which Z. tenuicornis differs by the coloration (antennae distinctly darker, abdominal apex much more extensively black), more slender antennae, denser punctation of the elytra, and the punctation pattern of the abdomen.

Distribution and natural history

The type specimens were collected in four localities in Kaohsiung, Taoyuan, Nantou, and Taipeh Hsien, Taiwan (Fig. 302), by sifting leaf litter at altitudes of 800–1800 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “N. Taiwan: Tai Pai Co, 9 k. Nei Tong Logging Road, 850 m NN, 5–9.X.2002 by FIT, Collr. C. I. Li / Holotypus ♂ Zyras volans sp. n. det. V. Assing 2015″ (MNHUB).

Etymology

The specific epithet is the present participle of the Latin verb volare (to fly) and alludes to the fact that the holotype was collected on the wing.

Description

Rather small species; body length 5.3 mm; length of forebody 2.1 mm. Coloration: head dark-brown with paler frons; pronotum brown with the antero-lateral portions extensively diffusely paler yellowish-brown; elytra darkyellowish with the postero-lateral portions rather weakly infuscate (Fig. 169); abdomen (Fig. 167) with tergites II–IV pale-reddish, tergites V–VI dark-brown with pale-reddish margins, tergite VII brown with the anterior portion reddish, and tergite VIII dark-reddish; legs dark-yellowish; antennae (Fig. 55) blackish-brown; maxillary palpi brown with yellowish palpomere IV.

Head (Fig. 169) moderately transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions coarse and very sparse; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes distinctly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 55) 1.6 mm long; antennomere IV very weakly transverse; antennomeres V–X of gradually increasing width and increasingly transverse; X more than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI of cylindrical shape and approximately as long as the combined length of VIII–X.

Pronotum (Fig. 169) rather small in relation to head, 1.15 times as broad as long and 1.18 times as broad as head, weakly convex in cross-section, and strongly tapering posteriad; punctation sparse, coarse, and irregularly distributed; antero-lateral portions with extensive impunctate areas; midline rather broadly impunctate; lateral margins each with four long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 169) approximately 0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation coarse, defined, and not very dense, interstices on average distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 167) narrower than elytra and with shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V each with a row of dense non-setiferous punctures; anterior portions of tergites VI and VII without non-setiferous punctures; tergites III–IV with a lateral setiferous puncture on either side and with four setiferous punctures at posterior margin; tergites V–VI with a lateral puncture on either side and with six setiferous punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with a lateral setiferous puncture on either side and with two partly somewhat irregular transverse rows of setiferous punctures, one of them in posterior portion and one at posterior margin; tergite VIII with sparse punctures bearing long black setae in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII distinctly concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin broadly convex; median lobe of aedeagus small, 0.53 mm long, shaped as in Figs. 227–228; apical lobes of parameres moderately long and slender.

Comparative notes

This species is characterized particularly by the small pronotum with irregularly spaced punctation, the diffusely bicoloured pronotum, the punctation pattern of the pronotum (non-setiferous punctures present in the anterior impressions of tergites III–V, but absent in the anterior portions of tergites VI–VII), and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The type locality is situated in Taipeh Hsien, northern Taiwan. The holotype was collected with a flight interception trap at an altitude of 850 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “C. Taiwan: Tai Chung Co., 40 km., 200 Logging Road, alt. ca. 2000 m, collr. C. L. Li by FIT, 26.-27.VI.2002 / Holotypus ♂ Zyras hebes sp. n. det. V. Assing 2015″ (MNHUB).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: same data as holotype (cAss); 1 ♂ [damaged, slightly teneral]: “N. E. Taiwan: I Lan [sic] Co., 17 km., 100 Logging Road, alt. ca. 1650 m, 2–4.VII.2003 by FIT, collr. C. L. Li” (cAss); 1 ♀ [teneral]: “N. E. Taiwan: I Lan [sic] Co., 76 km, N. Crossing Highway, 2–4.VII.2003 by FIT, collr. C. L. Li” (MNHUB); 1 ♂ [both elytra missing], 1 ex. [abdominal segments V–X missing]: “Taiwan: Tai, Chung Lo [sic], An Ma Shan, 2 km, 24–26.VI.2003, Flight intercept trap, leg. Chun Li Li” (MNHUB).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective: blunt, obtuse) alludes to the shape of the apex of the ventral process of the aedeagus in lateral view.

Description

Body length 5.5–5.9 mm; length of forebody 2.5 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum brown to dark-brown; elytra dark-yellowish with the postero-lateral portions extensively blackish-brown (Fig. 170); abdomen (Fig. 168) with segments III–V pale-reddish and segments VI–VIII dark-brown with the posterior margin of segment VI reddish; legs yellowish; antennae (Fig. 36) blackish-brown with the basal 2–3 antennomeres reddish to reddish-brown and antennomeres XI dark-reddish; maxillary palpi yellowish.

Head (Fig. 170) moderately transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; in lateral dorsal portions with few scattered rather coarse punctures; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 36) 2.0 mm long and moderately slender; antennomere IV weakly oblong or as long as broad; V approximately as long as broad; antennomeres VI–X of gradually increasing width and increasingly transverse; X approximately 1.5 times as broad as long; XI slightly longer than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 170) small in relation to head and weakly transverse, 1.05–1.10 times as broad as long and 1.20–1.24 times as broad as head; punctation moderately sparse to moderately dense in posterior half; antero-lateral portions with impunctate areas; midline rather narrowly impunctate; lateral margins each with four long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 170) 0.80–0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation coarse, defined, and moderately dense, partly arranged in somewhat irregular transverse series. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV, or nearly so.

Abdomen (Fig. 168) slightly narrower than elytra and with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V each with few non-setiferous punctures; anterior portions of tergites VI and VII without non-setiferous punctures; tergites III–IV with a median pair of setiferous punctures and two lateral setiferous punctures on either side; tergites V and VI with a lateral setiferous puncture on either side and with four setiferous punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with a lateral puncture on either side and with two transverse rows of 6–8 setiferous punctures, one of them in posterior portion and one at posterior margin; tergite VIII with numerous punctures bearing long dark setae only in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus 0.68–0.69 mm long; ventral process weakly curved and apically blunt in lateral view (Figs. 229–230).

Comparative notes

Zyras hebes is distinguished from the similar and sympatric Z. volans, with which it shares several characters such as a rather small and slender body, similar coloration, and the presence of non-setiferous punctures in the anterior impressions of tergites III–V, but absence of such punctures in the anterior portions of tergites VI–VII, by the distinctly longer, more slender and bicoloured antennae with more transverse antennomeres IV–X, a uniformly coloured pronotum, more distinctly and extensively infuscate postero-lateral portions of the elytra, a less transverse pronotum with less irregularly spaced punctation, the presence of median pairs of punctures on tergites III and IV, and the less strongly curved (lateral view) and apically less slender (ventral view) ventral process of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The specimens were collected with flight interception traps in several localities in northern and central Taiwan (Taichung and Ilan Hsien) at altitudes of 1650–2000 m. Three paratypes had no altitude indicated on their labels; two specimens collected in July are teneral.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China (Yunnan) Baoshan Pref., Gaoligong Shan, 29 km ESE Tengchong, 24°55′37″N, 98°45′09″E, 2350 m (devast. decid. forest with clearings and shrubs, litter, wood, sifted), 1.VI.2007 D. W. Wrase [15] / Holotypus ♂ Zyras nigrapicalis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♂: “China: S-Yunnan (Xishuangbanna), 37 km NW Jinghong, vic. Guo Men Shan / N22°14.43 E100°36.12, 1100 m, 8.VII.2008 MF, leg. L. Meng rice fallow” (NME); 1 ♀: “China: W-Sichuan 1999, Ganzi Tibet. Aut. Pref., Luding Co., Nebenfluß des Dadu He, 5 km S Luding, 29°53′N, 102°13′E, 1250 m, 23.VI., leg. M. Schülke” (cAss); 1 ♀: “China: W-Sichuan 1999, Aba Tibet. Aut. Pref., Weizhou Co., Quionglai [sic] Shan, Wolong Tal, 20 km WNW Dujiangyan, 31°05′N, 103°26′E, 1100 m, Schotter, Blüten, 14.VII., leg. M. Schülke” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: C-Sichuan, Wenjiang Distr., Dujiangyan Co., Qingcheng Shan, 975 m, 56 km NW Chengdu, 30°54′N, 103°33′E, Feldrand, Strohhaufen, 13.VII., leg. M. Schülke” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China, Jiangxi prov., 24.IV.2011, Jinggang Shan Mts., Xiping (stream valley; cow dungs [sic]), 26°33.7′N, 114°12.2′E, 915 m, M. Fikáček & J. Hájek leg.” (NMP); 1 ♀: “N.Taiwan: Tai Pai Co, 9 k. Nei Tong Logging Road, 850 m NN, 5–9.X.2002 by FIT, Collr. C.I. Li” (MNHUB).

Etymology

The specific epithet is an adjective composed of the Latin adjectives niger (black) and apicalis (apical). It refers to the black apex of the abdomen, which distinctly contrasts with the reddish anterior portion.

Description

Rather large species; body length 7.0–8.3 mm; length of forebody 2.8–3.6 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum black; elytra pale-reddish, with the postero-lateral portions sharply and triangularly black (Fig. 69); abdomen (Fig. 119) bicoloured, with segments III–VI and anterior portion of VII bright-reddish and the apex black; legs paleyellowish; maxillary palpi dark-brown; antennae (Fig. 27) dark-brown to black, with antennomere I reddish-brown to black, II reddish to blackish-brown, XI reddish to blackish with slightly paler apex, and occasionally also antennomeres IX–X somewhat paler.

Head (Fig. 69) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions very sparse; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes large and bulging, distinctly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 27) 2.1–2.4 mm long and slender; antennomeres IV–V weakly oblong; VI approximately as long as broad; VII–IX weakly transverse; X moderately transverse, but less than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 69) 1.14–1.20 times as broad as long and 1.26–1.33 times as broad as head; punctation rather coarse, of variable density, and irregularly spaced, distinctly sparser in antero-lateral and posterior portions; impunctate midline narrow; lateral margins with some moderately long dark setae.

Elytra (Fig. 69) 0.81–0.90 times as long as pronotum; punctation coarse, defined, and moderately dense, interstices on average slightly broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Legs long and slender; tarsi thin; metatarsus nearly as long as metatibia; metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 119) slightly narrower than elytra and with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with dense and rather fine nonsetiferous punctation; posterior margins of tergites IV–VII each with a row of sparse fine punctures, that of tergite III impunctate; posterior portions of tergites III–VII otherwise nearly impunctate; tergite VIII with few punctures only in posterior portion; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: tergite VII with smooth median elevation posteriorly; posterior margin of tergite VIII sharply concave in the middle, on either side of this concavity with a distinct process, anterior to the concavity with some granulose punctures; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin truncate in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 1.0 mm long, ventral process rather stout in lateral view (Figs. 234–235).

♀: tergite VII without median elevation; tergite VIII with broadly V-shaped posterior excision, anterior to this excision without granulose punctation.

Intraspecific variation

The three paratypes from Sichuan differ from the holotype by distinctly paler antennae and a denser punctation of the pronotum; the paratype from Taiwan is distinguished from the holotype by somewhat more extensive setiferous punctation of the abdomen. Since no additional significant distinguishing characters were found, the observed differences are attributed to intraspecific variation.

Comparative notes

Zyras nigrapicalis differs from other species recorded from China by its coloration alone. Other species with a similarly coloured abdomen have the pronotum reddish.

Distribution and natural history

The type locality is situated in the Gaoligong Shan, Yunnan (Fig. 301), at an altitude of 2350 m. The holotype was sifted from leaf litter in a degraded deciduous forest. The paratypes were collected in one locality in southern Yunnan with a Malaise trap in a rice fallow at an altitude of 1100 m, in three localities in Sichuan from stream gravel and straw heaps at altitudes of 975–1250 m, in one locality in Jiangxi at an altitude of 915 m, and in one locality in Taiwan with a flight interception trap at an altitude of 850 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: S-Yunnan (Xichuangbanna), EKL, 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban (NNNR) / N22°09.49, E100°39.92, 28.VI.2008, 730 m, forest, leg. A. Weigel / Holotypus ♂ Zyras atrapicalis sp. n. det. V. assing 2015″ (NME).

Paratypes : 1 ♂, 1 ♀: “China: S-Yunnan (Xishuangbanna), 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban (NNNR) / N22°09.49 E100°39.92, 10.X.2008, leg. L. Meng, 730 m trans. zone MF1″ (NME, cAss); 1 ♀: “China: S-Yunnan (Xishuangbanna), 23 km NW Jinghong, vic. Na Ban (NNNR) / N22°09.49 E100°39.92, 28.VI.2008, leg. A. Weigel, 730 m transition zone MF” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet is an adjective composed of the Latin adjectives ater (black) and apicalis (apical). It refers to the black apex of the abdomen, which distinctly contrasts with the reddish anterior portion.

Description

Body length 6.5–6.8 mm; length of forebody 2.7–3.1 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish; elytra blackish, with the humeral portions yellowish (Fig. 172); abdomen (Fig. 173) bicoloured, with segments II–VI and anterior margin of VII bright-reddish; remainder of segment VII and all of segment VIII blackish-brown; legs pale-yellowish; maxillary palpi dark-brown with yellowish palpomere IV; antennae (Fig. 173) blackish, with antennomeres I dark-brown, II pale-reddish to brown, and XI reddish to dark-reddish.

Head (Fig. 172) strongly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral and posterior dorsal portions sparse and coarse; interstices broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes large and strongly bulging, more than twice as long as postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 173) fine and short in relation to body, 1.8–2.1 mm long; antennomeres IV–V approximately as long as broad or very weakly transverse; VI–X weakly and gradually increasing in width and increasingly transverse, X approximately 1.5 times as broad as long, and XI shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 172) approximately 1.15 times as broad as long and 1.14–1.21 times as broad as head, broadest near anterior angles; posteriorly with a pronounced median impression; punctures coarse, of different sizes, sparse, and very irregularly spaced, antero-lateral portions extensively, postero-lateral portions less extensively, and midline broadly impunctate; lateral margins with 4–5, anterior margins with 3 long dark setae on either side.

Elytra (Fig. 172) 0.82 times as long as pronotum; punctation coarse, defined, and dense, slightly less dense in posterior than in anterior portions. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I slightly shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 173) narrower than elytra and with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V each with a (partly somewhat irregular) row of rather coarse non-setiferous punctures; anterior portions of tergites VI–VII each with a rather narrow transverse band of scattered non-setiferous punctures; tergite III with a lateral puncture on either side and with six punctures at or near posterior margin, all of them bearing long black setae; tergite IV with a lateral setiferous puncture on either side, with six setiferous punctures at posterior margin, with additional non-setiferous punctures laterally, and with scattered non-setiferous micropunctation on disc; punctation of tergites V and VI similar to that of tergite IV, but posterior margin with 8 setiferous punctures; tergite VII (Fig. 175) with a pair of coarse median punctures, a short transverse row of setiferous punctures near posterior margin, and numerous small setiferous punctures at posterior margin; tergite VIII (Fig. 175) with punctures bearing long black setae in posterior portion; posterior margin of tergite VII with pronounced palisade fringe.

♂: tergite VIII in the middle of posterior portion with a smooth elevation, on either side of this elevation with an impression, posterior margin weakly concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 231–232) 0.75 mm long and of compact shape; paramere (Fig. 233) 0.95 mm long, slender, and with very short apical lobe.

♀: tergite VIII posteriorly without elevation, posterior margin truncate to indistinctly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

Zyras atrapicalis differs from the similarly coloured Z. nigrapicalis by differently coloured and shorter antennae, more extensively blackish elytra, a more transverse head with larger and more bulging eyes, the shape and sparser punctation of the pronotum, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, a smaller aedeagus, and the shape of the ventral process of the aedeagus. In habitus, coloration, and punctation of the forebody, the new species much resembles Z. inversus Pace, 2012 from Thailand (male unknown; holotype examined), from which it is distinguished by the much shorter and paler antennomere XI (Z. inversus: antennomere XI black and approximately as long as the combined length of antennomeres VIII–X), the shape of the head (Z. inversus: head of transversely oval shape), larger eyes, and by the punctation pattern of the abdomen (Z. inversus: non-setiferous punctation of anterior portions of tergites III–VI much denser, coarser, and more extensive).

Distribution and natural history

The type locality is situated in southern Yunnan (Fig. 302). The specimens were collected on the wing in a forest and in transitional habitats at an altitude of 730 m.

Zyras shaanxiensis: Pace (2012a); misidentification.

Zyras wei: pace (2012a); misidentification.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China — Sechuan, Jitiang [recte: Jintang], 3.7.-14.7.2001, lgt. E. Kučera / coll. Feldmann, Münster / Holotypus ♂ Zyras nigricornis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ [1 teneral]: “China, W Hubei, 21.-24.VI., Da Shennongjia mts., 31.5N 110.3E, 2500–3000 m, Jaroslav TURNA leg. 2001″ (cMar, cAss); 1 ♀: “China (N.Sichuan) 70 km N Songpan, road S 301, above Gan lake, 2700 m, 33°15′26″N, 103°46′03″E, spruce forest with birch, litter, moss, soil sifted), 12.VIII.2012 D. W. Wrase [26]” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China Sichuan, Emei Shan, Leidongping, 2500 m, 18.VII.1996, 29°32N 103°21E C65 / collected by A. Smetana, J. Farkač and P. kabátek / Zyras saanxiensis [sic] Pace, det. R. Pace 1999″ (cAss); 1 ♂, 1 ♀: “China Sichuan, Emei Shan, 3000 m, 29°32N 103°21E, 17.VII.1996 C64 / collected by A. Smetana, J. Farkač and P. Kabátek / Zyras saanxiensis [sic] Pace, det. R. Pace 1999″ (cSme); 2 ♂♂: “China: W-Hubei daba [sic] Shan E of Mt. Da Shennongjia, 12 km / NW Muyuping 31°30′N, 110°21′E 1950 m, A Smetana (C117) / Zyras wei Pace, det. R. Pace 2005″ (cSme, cAss); 11 exs.: “China: Sichuan, Daxue Shan, 25 km SE Kangding, 3200–3500 m, 13.VI.-4.VII.2009, leg. A. Plutenko” (cSch, cAss); 2 ♂♂: “China — NW Sichuan, 20 km NW Maowen, 2150 m, Jiuding Shan, coniferous wood, 7–28.VI.2004, leg. R. Fabbri” (cSch, cAss); 1 ♀: “China (W Sichuan), Daxue Shan, Mu Ge Cuo, NW Kanding 3200–3400 m, 30.11 N, 101.52 E, 21.V.1997 wrase” (cSch); 1 ♂, 1 ♀: “China — W Sichuan, S Barkam, between Lianghekou—Fubian, 3450–3650 m, Quercus shrubs and mixed wood, 10–30.VI.2004, leg. R. Fabbri” (cSch, cAss); 1 ♂: “China — W Sichuan, 3550–3650 m, Jiajin Shan, Jintang, 18 km E, primary coniferous forest, 1–24.VI.2004, leg. R. Fabbri” (cSch); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀: “China — NW Sichuan, 25 km E of Barkam, Suo Mo Xian, 2850 m, mixed forest, 9–29.VI.2004, leg. R. Fabbri” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China — W Sichuan, 5.6.2006, West of Zhier, est. 4241 M, N 28°20.886′ E 101°28.381′ lat. R. Sehnal & M. Tryzna” (cSch); 2 ♀♀: “China: S-Gansu, Minshan Mts., 60 km NW Wudu, 2000 m, 10.-20.VI.2005, V. Patrikeev” (cSch); 6 exs.: “China (S-Shaanxi) Daba Shan, mount. range N pass 22 km NW Zhenping, N-slope, 2850 m, 32°01′N, 109°21′E (nr. mount. top, Abies, bushes-sifted), 13.VII.2001 Wrase [12]” (cSch, cAss); 1 ex.: same data, but leg. schülke (cSch); 4 exs.: “China: S-Shaanxi (Qinling Shan), mountain range W pass on rd. Xi'an—Shagoujie, 45 km SSW Xi'an, 33°52′N, 108°46′E, 2675 m, leg. M. Schülke [C01-20B] / 25.-26.VII.2001, N-slope, Abies, Betula, Larix, Rhododendron, subalpine meadows, pitfall traps (vinegar) [C01-20B]” (cSch, cAss); 3 exs.: “China (W-Hubei) Daba Shan, mountain range NE Muyuping, pass 12 km N Mu yuping, 31°32′N, 110°26′E, 2380 m, N pass (N-slope, young decid. for., shrubs, moss) 17.-21.VII.2001 Wrase [15]” (cSch, cAss); 1 ♀: “China (Qinghai Prov.), road 301 km 180, 43 km ESE Men Yuan, 2704 m, 37°09′32.06″N, 102°02′06.0″E (creek valley with Picea, Salix, Populus, Betula, litter/moss sifted) 5.VII.2011 D. W. Wrase [19]” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective) alludes to the uniformly blackish-brown antennae.

Description

Relatively large species, but size very variable; body length 5.7–8.2 mm; length of forebody 2.8–3.9 mm. Usual coloration: forebody blackish-brown to black, sometimes with the suture of the elytra slightly paler (Fig. 63); abdomen (Fig. 120) blackish-brown, often with the posterior margins of the segments yellowish-red to red; legs paleyellowish, rarely darker; maxillary palpi yellowish to yellowish-brown; antennae (Fig. 8) uniformly blackishbrown, basal and apical antennomeres rarely paler.

Head (Fig. 63) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions somewhat variable, moderately dense; interstices broader than, as broad as, or narrower than diameter of punctures. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 8) 2.2–3.0 mm long and moderately massive; antennomere IV weakly transverse; V–VIII as long as broad or weakly transverse; IX–X weakly to moderately transverse, less than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI distinctly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 63) approximately 1.13–1.20 times as broad as long and 1.32–1.37 times as broad as head; punctation moderately dense to rather dense; interstices on average slightly broader than, as broad as, or slightly narrower than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins without long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 63) 0.83–0.88 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and dense, interstices on average approximately as broad as, slightly broader, or slightly narrower than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as, or slightly shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 120) relatively large, as broad as, or slightly narrower than elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V, and with somewhat variable, but always very fine punctation; anterior impressions of tergites III–V impunctate, or nearly so (exceptionally with few non-setiferous micropunctures); posterior margins of tergites III–VII each with row of numerous setiferous punctures; disc of tergite III with irregular transverse row of rather sparse punctures, with scattered punctures, or impunctate, except for a lateral puncture near paratergites on either side; discs of tergites IV–V with two irregular transverse rows of punctures, or with scattered irregular punctures, or impunctate, except for one or two lateral punctures on either side; tergite VI anteriorly with a transverse series with very sparse punctures, disc with three irregular transverse rows of punctures, or with few irregular punctures, or practically impunctate (except for two lateral setiferous punctures near paratergites on either side); posterior half of tergite VII with irregular sparse and fine punctation not arranged in rows; tergite VIII in posterior fourth with rather dense and distinct setiferous punctures, in anterior three-fourths impunctate, or nearly so; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII truncate in the middle, this truncate portion delimited by more or less pronounced tooth-like projection on either side; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin weakly convex or weakly concave in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus of remarkably variable size, 0.82–0.98 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 238–241.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII smoothly convex; posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly concave in the middle.

Intraspecific variation

This species is subject to enormous intraspecific variation of size, coloration, punctation of the abdomen, and even the size of the aedeagus. Specimens from Sichuan tend to be larger and darker, to have a much more sparsely punctate abdomen (surfaces of anterior tergites often impunctate, or nearly so, except for the row of marginal setiferous punctures) and a larger aedeagus than material from the Daba Shan. These differences, however, are linked by intermediate conditions, so that they are attributed to intra- rather than interspecific variation.

Comparative notes

Zyras nigricornis is characterized by the usually almost uniformly dark coloration of the body, the usually uniformly blackish-brown antennae, the rather broad abdomen, the sparse punctation of the abdomen, the shapes of the male and female tergite VIII, and by the morphology of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

This species was found in several mountain ranges in North and West Sichuan, in the Qinling Shan, the Daba Shan eastwards to the Da Shennonjia range, and one locality in Qinghai (Fig. 303). According to Hieke (2005), Jitiang (type locality) is a misspelling and refers to Jintang (30°18′N, 102°12′E) to the northeast of Kangding, West Sichuan. The altitudes range from 1950 to 4240 m. Most of the specimens were sifted from litter and moss in mixed, coniferous, and deciduous forest or in shrub habitats. One paratype collected in June is teneral.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China [24] — N-Sichuan, pass NW Songpan, 3600 m, 32°55′32″N, 103°25′56″E, sifted, 11.VIII.2012, V. Assing / Holotypus ♂ Zyras tenebricosus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: same data as holotype (cAss); 1 ♀: “China [23] — N-Sichuan, pass ENE Songpan, 3920 m, 32°44′23″N, 103°44′31″E, sifted, 10.VIII.2012, V. Assing” (cAss); 1 ♂: “China: N-Sichuan, Pass betw. Pingwu and Juijaigow, 3000 m, 10.-15.VII.2005, V. Patrikeev” (cAss); 1 ex.: “China — W Sichuan, 3550–3650 m, Jiajin Shan, Jintang, 18 km E, primary coniferous forest, 11–24.VI.2004, leg. R. Fabbri” (cSch); 1 ♂: “E Tibet, ‘Tamala Shan’ pass, road Qamdo—Toba, 20 km NE Qamdo, 31°16′N, 97°18′E, 4800 m, alpine meadow, 16.VII.1997, Jaroslav Turna leg.” (cSch).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective: dark) alludes to the black coloration of the whole body.

Description

Body length 5.5–6.5 mm; length of forebody 2.7–3.1 mm. Coloration: whole body black (Figs. 85–143); legs blackish, with the tarsi reddish and with the tibial bases and apices narrowly reddish to brown; maxillary palpi greyish-red, with the apical palpomere pale-reddish; antennae (Fig. 45) uniformly black.

Head (Fig. 85) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle in posterior half; punctation in lateral and anterior dorsal portions moderately dense; interstices on average approximately as broad as diameter of punctures. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 45) 1.9–2.0 mm long, not massive; antennomere III nearly twice as long as broad; IV–IX distinctly transverse, gradually and weakly increasing in width; X weakly transverse and longer than IX; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 85) 1.10–1.15 times as broad as long and 1.25–1.32 times as broad as head; punctation moderately dense; interstices on average as broad as, or slightly broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins without long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 85) 0.83–0.86 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and rather dense, interstices on average slightly narrower than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as, or slightly shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 143) approximately 0.9 times as broad as elytra and with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI with sparse and fine non-setiferous punctation; posterior margins of tergites III–VII each with row of numerous setiferous punctures; posterior portions/halves of tergites III–VII with irregular punctation not arranged in distinct transverse series; posterior portion of tergite VIII with denser punctation; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII barely noticeably concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin weakly convex; median lobe of aedeagus 0.65 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 242–247; ventral process very flat (lateral view).

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII convex; posterior margin of sternite VIII very weakly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

Zyras tenebricosus is characterized by the dark coloration of the body, the legs, and the antennae, by the morphology of the antennae, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the morphology of the aedeagus. For characters distinguishing it from the similar Z. tumidicornis see the comparative notes in the following section.

Distribution and natural history

The currently known distribution is confined to five localities in northern and western Sichuan, and in eastern Tibet (Fig. 304). The specimens from the environs of Songpan were sifted from litter and moss on moist north slopes with willow, other shrubs, and rhododendron; the paratype from Tibet was collected in an alpine meadow. The altitudes range from 3000 to 4800 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China — Sechuan, Sabde [29°27′N, 101°19′E], 24.6.-28.6.2001, lgt. E. Kučera / coll. Feldmann Münster / Holotypus ♂ Zyras tumidicornis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: “China — W Sichuan, 3550–3650 m, Jiajin Shan, Jintang, 18 km E, primary coniferous forest, 1–24.VI.2004, leg. R. fabbri” (cAss); 1 ♀: “China — W Sichuan, 2950–3200 m, Kangding pref., mixed forest, between Cuilai—Wuouna, 13–21.VI.2004, leg. R. Fabbri” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: Sichuan, Daxue Shan mts., 25 km SE Kangding, 3200–3500 m, 13.VI.-4.VII.2009, leg. A. Plutenko” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: Sichuan, Daxue Shan, Gongga Shan Mt., 15 km S Kangding, 3200–3500 m, 5.-10.VII.2004, Plutenko” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China-Yunnan, Zhongdian, 27.6.-30.6.2005, lgt. E. Kučera” (cSch); 1 ♂: “China (N-Yunnan) Zhongdian Co., 48 km N Zhongdian, 28°16.6′N, 99°45.7′E, 3220 m (creek valley with devastated primary forest, field edge), 21.VIII.2003 Wrase [11A]” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: Yunnan province, 32 km N Lijiang, 21.VI.2007, Mao niuping [Yak meadows], 27°09.9′N, 100°14.5′E, 3540 m, J. Hájek & J. Růžička leg. [CH41] / sifted detritus, leaves and moss: steep slope, wet mixed forest (with Pinus, Abies, Rhododendron)” (cSch); 1 ♂: “China (N-Yunnan) Diqing Tibet. Aut. Pref., Deqin Co., Baima Shan, E-side pass 12 km SE Deqin / 28°23.86′N, 98°59.04′E, 4085–4200 m, small creek valley (dry slope with shrubs), 10.VI.2005 D. W. Wrase [08]” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective) alludes to the massive antennae, particularly the conspicuously large antennomeres I and III.

Description

Body length 6.4–8.1 mm; length of forebody 3.1–4.0 mm. Coloration: whole body black (Figs. 86, 144); legs blackish-brown, with dark-brown tibiae and reddish tarsi; maxillary palpi reddish; antennae (Fig. 46) uniformly black.

Head (Fig. 86) distinctly transverse, narrowly to broadly impunctate along middle or only in posterior half; punctation in lateral and anterior dorsal portions moderately dense to dense; interstices on average mostly somewhat broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes approximately as long as postocular region in dorsal view, or somewhat longer. Antenna (Fig. 46) 2.2–2.9 mm long, rather massive; antennomere I conspicuously large; III large, distinctly coniform, and barely 1.5 times as long as broad; IV–IX distinctly transverse, gradually increasing in width; X weakly transverse and longer than IX; XI distinctly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 86) approximately 1.15 times as broad as long and 1.30–1.35 times as broad as head; punctation moderately dense; interstices on average as broad as diameter of punctures, or broader; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins without long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 86) 0.82–0.90 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and moderately dense, interstices on average slightly broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 144) approximately 0.95 times as broad as elytra and with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V impunctate or nearly so, only with few scattered fine nonsetiferous punctures at most; tergite VI anteriorly with few scattered non-setiferous punctures; posterior margins of tergites III–VII each with row of numerous setiferous punctures; discs of tergites III–IV each with two transverse rows of setiferous punctures (anterior row sometimes reduced to few punctures); tergites V–VII in posterior halves with irregular sparse micropunctation not arranged in distinct series; tergite VIII with sparse punctation in posterior portion and practically impunctate in anterior half; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII barely noticeably concave in the middle, nearly truncate; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin weakly convex or nearly truncate in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 0.7 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 250–251; ventral process not conspicuously flat (lateral view).

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly convex in the middle; posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

In many respects, Z. tumidicornis resembles Z. tenebricosus, from which it differs by the more robust body, the longer and more massive antennae with a distinctly larger antennomere I and a distinctly larger, more coniform, and less oblong antennomere III, by the practically impunctate anterior impressions of tergites III–V, the presence of transverse series of punctures on tergites III and IV, the generally sparser punctation of the abdomen, and by the differently shaped aedeagus (ventral process less flat).

Distribution and natural history

The species was found in several localities in western Sichuan and northern Yunnan (Fig. 304) at altitudes between approximately 3000 and approximately 4100 m. The specimens were sifted from leaf litter in mixed and coniferous forests, and in a subalpine shrub habitat.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: N-Sichuan, Minshan Mts., Baima pass, 3000 m, 5.-20.VII.2005 / Holotypus ♂ Zyras athetoides sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: “China: W-Sichuan (6), Daxue Shan, Paoma-Shan b. Kangding, 30.02.56N, 101.58.05E, 2700–2900 m, 22.05.1997, M. Schülke” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: W-Sichuan (7), Daxue Shan, W Kangding, 30.03.13N, 101.57.11E, 2700–2800 m, 24.05.1997, M. Schülke” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: Sichuan, Daxue Shan, 25 km SE Kangding, 3200–3500 m, 13.VI.-4.VII.2009, leg. A. Plutenko” (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: W-Sichuan 1999, Ya'an Prefecture, Tianquan Co., E Erlang Shan Pass, 2900 m, 9 km SE Luding, 29°52N, 102°18E, Gesiebe, 20.VI., leg. M. Schülke” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (adjective) alludes to faint external resemblance (habitus, coloration) of this species with species of the genus Atheta Thomson, 1858.

Description

Small species; body length 4.5–5.7 mm; length of forebody 2.2–2.6 mm. Coloration: body blackish-brown with the humeral portion of the elytra indistinctly and diffusely paler and with the posterior margins of the abdominal segments reddish (Figs. 88, 146); legs dark-yellowish to yellowish brown, with the femora somewhat darker; antennae (Fig. 47) blackish-brown to blackish, with antennomeres I–III only indistinctly paler at most.

Head (Fig. 88) moderately transverse, impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral and anterior dorsal portions moderately dense to dense; interstices on average narrower than diameter of punctures. Eyes longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 47) 1.8–1.9 mm long, distinctly incrassate apically; antennomeres IV–X distinctly transverse, gradually and distinctly increasing in width; X approximately 1.5 times as broad as long; XI shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 88) relatively weakly transverse, approximately 1.1 times as broad as long and 1.25–1.30 times as broad as head; punctation moderately dense; interstices on average narrower than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins without conspicuous long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 88) 0.80–0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and rather dense, interstices on average narrower than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I distinctly shorter than the combined length of II–IV, barely longer than the combined length II and III.

Abdomen (Fig. 146) relatively broad, nearly as broad as, or slightly narrower than elytra and with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V impunctate or nearly so, only with few scattered fine non-setiferous punctures at most; tergite VI anteriorly with few scattered punctures; tergites III–VII each with row of numerous setiferous punctures at posterior margin and with a more or less distinct transverse row of punctures in posterior portion of disc; tergite VIII with sparse punctation in posterior portion and practically impunctate in anterior half; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII convex to weakly concave in the middle, without evident sexual dimorphism.

♂: sternite VIII slightly longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 0.65 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 252–253.

♀: posterior margin of sternite VIII truncate in the middle.

Comparative notes

Among the more or less uniformly dark-coloured congeners known from China, Z. athetoides is characterized by relatively small size, the relatively short and distinctly incrassate antennae with transverse antennomeres IV–X, the indistinctly paler humeral angles of the elytra, the conspicuously short metatarsomere I, and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The type specimens were collected in several localities in Sichuan (Fig. 305) at altitudes between 2700 and approximately 3500 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “E Tibet, road Toba — Jomda, pass 50 km E Toba, 31°19′N, 98°05′E, 4200 m, alpine meadow, 17.VII.1997, Jaroslav Turna leg. / Holotypus ♂ Zyras atronitens sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet is composed of the Latin adjectives ater (black) and nitens (shiny) and alludes to the glossy and nearly uniformly black body.

Description

Rather small species; body length 5.8 mm; length of forebody 2.4 mm. Coloration: body blackish, except for the diffusely reddish humeral angles of the elytra, the narrowly reddish elytral suture, and the narrowly reddish posterior margins of the abdominal segments (Figs. 89, 147); legs with dark-brown femora and metatibiae, pale-brown pro- and mesotibiae, and dark-yellowish tarsi; antennae (Fig. 48) blackish, with antennomere XI reddish.

Head (Fig. 89) distinctly transverse, impunctate in median dorsal portion; punctation in lateral and anterior dorsal portions sparse; interstices broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 48) 1.8 mm long, distinctly incrassate apically; antennomere III conical, strongly dilated apically; IV–X distinctly transverse, gradually and distinctly increasing in width; X slightly less than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 89) 1.13 times as broad as long and 1.27 times as broad as head; punctation sparse and irregularly spaced; interstices distinctly broader than diameter of punctures; midline broadly impunctate; lateral margins without conspicuous long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 89) 0.87 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined, conspicuously fine and sparse; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 147) slightly narrower than elytra, subparallel anteriorly, segments III–VI of subequal width; anterior impressions of tergites III–V shallow and with sparse, very fine non-setiferous punctation; posterior margins of tergites III–VII each with a row of fine punctures; anterior portion of tergite VI with very fine and sparse non-setiferous punctation; remainder of discs of tergites III–VI nearly impunctate, only with very fine scattered punctures; tergite VII with fine non-setiferous punctation in anterior third and with sparse punctures in posterior third, impunctate in median third; tergite VIII with few punctures posteriorly, otherwise impunctate; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII very weakly concave in the middle, on either side of this concavity dentate; sternite VIII slightly longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus 0.68 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 248–249.

♀: unknown.

Comparative notes

Among the species of similar size and coloration, Z. atronitens is characterized particularly by the conspicuously sparse punctation of the forebody, especially of the elytra, and the abdomen, the dark legs, the distinctly in crassate antennae with black antennomeres I–II and with a strongly conical antennomere III, as well as by the morphology of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The type locality is situated to the east of Toba in eastern Tibet (Fig. 303). The holotype was collected in an alpine meadow at an altitude of 4200 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: N-Yunnan [C2005-09], Diqing Tibet. Aut. Pref., Deqin Co., Meili Xue Shan, E-side, 14 km W Deqin, 2850 m, / 28°27.47′N, 98°46.35′E, creek valley below glacier, mixed forest, leaf litter, moss, dead wood, sifted, 11.VI.2005, M. Schülke [C2005-09] / Holotypus ♂ Zyras nigronitens sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: same data as holotype (cSch); 1 ♂, 1 ex.: “China: N-Yunnan [C2005-07], Diqing Tibet. Aut. Pref., Deqin Co., Meili Xue Shan, E-side, 12 km SW Deqin, 2890 m, 28°25.30′N, 98°48.47′E / small creek valley, mixed forest with bamboo, leaf litter, moss, dead wood, sifted, 9.VI.2005, M. Schülke [C2005-07]” (cSch, cAss); 1 ♂: “China (N-Yunnan) Diqing Tibet. Aut. Pref., Deqin Co., Baima Shan, pass 15 km SE Deqin, 28°22.68′N, 99°00.57′E, 4400–4500 m (alpine meadow, under gravel & stones along creek), 12.VI.2005 D. W. Wrase [10A]” (cSch); 1 ♂, 1 ♀: “China-Yunnan Diqing Tibet. Aut. Pr. Deqin Co. Meili Xue Shan E-side 12 km SW Deqin, 28°25.30′N 98°48.47′E 2890 m, 9.VI.2005 A. Smetana [C156]” (cSme, cAss); 1 ♂: “China-Yunnan Diqing Tibet. Aut. Pr. Deqin Co. Meili Xue Shan E-side 14 km W Deqin, 28°27.47′N 98°46.35′E 2580 m, 11.VI.2005 A. Smetana [C158]” (cSme).

Etymology

The specific epithet is composed of the Latin adjectives niger (black) and nitens (shiny). It refers to the conspicuously black and glossy body.

Description

Body length 6.5–7.5 mm; length of forebody 3.5 mm. Coloration: whole body black and shiny (Figs. 87, 145); legs pale-yellow; maxillary palpi yellow with palpomere III more or less distinctly infuscate; antennae (Fig. 49) black, with antennomeres I–II and base of III reddish to dark-brown and XI pale-reddish, sharply contrasting with antennomere X.

Head (Fig. 87) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions sparse; interstices distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes much longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 49) 2.0–2.1 mm long, not particularly massive; antennomere IV weakly transverse; V–X distinctly transverse, gradually and weakly increasing in width; X distinctly transverse, approximately 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X, or nearly so.

Pronotum (Fig. 87) strongly convex in cross-section, 1.08–1.12 times as broad as long and 1.31–1.38 times as broad as head; punctation very sparse; interstices on average much broader than diameter of punctures; midline moderately narrowly impunctate; lateral margins and antero-lateral portion with some very long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 87) 0.78–0.80 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and sparse (slightly less sparse in anterior portion), interstices on average at least twice as broad as diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 145) approximately 0.95 times as broad as elytra and with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V with few (ca. 4–5) non-setiferous punctures in the middle, laterally impunctate; tergites III–V each with a median pair of setiferous punctures at or near posterior margin and with two lateral setiferous punctures on either side, otherwise impunctate; tergite VI with a transverse row of approximately 10 non-setiferous punctures at anterior margin, six setiferous punctures at posterior margin, two lateral setiferous punctures on either side, otherwise impunctate, except for an occasional 1–2 punctures on disc; tergite VII in antero-median portion with a transverse patch of approximately 15–20 moderately dense fine non-setiferous punctures and with two irregular transverse rows of approximately 6 setiferous punctures in posterior half; tergite VIII with a few setiferous punctures in posterior fourth, impunctate in anterior three-fourths; integument without microsculpture and very glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII somewhat projecting in the middle, posterior margin of this projection weakly concave; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin weakly concave; median lobe of aedeagus 0.78–0.83 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 254–255.

♀: shape of tergite VIII as in male; posterior margin of sternite VIII truncate in the middle.

Comparative notes

Zyras nigronitens is distinguished from other congeners recorded from China particularly by the conspicuously glossy and uniformly black body strongly contrasting with the yellow legs, by the morphology of the antennae, the sparse punctation of the forebody, the distinctive punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the morphology of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The species was found in two localities in the Meili Xue Shan and one in the Baima Shan in West Yunnan (Fig. 303). Most of the specimens were sifted from leaf litter and moss in mixed forests, one on a gravel stream bank, at altitudes of 2580–4500 m.

Zyras (Zyras) beijingensis Pace, 1993: 114.

Zyras (Zyras) restitutus Pace, 1993: 114 ff.; n. syn.

Type material examined

Z. beijingensis: Holotype ♂ [most of both antennae missing]: “China, Beijing, VIII:1982, Rougemont / Holotypus Zyras beijingensis m., det. R. Pace 1987 / Zyras beijingensis sp. n., det. R. Pace 1987 / Zyras beijingensis Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (cRou).

Z. restitutus: Holotype ♀: “China, Sichoan [sic], Da Zu [= Dazhu], 28.IX.1985, Rougemont / Holotypus Zyras restitutus m., det. R. Pace 1987 / Zyras restitutus sp. n., det. R. Pace 1987 / Zyras beijingensis Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (cRou).

Additional material examined

China: Gansu: 6 exs., W Longnan, Min Shan, 33°26′N, 104°36′E, 1470 m, deep cleft with scree, shrubs at N-slope, litter sifted, 5.VIII.2012, leg. Assing & Schülke (cAss, cSch); 4 exs., S Longnan, Min Shan, 33°05′N, 104°45′E, 1500 m, N-slope, macchia, litter and moss sifted, 6.VIII.2012, leg. Assing & Schülke (cAss, cSch). — Shaanxi: 1 ex., Micang Shan, 34 km S Hanzhong, 32°44′22″N, 106°51′55″E, 1460 m, W-slope, deciduous forest margin with bamboo, litter, grass, and moss sifted, 14.VIII.2012, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., Qinling Shan, 95 km WSW Xian, river bank at road Zhouzhi—Foping, 33°53′N, 108°01′E, 1000 m, gravel bank with vegetation, 4.VII.2001, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., 31 km E Xian, Li Shan near Lintong, 34°20′N, 109°16′E, 1000–1200 m, dry mountain meadow, forest, 23.-25.VIII.1985, leg. Wrase (cAss). — Zhejiang: 1 ex., Hangzhou Pref., Tianmu Shan, 40 km WNW Linan, water reservoir, 30°21′N, 119°19′E, 300 m, litter between rocks, sifted, 17.VI.2007, leg. Wrase (cAss).

Comment

The original description of Z. beijingensis is based on a unique male from “Beijing”, that of Z. restitutus on a single female from “Sichuan, Da Zu” (Pace 1993). Both holotypes were located in cRou, but note that Pace (1993) states that they are deposited in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. An examination of the above type material, as well as of the additional material listed above revealed that both names refer to the same species. They were made available in the same article. Since the holotype of Z. beijingensis is a male, this name is designated as the senior name and Z. restitutus as its junior synonym. Nevertheless, the validity of Z. beijingensis is pending confirmation. A comparison with a male (in poor condition) and a female of Z. fugax (Sharp, 1888) from Japan suggests that Z. beijingensis may be a junior synonym of that name (see comparative notes below). However, more material in better condition of Z. fugax is needed to clarify this suspicion.

Redescription

Moderately small species; body length 4.5–6.3 mm; length of forebody 2.1–2.7 mm. Coloration: head black; pronotum bright-reddish; elytra black, often with the suture narrow dark-reddish (Figs. 93–95); abdomen (Figs. 151–152) with segments III–IV reddish, tergite IV sometimes more or less distinctly and more or less extensively infuscate in the middle; segments V–X dark-brown to blackish, with the anterior and posterior margins of tergites V–VII, and at least the anterior and posterior portion of paratergites V–VII reddish; legs pale-yellow; antennae (Fig. 50) blackish, often with antennomeres I–II and base of III reddish-brown to brown, and with antennomere XI partly or completely dark-reddish to brown; maxillary palpi palebrown to dark-brown with yellowish terminal palpomere.

Head (Figs. 93–95) distinctly transverse, impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions moderately sparse and rather fine. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 50) 1.5–1.7 mm long, rather massive, and strongly incrassate apically; antennomere IV distinctly transverse, nearly 1.5 times as broad as long; antennomeres V–X of gradually increasing width and approximately twice as broad as long; X as long as, or slightly longer than combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Figs. 93–95) 1.09–1.16 times as broad as long and 1.25–1.35 times as broad as head; punctation fine to moderately coarse, sparse to moderately dense, and nearly equally distributed; midline narrowly impunctate.

Elytra (Figs. 93–95) 0.75–0.80 times as long as pronotum; punctation moderately coarse and dense, denser anteriorly than posteriorly. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Figs. 151–152) as broad as, or slightly narrower than elytra, with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–IV, tergite V without appreciable anterior impression; anterior impressions of tergites III–IV each with a transverse row, anterior portions of tergites V–VII each with a transverse band of non-setiferous punctures; tergite III with a lateral setiferous puncture on either side and with 8–10 fine setiferous punctures at posterior margin; tergites IV and V each with a median pair of punctures, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with 8–10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with a median pair of punctures, a variable number of additional lateral punctures, and with 8–10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with a variable number of punctures in whole posterior half, sometimes partly arranged in two transverse series, and with numerous fine punctures at posterior margin; tergite VIII with sparse punctation on whole surface; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII with or without shallow concavity in the middle.

♂: sternite VIII longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin strongly convex; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 0.7 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 256–257; apical lobe of paramere rather long and slender.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII shallowly concave in the middle.

Intraspecific variation

The male from Zhejiang is distinguished from the material seen from other regions by slight differences in the coloration of the forebody, the slightly more transverse pronotum with slightly sparser and finer punctation, and by slight differences in the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus. Since these differences are only slight and in view of other pronounced similarities, they are attributed to intra- rather than interspecific variation.

Comparative notes

Zyras beijingensis is extremely similar to Z. fugax from Japan. The only differences observed between the material of Z. beijingensis examined and the two specimens of Z. fugax available for comparison are the slightly more incrassate antennae and the darker abdominal tergite V. In size, habitus, and coloration, Z. beijingensis is also similar to Z. particornis (Sharp, 1888), from which it is readily distinguished by the shorter, more massive, and much more strongly incrassate antennae, as well as by the different coloration of the antennae and the abdomen (Z. particornis: apical three antennomeres pale-yellowish; abdominal tergite V reddish).

Distribution and natural history

This species is currently known from the Chinese provinces Beijing, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, and Zhejiang (Fig. 304), but probably more widespread, as can be inferred from the relatively low altitudes (300–1500 m). The examined material was collected by sifting litter, moss, grass, and various debris in macchia, shrub habitats, in dry forest, at a forest margin, and on the banks of a reservoir and a stream.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China [17] — S-Gansu, S Longnan, Min Shan, macchia, 33°05′24″N, 104°45′13″E, 1500 m, 6.VIII.2012, V. Assing / Holotypus ♂ Zyras pulcher sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♀ [slightly teneral]: “China: S-Gansu [CH12-15], Min Shan, 30 km W Longnan, 33°26′19″N, 104°36′17″E, 1470 m, deep cleft with scree, shrubs at N-slope, litter sifted, 5.VIII.2012, M. Schülke” (cSch); 1 ♀ [slightly teneral]: “China — NW Sichuan, between Shangliusuo—Luhua, 5 km E of Luhua, 2400 m, shrubs, 7–28.VI.2004, leg. R. Fabbri” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective: beautiful) alludes to the vivid and distinctive coloration of this species.

Description

Small species; body length 3.5–5.0 mm; length of forebody 1.7–2.2 mm. Coloration distinctive: head black; pronotum bright-reddish; elytra yellowish-red with sharply marked black spots in postero-lateral angles (Fig. 96); abdomen (Fig. 150) completely black; legs yellow; maxillary palpi dark-yellowish; antennae (Fig. 51) blackishbrown, with antennomere II somewhat paler brown.

Head (Fig. 96) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median and posterior portions, in lateral and anterior portions with conspicuously sparse punctation; interstices several times as broad as diameter of punctures. Eyes longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 51) 1.3–1.5 mm long and massive; antennomere IV distinctly transverse; V–X gradually increasing in width and increasingly transverse; X strongly transverse, more than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 96) relatively slender, approximately 1.12 times as broad as long and 1.3 times as broad as head; punctation sparse; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures; midline moderately broadly impunctate; lateral margins without long setae.

Elytra (Fig. 96) 0.81–0.82 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and sparse, interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I slightly shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 150) approximately 0.9 times as broad as elytra, slender, very weakly tapering posteriad, with shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V, and with fine punctation; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI with sparse non-setiferous punctation; posterior margins of tergites III–VII each with row of setiferous punctures; tergites III–V each with a pair of setiferous punctures in the middle (individual punctures may occasionally be missing) and a lateral setiferous puncture near paratergites on either side; disc of tergite VI with a transverse row of six setiferous punctures; tergite VII anteriorly with a few punctures and with three transverse rows of sparse punctures in posterior half; tergite VIII with sparse, somewhat more distinct setiferous punctures in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII truncate in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin weakly convex in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus relatively small, 0.57 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 258–259.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII smoothly convex; posterior margin of sternite VIII convex.

Comparative notes

Aside from its distinctive coloration, Z. pulcher is characterized by the rather massive antennae, the conspicuously sparse punctation of the forebody, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the morphology of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The species was discovered in two geographically close localities in the Min Shan, southern Gansu, and one in northwestern Sichuan (Fig. 305). The specimens from Gansu were sifted from debris and plant roots in macchia and in a deep cleft with sparse vegetation. The altitudes range from 1470 to 2400 m. The paratypes are slightly teneral.

Type material

Holotype ♂ [slightly teneral]: “China: Sichuan (2), Qingcheng-Shan, Rückseite, 650–700 m, 30.53.56N, 103.33.01E, 18.05.1997, M. Schülke / Holotypus ♂ Zyras schuelkei sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratype ♀: “China: Fujian prov., Wuyi Shan Nat. Res., Sangan [recte: Sangang] env. (900 m), 30.V.-12.VI.2001, Hlaváč & Cooter lgt.” (cHla).

Etymology

This colourful species is dedicated to my friend and colleague Michael Schülke, who collected not only the holotype of this species, but also numerous specimens of other Zyras species treated in the present paper.

Description

Body length 6.8–8.5 mm; length of forebody 3.1–3.3 mm. Coloration: head blackish; pronotum brightreddish; elytra yellowish, with sharply delimited black marking of triangular shape in postero-lateral portion (Fig. 90); abdomen (Fig. 148) black; legs pale-yellow; antennae (Fig. 28) blackish-brown, with antennomeres I–II and the basal half of III pale-reddish.

Head (Fig. 90) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median and posterior portions, in lateral and anterior portions with sparse punctation; interstices distinctly broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes large, distinctly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 28) long and slender, 2.5–2.6 mm long; antennomeres IV–V weakly oblong; VI–VII approximately as long as broad; VIII–IX weakly transverse; X nearly 1.5 times as long as broad; XI long and apically acute, longer than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 90) approximately 1.15 times as broad as long and 1.15 times as broad as head; punctation sparse and irregularly spaced; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins with few long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 90) 0.9 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and moderately dense, interstices on average broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 148) approximately 0.9 times as broad as elytra, slender, weakly tapering posteriad, with shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI with rather sparse non-setiferous punctation; tergite III with a median pair of setiferous punctures on disc, otherwise practically impunctate, posterior margin impunctate; tergite IV impunctate in posterior half, except for a median pair of setiferous punctures at hind margin; tergites V–VI each with two lateral punctures on either side and with four setiferous punctures at posterior margin, otherwise impunctate in posterior half; tergite VII with several setiferous punctures at posterior margin, with a median pair of punctures, and with few lateral punctures, otherwise impunctate; tergite VIII with a few punctures in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: median pair of punctures on tergite VII and punctures in posterior portion of tergite VIII somewhat granulose; posterior margin of tergite VIII concave in the middle, on either side of this concavity dentate; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus 0.75 mm long; ventral process distinctly bent subapically in lateral view (Figs. 260–261).

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII concave in the middle, but not dentate on either side of concavity.

Comparative notes

Zyras schuelkei is distinguished from the similarly coloured Z. pulcher by numerous characters, particularly its much larger body size, the more transverse head with larger and more bulging eyes, the much longer and more slender antennae, the relatively smaller pronotum (in relation to the head), the much more coarsely and more densely punctured elytra, the larger and more defined dark markings on the elytra, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the shape of the larger aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The species is known from two localities, one in the Qingcheng Shan, Sichuan, and one in the Wuyi Shan, Fujian (Fig. 306). The altitudes range from approximately 700 to 900 m. The holotype is slightly teneral.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: Fujian prov., Wuyi Shan Nat. Res., Guadun hill, (900–1300), 1.-2.VI.2001, Hlaváč & Cooter lgt. / Sifting bamboo forest / Holotypus ♂ Zyras discolor sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cHla).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: same data as holotype (cHla); 1 ♂ [slightly teneral], 1 ♀: “China: Fujian prov., Wuyi Shan Nat. Res., Sangan env. (900 m), 30.v.-12.vi.2001, Hlaváč & Cooter lgt.” (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective: colourful) alludes to the vivid and distinctive coloration of this species.

Description

Body length 5.8–7.0 mm; length of forebody 2.5–3.0 mm. Coloration: forebody blackish-brown (Fig. 91); abdomen (Fig. 149) distinctly bicoloured, with segments III–VI bright-reddish and segments VII (except for the reddish anterior margin) and VIII dark-brown; legs yellow; maxillary palpi yellowish to brown; antennae (Fig. 52) dark-reddish to brown, with antennomeres I–II and the apical antennomeres more or less extensively reddish.

Head (Fig. 91) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with few scattered coarse punctures; interstices several times as broad as diameter of punctures. Eyes longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 52) 2.0–2.2 mm long and rather slender; antennomeres IV–VI as long as broad or very weakly transverse; V–X only indistinctly increasing in width; X weakly transverse, less than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X, or nearly so.

Pronotum (Fig. 91) relatively slender, approximately 1.09–1.13 times as broad as long and 1.19–1.27 times as broad as head; punctation sparse and coarse; interstices on average much broader than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; lateral margins with few very long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 91) 0.89–0.90 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and sparse, denser in anterior than in posterior portion; interstices in posterior portion on average more than twice as broad as diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 149) approximately 0.95 times as broad as elytra, slender, with rather deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; setiferous punctures with long dark setae; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI with dense and coarse non-setiferous punctation; tergites III–IV with a median pair of setiferous punctures (near posterior margin), with two lateral setiferous punctures on either side, and without punctures at posterior margin; tergite V with a median pair of setiferous punctures, with two lateral setiferous punctures on either side, and with four setiferous punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with transverse row of 6 setiferous punctures on disc and 6 setiferous punctures at (or near) posterior margin; tergite VII with some non-setiferous punctures near anterior margin and with approximately 20 setiferous punctures indistinctly arranged in two irregular transverse rows in posterior portion of disc, without setae at posterior margin; tergite VIII in posterior fourth with approximately 20 setiferous punctures, in anterior three-fourths impunctate; integument without micro sculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII shallowly and angularly excised in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus 0.72–0.75 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 262–263; ventral process long and apically very acute.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII smoothly convex; posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

Aside from its distinctive coloration, Z. discolor is characterized by the coarse punctation of the whole body, the slender antennae, the long setae on the pronotum and abdomen, the shape of the posterior excision of the male tergite VIII, and by the morphology of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The species was found in two geographically close localities in the Wuyi Shan, Fujian (Fig. 303), at elevations between 900 and 1300 m. Two specimens were sifted in a bamboo forest. One of the paratypes is teneral.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China [15] — Yunnan, valley S Gejiu, road margin, 23°08′38″N, 103°11′42″E, 1010 m, 21.VIII.2014, V. Assing / Holotypus ♂ Zyras bicoloricollis sp. n. det. V. Assing 2015″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♂: same data as holotype (cAss); 1 ♀: “China: Yunnan, valley S Gejiu, 23°08′53″N, 103°10′58″E, 1250 m, field margin with shrubs, litter and soil between stones sifted, 21.VIII.2014, Schülke [CH14-16]” (cSch).

Etymology

The specific epithet (adjective) alludes to the indistinctly bicoloured pronotum.

Description

Body length 5.3–7.0 mm; length of forebody 2.5–3.1 mm. Coloration: head dark reddish-brown, with the frons and the mouthparts reddish; pronotum indistinctly bicoloured: disc dark-brown, margins rather narrowly and postero-lateral portion more extensively dark-reddish; elytra pale-reddish, with the postero-lateral portions extensively blackish-brown (Fig. 92); abdomen (Fig. 153) with tergite III reddish, tergite IV reddish or brown, and tergites V–VII blackish-brown with reddish anterior portions (including anterior portions of paratergites) and with the posterior margins of tergites V–VI narrowly reddish; legs yellowish; antennae (Fig. 53) blackish, with antennomeres I–II and base of III reddish and with antennomere XI pale-yellowish; maxillary palpi reddish.

Head (Fig. 92) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with few scattered moderately coarse punctures; interstices several times as broad as diameter of punctures. Eyes distinctly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 53) 1.8–2.0 mm long; antennomeres IV–V as long as broad or very weakly transverse; VI–X only indistinctly increasing in width and weakly transverse; X less than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 92) 1.14–1.18 times as broad as long and 1.20–1.28 times as broad as head; punctation sparse, rather coarse, and equally distributed; interstices on average much broader than diameter of punctures; midline rather narrowly impunctate; lateral margins each with four very long black setae (often broken off).

Elytra (Fig. 92) 0.87–0.90 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and sparse, very sparse in posterior and postero-sutural portion; interstices in median portion of disc on average approximately twice as broad as diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as, or even longer than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 153) slightly narrower than elytra, slender, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI with dense non-setiferous punctation; tergite III with a lateral puncture and a latero-marginal puncture on either side and with a pair of median punctures near posterior margin; tergites IV and V without a median pair of punctures; tergite IV with a lateral puncture on either side and with four punctures at posterior margin; tergites V–VI with a lateral puncture on either side and with six punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with or without a median pair of punctures (in the female paratype only one puncture is present); tergite VII with few scattered non-setiferous punctures in antero-median portion and with two transverse rows of setiferous punctures in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII with shallow concavity in the middle.

♂: sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 0.6 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 270–271.

♀: posterior margin of sternite VIII distinctly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

This species is distinguished from other Chinese representatives of the subgenus by its coloration alone. In addition, it is characterized by the sparse punctation of the forebody, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The type specimens were collected in two adjacent localities to the south of Gejiu, southeastern Yunnan (Fig. 305). They were sifted from litter and soil at a road margin and at a field margin at altitudes of 1010 and 1250 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China [12a] — Yunnan, mt. WNW Wu ding, mix. forest, 25°38′45″N, 102°06′55″E, 2390 m, 1.IX.2014, V. Assing / Holotypus ♂ Zyras bisinuatus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2015″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♂: same data as holotype (cAss); 1 ♂: “China [18] — Yunnan, mts S Jianshui, broad-leaved for., 23°25′20″N, 102°51′05″E, 1890 m, 22.VIII.2014, V. Assing” (cAss); 1 ♀: “China [22] — Yunnan, SE Pingbian, primary forest, 22°54′31″N, 103°41′44″E, 2100 m, 27.VIII.2014, V. Assing” (cAss); 1 ♀: same data, but “[22a] … 28.VIII.2014″ (cAss); 2 ♂♂: same data, but leg. Schülke (cSch, cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (adjective) alludes to the bisinuate ventral process and the bisinuate crista apicalis of the median lobe of the aedeagus (lateral view).

Description

Species of slender habitus. Body length 6.5–7.7 mm; length of forebody 3.0–3.1 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish-brown to blackish; elytra bicoloured, blackish, with the anterior third and the suture dark-yellowish (Fig. 98); abdomen (Fig. 155) with tergite III reddish (rarely weakly infuscate in the middle), tergite IV reddish with the middle more or less infuscate, tergites V–VI reddish with the middle extensively infuscate, tergite VII blackish-brown to blackish with the anterior and lateral portions more or less broadly and the posterior margin sometimes narrowly reddish, and tergite VIII blackishbrown to blackish with the anterior portion broadly reddish and usually the apex somewhat dark-reddish; legs pale-yellowish, with the apical ⅓–⅖ of the metafemora distinctly infuscate and the apices of the mesofemora more weakly and less extensively infuscate; antennae (Fig. 29) dark-brown to blackish brown, with the basal 2–3 antennomeres reddish and the apical 2–3 antennomeres yellowish; maxillary palpi reddish with at least the apical half of palpomere III, usually with all of palpomeres II and III dark-brown to blackish-brown.

Head (Fig. 98) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with sparse coarse punctation. Eyes longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 29) long and slender, 2.4–2.6 mm long; antennomeres IV–VII oblong (rarely VII as long as broad), VIII approximately as broad as long, IX–X weakly transverse, and XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 98) weakly transverse, 1.05–1.10 times as broad as long and approximately 1.3 times as broad as head; punctation coarse, moderately dense to dense, and more or less equally distributed; interstices on average narrower than, more rarely approximately as broad as diameter of punctures; midline with or without narrow impunctate band; lateral margins each with four long black setae (often broken off).

Elytra (Fig. 98) 0.80–0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation coarse and defined, rather dense in anterior half, sparse in posterior portion. Hind wings fully developed. Legs long and very slender; metatarsomere I approximately as long as, or even longer than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 155) slightly narrower than elytra, slender, with deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI with rather coarse and somewhat weakly defined non-setiferous punctation; tergite III with a transverse row of setiferous punctures near posterior margin; tergite IV with a transverse row of setiferous punctures near posterior margin and with an additional lateral puncture on either side; tergite V with six marginal setiferous punctures and an additional lateral puncture on either side; tergite VI with 8 marginal setiferous punctures and an additional lateral puncture on either side; tergite VII with few scattered non-setiferous punctures in anteromedian portion and with two transverse rows of setiferous punctures in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII with distinct concavity in the middle.

♂: sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex, in the middle truncate or nearly so; median lobe of aedeagus 0.87–0.93 mm long and of distinctive shape: ventral process long, bisinuate in lateral view, and apically convex in ventral view; crista apicalis bisinuate in lateral view (Figs. 266–267).

Comparative notes

This distinctive species is characterized particularly by the coloration, the slender habitus, a weakly transverse pronotum, the coarse punctation of the pronotum and elytra, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and above all by the conspicuous shape of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

The type specimens were collected in three localities in eastern and southeastern Yunnan (Fig. 304). They were sifted from leaf litter in a mixed forest margin with alder and pine, in a subtropical broad-leaved forest, and in a primary subtropical broad-leaved forest at altitudes of 1890–2390 m.

Zyras (Zyras) fratrumkadooriorum Pace, 1998: 968.

Type material examined

Paratypes: 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ [originally on one pin]: “Hong Kong, Tai Po, VII.1996, G. de Rougemont / Paratypi Zyras fratrumkadooriorum m., det. R. Pace 96 / Zyras fratrumkadooriorum Pace, det. V. AsKsing 2015″ (cRou, cAss).

Comment

The original description is based on eleven type specimens from “Hong Kong, Kadoorie Farm” collected in VI.1991 and VII.1992 by G. Ades and in V.1996, VIII.1996, and IX.1996 by G. de Rougemont (Pace 1998).

Description

Small species; body length 4.3–5.0 mm; length of forebody 1.9–2.1 mm. Coloration: head blackish; pronotum blackish-brown; elytra yellowish, with the posterolateral portions extensively blackish (Fig. 97); abdomen (Fig. 154) bicoloured, with segments III–V pale-reddish and segments VI–X dark-brown; legs pale-yellowish; antennae (Fig. 43) blackish-brown with antennomeres I–II and base of antennomere III reddish; maxillary palpi pale reddish-brown.

Head (Fig. 97) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median and posterior portions; punctation in lateral dorsal portions moderately coarse and very sparse. Eyes large, much longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 43) 1.7–1.8 mm long; antennomeres IV–V weakly oblong, VI–VII approximately as broad as long, VIII–X weakly transverse, X less than 1.5 times as broad as long, and XI conspicuously long, approximately as long as the combined length of VIII–X.

Pronotum (Fig. 97) weakly transverse and small in relation to head, approximately 1.1 times as broad as long and only approximately 1.13 times as broad as head; disc with rather few scattered, irregularly spaced, and moderately coarse punctures, without distinct impunctate band along middle.

Elytra (Fig. 97) approximately 0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation rather coarse, defined, and moderately dense, interstices on average broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 154) narrower than elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V each with a row of rather ill-defined and shallow non-setiferous punctures; tergites III–VI each with a lateral puncture on either side and with six punctures at posterior margin; tergites VI and VII completely without non-setiferous punctures anteriorly; tergite VII with very few scattered fine punctures in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII with very shallow median concavity.

♂: sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin convex; median lobe of aedeagus 0.57 mm long; ventral process straight in lateral view, weakly curved apically (Figs. 272–273).

Comparative notes

Zyras fratrumkadooriorum is distinguished from other Chinese representatives of the subgenus of similar coloration particularly by its small size, the long antennomere XI, the small pronotum (in relation to head), the scattered and irregularly spaced punctation of the pronotum, the distinctive punctation of the abdomen (tergites III–V without median pair of punctures; tergites VI and VII anteriorly without non-setiferous punctures), and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

This species is currently known only from Hong Kong (Fig. 304). Some of the type specimens were collected with a Malaise trap, others with flight interception traps, and one with a yellow pan trap (Rougemont 2001).

Zyras (Zyras) song Pace, 1993: 112.

Type material examined

Holotype ♂: “China X.1986, Yunnan: Dali 2100 m, G. de Rougemont / Holotypus Zyras song mihi, det. R. Pace 1987 / Zyras song sp. n., det. R. Pace 1987 / Zyras song Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (cRou).

Comment

The original description is based on a male holotype and a female paratype from “Yunnan, Dali” (Pace 1993).

Redescription

Body length 4.3 mm; length of forebody 2.2 mm. Coloration: head blackish; pronotum pale-reddish; elytra blackish (Fig. 102); abdomen with segments III–V reddish, segment VI reddish, with the postero-median portion of tergite VI infuscate; segments VII–VIII blackish-brown; legs bicoloured: tarsi yellowish; profemora dark-brown; protibiae brown, with the external faces paler; meso- and metafemora with the basal halves pale-yellowish and the apical halves blackish; meso- and metatibiae pale-yellowish with the bases and the apices weakly and narrowly infuscate; antennae (Fig. 32) with antennomeres I–III dark-brown, IV pale-brown; V–VI dark-yellowish, and VII–XI pale-yellowish; maxillary palpi blackish-brown with the terminal palpomere yellowish.

Head (Fig. 102) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with very sparse and fine punctation. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 32) 2.0 mm long; antennomeres IV–VI weakly oblong, VII approximately as broad as long, VIII–X weakly transverse, X distinctly less than 1.5 times as broad as long, and XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 102) weakly transverse, 1.1 times as broad as long and 1.15 times as broad as head; lateral margins not distinctly sinuate in posterior half (dorsal view); disc with scattered, sparse, irregularly spaced, shallow, and very fine punctures; lateral margins each with four long black setae, antero-lateral portion with additional long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 102) 0.87 times as long as pronotum; punctation rather fine and sparse, less sparse in anterior than in posterior half; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I distinctly shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 159) narrower than elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V with fine, shallow, and weakly defined non-setiferous punctation; tergite III without median pair of punctures, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with 8 punctures at posterior margin; tergite IV with a median pair of punctures, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with 8 punctures at posterior margin; tergite V with a median pair of punctures, with two lateral punctures on either side, and with 10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI anteriorly with a narrow transverse band of non-setiferous punctures, with a median pair of punctures, with two lateral punctures on either side, and with approximately 10 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with non-setiferous punctures in antero-median portion and with few scattered setiferous punctures not arranged in distinct series in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII convex, not concave in the middle.

♂: median lobe of aedeagus 0.6 mm long, shaped as illustrated by Pace (1993); paramere with slender apical lobe.

Comparative notes

Among the species with a similarly bicoloured body, Z. song is characterized particularly by the colour of the antennae (five terminal antennomeres pale-yellowish) and the coloration of the legs, additionally also by the sparse punctation of the head and pronotum, the less elongate metatarsomere I, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution

The species is currently known only from the type locality, which is situated in northwestern Yunnan (Fig. 305). The type specimens were collected at an altitude of 2100 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China, Guangxi, Diding, 8.VII.99, J. R. Fellowes leg. / Zyras song Pace, det. 2002, G. de Rougemont / Holotypus ♂ Zyras exspoliatus sp. n., det. V. Assing 2015″ (cAss).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective: robbed, stripped) alludes to the absence of median pairs of punctures on the abdominal tergites III–V.

Description

Body length 6.3 mm; length of forebody 2.6 mm. Coloration: head blackish; pronotum pale-reddish; elytra blackish, except for the dark-reddish suture (Fig. 103); abdomen (Fig. 160) with segments III–V reddish, tergite VI blackish, except for the reddish paratergites and the reddish anterior and antero-lateral portions; segments VII–VIII blackish; legs pale-yellowish, with the profemora and the apical halves of the meso- and metafemora brown; antennae (Fig. 31) blackish-brown, with antennomere XI dark-yellowish; maxillary palpi dark-brown with the terminal palpomere yellowish.

Head (Fig. 103) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with very sparse and fine punctation. Eyes much longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 31) 2.3 mm long; antennomeres IV–V distinctly oblong, VI–VII weakly oblong; VIII approximately as broad as long, IX–X weakly transverse, X slightly less than 1.5 times as broad as long, and XI approximately as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 103) weakly transverse, 1.07 times as broad as long and 1.2 times as broad as head; lateral margins weakly sinuate in posterior half (dorsal view); disc with rather sparse, irregularly spaced, shallow, and somewhat ill-defined punctures; lateral margins without long black setae in holotype, but probably broken off (setiferous punctures present).

Elytra (Fig. 103) 0.78 times as long as pronotum; punctation moderately fine and moderately dense, not distinctly sparser posteriorly than anteriorly; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I slightly longer than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 160) as broad as elytra, with rather deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V with fine, shallow, and weakly defined non-setiferous punctation; tergites III–VI without median pairs of punctures; tergite III with a lateral puncture on either side, and with 4 punctures at posterior margin; tergites IV–V each with a lateral puncture on either side and with 6 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI anteriorly with a slightly irregular transverse series (not a band) of non-setiferous punctures anteriorly, with a lateral puncture on either side, and with a series of punctures at posterior margin; tergite VII with approximately 15 nonsetiferous punctures anteriorly and with very sparse setiferous punctures not arranged in distinct series in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII indistinctly concave in the middle (Fig. 293).

♂: sternite VIII much longer than sternite VIII, its posterior margin nearly truncate in the middle (Fig. 294); median lobe of aedeagus 0.75 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 264–265; paramere with slender apical lobe.

Comparative notes

Zyras exspoliatus is distinguished from the similar Z. song by the different coloration of the antennae, the legs, the suture, and abdominal tergite VI, by the denser punctation of the pronotum, the broader pronotum (in relation to head), the shorter elytra, the longer metatarsomere I, the sparser punctation of the abdomen (particularly the absence of pairs of median punctures on tergites IV–VI), and by the larger and differently shaped median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution

The type locality is situated in Guangxi province, South China (Fig. 305). Additional information is not available.

Zyras (Zyras) yongshengensis Pace, 2012a: 86.

Type material examined

Holotype ♂ [damaged; antennomeres V–XI of left antenna and VII–XI of right antenna missing]: “China: N-Yunnan, Lijiang Naxi Aut. Co. 3 km NW Yongsheng 53 km WSW Lijiang, 26°41.8′N, 100°43.1′E 1990 m, 14.VIII.2003 A. Smetana [C122] / Holotypus Zyras yongshengensis det. R. Pace 2005 / Zyras yongshengensis n. sp., det. R. Pace 2005 / coll. DEI Müncheberg / Zyras yongshengensis Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (SDEI).

Comment

According to the original description, which is based on a unique male holotype from “China: N.Yunnan, Lijiang, Naxi Co., 3 km NW Yongsheng, 53 km WSW Lijiang, 26°41.8′N, 100°43.1′E”, Z. yongshengensis has completely reduced hind wings (Pace 2012a). Indeed, the holotype does not possess hind wings, but the presence of a fully developed palisade fringe at the posterior margin of tergite VII suggests that the wings may have been removed in the process of mounting the specimen. Moreover, according to Pace (2012a), the eyes are shorter than the temples and the head lacks punctation. An examination of the holotype, however, revealed that the eyes are distinctly longer than the postocular region and the lateral dorsal portion of the head is sparsely punctate.

Redescription

Body length 5.7 mm; length of forebody 2.4 mm. Coloration: head blackish; pronotum pale-reddish; elytra blackish, with the suture reddish (Fig. 104); abdomen (Fig. 161) with segments III–VI pale-reddish, segment VII blackish-brown with the anterior margin, the antero-lateral portion, and the paratergites pale-reddish, and segments VIII–X blackish-brown; legs pale-yellowish, with the profemora pale-brown and the apical halves of the meso- and metafemora dark-brown; antennomeres I–VI dark-brown (remainder missing in holotype); maxillary palpi yellowish-brown, with the terminal palpomere yellowish.

Head (Fig. 104) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with sparse and fine punctation. Eyes longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna with antennomeres IV–V distinctly oblong and VI very weakly oblong.

Pronotum (Fig. 104) weakly transverse, approximately 1.1 times as broad as long and 1.2 times as broad as head; lateral margins not sinuate in posterior half (dorsal view); disc with scattered, sparse, irregularly spaced, shallow, and rather fine punctures; lateral margins each with four long black setae, antero-lateral portion with additional long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 104) conspicuously short, 0.65 times as long as pronotum; punctation coarse, denser in anterior than in posterior half; interstices in posterior half much broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings: see comment above. Legs long and very slender; metatarsomere I approximately as long as the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 161) approximately as broad as elytra, with rather deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V with fine, shallow, and weakly defined non-setiferous punctation; tergites III–V without median pair of punctures; tergite III with a lateral puncture on either side and with 4 punctures at posterior margin; tergite IV with a lateral puncture on either side and with 8 punctures at posterior margin; tergite V with a lateral pair of punctures on either side and with 8 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with a narrow transverse band of non-setiferous punctures anteriorly, a lateral setiferous puncture on either side, and 8 punctures near posterior margin; tergite VII with numerous nonseti ferous punctures in antero-median portion and with scattered fine setiferous punctures not arranged in distinct series in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; posterior margin of tergite VIII convex, not concave in the middle.

♂: median lobe of aedeagus 0.68 mm long, shaped as illustrated by Pace (2012a); paramere with slender apical lobe.

Comparative notes

This species is readily distinguished from all other Chinese representatives of the subgenus by the short elytra alone.

Distribution and natural history

Zyras yongshengensis is currently known only from the type locality, which is situated in northwestern Yunnan (Fig. 305). The holotype was collected at an altitude of nearly 2000 m, most likely by sifting leaf litter.

Zyras (Zyras) hongkongensis Pace, 1999: 684 ff.

Zyras (Zyras) benenensis Pace, 2001: 196 f.; n. syn.

Type material examined

Z. hongkongensis: Paratype ♀: “Hong Kong, Tai Long, G. Reels, 11.III.1997 / At light / Paratypus Zyras hongkongorum [sic] m., det. R. Pace 1998 / Zyras hongkongorum sp. n., det. R. Pace 1999 / Zyras hongkongensis Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (cRou).

Z. benenensis: Holotype ♂: “Vietnam-N, 100 km SSW Hanoi, 40 km SW Than Hoa, Ben En Nat. Park, 50 m, 29.-30.1997, leg.: A. Napolov / Holotypus Zyras benenensis mihi, det. R. Pace 2001 / Zyras benenensis mihi, det. R. Pace 2001 / Zyras hongkongensis Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (NME).

Additional material examined

China: 1 ♀, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menglun, 500 m, at light, 4.-7.XI.1999, leg. Jäch et al. (NHMW); 7 exs., Guangxi, Shiwandashan National Forest Park, 21°54′N, 107°54′E, 290–360 m, forested river valley, at light, 5.-9.IV.2013, leg. Fikáček et al. (NMP, cAss); 1 ♀, Guangdong, W Qixing, Heishiding nature reserve, 23°28′N, 111°54′E, 190 m, forested stream valley, at light, 1.-3.V.2011, leg. Fikáček & Hájek (NMP).

Hong Kong: 1 ♀, Lung Kwachao [?], at light, 16.X.1997, leg. Reels (cRou).

Taiwan: 1 ♂, “Kosempo” [= Chia-hsien; 23°05′N, 120°35′E], leg. Sauter (FMNH).

India: 1 ♂, border region Assam-Arunachal Pradesh, Bhalukpong, 27°01′N, 92°39′E, 150 m, 1.-8.V.2012, leg. Dembický (NHMB).

Vietnam: 4 exs., Cuc Phuong National Park, 100 km S Hanoi, 2.-12.V.1991, leg. Jendek (NHMW, cAss); 5 exs., Cuc Phuong, 2.-11.V.1991, leg. Strned (NMP, cAss); 1 ex., Sapa (Lao Cai), 22°20′N, 103°50′E, 25.V.-10.VI.1991, leg. Jendek (NHMW).

Indonesia: 2 ♂♂, Sumatra, leg. Schultheiss (FMNH); 1 ♂, Sumatra, Tebing Tinggi, leg. Schultheiss (FMNH); 1 ♂, Java Barat, Bandung, 1908, leg. Roepke (FMNH).

Comment

The original description of Z. hongkongensis is based on a male holotype and two female paratypes from “Hong Kong, Tai Long” (Pace 1999). In the description of Z. benenensis, Pace (2001) compares the species with Z. chinkiangensis and Z. song, but there is no reference to Z. hongkongensis. A comparison of the holotype of Z. benenensis with the paratype and non-type material of Z. hongkongensis revealed no differences whatsoever, neither in external nor in the male sexual characters, suggesting that both names refer to the same species. Consequently, Z. benenensis is placed in synonymy with the senior name Z. hongkongensis. The additional material from Taiwan and Indonesia had been identified as Z. geminus (Kraatz, 1859) by Bernhauer.

Redescription

Body length 5.2–7.2 mm; length of forebody 2.9–3.2 mm. Coloration: head and elytra black; pronotum bright-reddish (Fig. 99); abdomen (Fig. 157) with segments III–V pale-reddish, tergite VI black, with the narrow anterior margin and the antero-lateral portions reddish, and tergites VII–VIII black; legs yellowish, with the apices of the meso- and metafemora, often also those of the profemora, more or less distinctly infuscate; antennae (Fig. 33) blackish with antennomeres XI or X–XI yellowish and with antennomere IX often somewhat paler brown, sometimes only with the basal 4–5 antennomeres blackish and the intermediate antennomeres gradually becoming paler towards antennal apex; maxillary palpi with palpomeres II and III brown to dark-brown and the terminal palpomere yellowish to reddish.

Head (Fig. 99) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with sparse and very fine punctation. Eyes much longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 33) 2.0–2.1 mm long; antennomere IV approximately as broad as long, V weakly transverse, VI–X of gradually increasing width and increasingly transverse, X nearly twice as broad as long, and XI nearly as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 99) weakly transverse and rather small in relation to head, 1.06–1.10 times as broad as long and about 1.15 times as broad as head; lateral margins weakly sinuate in posterior half (dorsal view); punctation rather fine and rather dense; midline moderately broadly impunctate; lateral margins and antero-lateral portions with long black setae (mostly broken off in the examined material).

Elytra (Fig. 99) approximately 0.85 times as long as pronotum; punctation extremely fine. Hind wings fully developed. Legs long and very slender; metatarsomere I approximately as long as, or even longer than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 157) approximately as broad as elytra, with deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V with fine and weakly defined non-setiferous punctation; tergite III with a few lateral punctures on either side and with 8–10 punctures at posterior margin; tergites IV–V each with a few lateral punctures on either side and with 12–16 punctures at posterior margin; tergite VI with a transverse band of rather dense non-setiferous punctures anteriorly and scattered setiferous punctures posteriorly; tergite VII with rather dense non-setiferous punctures in anterior half and scattered setiferous punctures in posterior half; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; tergite VIII strongly transverse, posterior margin truncate or weakly convex, not concave in the middle (Fig. 295).

♂: sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin strongly convex, in the middle truncate or nearly so (Fig. 296); median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 274–277) 0.75–0.80 mm long; paramere with short, broad, and flattened apical lobe (Fig. 297).

Comparative notes

Zyras hongkongensis is characterized by the coloration of the body, the legs, and the antennae, by the fine punctation of the forebody, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus.

Distribution and natural history

Previously known only from Hong Kong (Hlaváč et al. 2011), the distribution of Z. hongkongensis now also includes southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan), Taiwan, Northeast India, Vietnam, and Indonesia (Sumatra, Java) (Fig. 306). The type material (Rougemont 2001) and at least some of the additional specimens examined were collected at light.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: Fujian prov., Wuyi Shan Nat. Res., Sangan [recte: Sangang] env. (900 m), 30.V.-12.VI.2001, Hlaváč & Cooter lgt. / Holotypus ♂ Zyras flexus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratype ♀: “China: Fujian prov., Wuyi Shan Nat. Res., Masu (1100 m), 6.VI.2001, Hlaváč & Cooter lgt.” (cHla).

Etymology

The specific epithet is the past participle of the Latin verb flectere and alludes to the subapically angled ventral process of the aedeagus.

Description

Moderately large species; body length 7.0–7.3 mm; length of forebody 2.9–3.3 mm. Coloration: forebody dark-brown (Fig. 101); abdomen (Fig. 156) brownish-red, with the middle of tergite VII moderately infuscate; legs weakly bicoloured: forelegs brown, mid- and hindlegs brown, with the bases of the femora yellowish and the apical portions of the tibiae and the tarsi reddish-yellow; maxillary palpi yellowish-brown to brown; antennae (Fig. 15) dark-brown, with the apical 2–5 antennomeres yellowishbrown.

Head (Fig. 101) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with rather sparse and coarse punctation; macrosetae long and erect; interstices on average approximately as broad as diameter of punctures. Eyes longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 15) 2.2–2.5 mm long; antennomere IV approximately as long as broad; VI weakly transverse; VI–X gradually increasing in width and increasingly transverse; X distinctly transverse, more than 1.5 times as broad as long; XI distinctly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 101) 1.11–1.13 times as broad as long and 1.27–1.29 times as broad as head; punctation dense, shallow, and relatively ill-defined; interstices on average slightly narrower than diameter of punctures; midline narrowly impunctate; antero-lateral portions with numerous very long, erect, and dense dark setae; remainder of pronotal surface with suberect pale long pubescence.

Elytra (Fig. 101) 0.87–0.89 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and moderately dense, denser in anterior portion; interstices on average as broad as, or slightly broader than diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I somewhat shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 156) large, approximately as broad as elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; posterior margins of all tergites without short setae; anterior impressions of tergites III–V with sparse non-setiferous punctation or nearly impunctate; tergite III with a few setiferous punctures laterally and at posterior margin (absent in the middle of posterior margin in holotype), middle of disc impunctate, or nearly so; tergite IV with similar chaetotaxy as tergite III, but laterally with more extensive punctation; tergite V with punctate anterior impression and with scattered setiferous punctures and non-setiferous micropunctures on whole disc; tergite VI with coarse and rather dense oblong punctures in anterior half and sparser setiferous punctures in posterior half; tergite VII with coarse and very dense punctation in anterior portion and with moderately dense punctures in posterior portion; tergite VIII with moderately sparse punctation; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: posterior margin of tergite VIII shallowly concave in the middle; sternite VIII somewhat longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin strongly convex; median lobe of aedeagus relatively small in relation to body size, 0.69 mm long and shaped as in Figs. 282–283; ventral process subapically angled in lateral view.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII smoothly convex; posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

Zyras flexus is readily distinguished from all other congeners known from China by numerous characters such as the antennal morphology, the coloration, the large abdomen, and particularly by the chaetotaxy of the pronotum, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and the shape of the ventral process of the aedeagus. Based on similarly derived external characters (very short antennomere XI; antennae apically distinctly incrassate; pronotum with dense punctation and with numerous long black setae in antero-lateral portions; elytra and abdominal sternites with long and erect pubescence; meso- and metafemora bicoloured; abdomen with extensive punctation at least on tergites VII and VIII), Z. flexus is most closely allied to Z. setosivestis from Burma, from which it is distinguished by smaller body size, a more slender habitus, the coloration (antennomeres I–IX darker; legs paler and with only indistinctly bicoloured meso- and metafemora; abdominal segments III–VI and VIII–X reddish), more distinctly incrassate antennae (antennomere V transverse; antennomeres VI–X more strongly transverse), the more transverse pronotum, elytra with less dense punctation and shorter and less dense pubescence, and the punctation of the abdomen (punctation less dense and less extensive).

Distribution and natural history

The type specimens were collected in two geographically close localities in the Wuyi Shan, Fujian (Fig. 302), at altitudes of 900 and 1100 m.

Zyras hirtus: Fenyes (1914); misidentification.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “Kankau (Koshun) [= Hengchun; 22°00′N, 120°44′E], Formosa, H. Sauter, VII.1909 / 4377 det. A. Fenyes / Fenyes det. / Zyras hirtus Kr. / DEI Müncheberg, Col-06466 / Holotypus ♂ Zyras formosanus sp. n., det. V. Assing 2015″ (SDEI).

Paratype ♀: “Chialoshui c. 100 m, Pintung [sic] Taiwan, 3.XI.2000, Hiroshi Sugaya leg. (Under dead leaves)” (cMar).

Etymology

The specific epithet is an adjective derived from Formosa, the ancient name of Taiwan.

Comment

The holotype is one of the two specimens erroneously reported as Z. hirtus from Taiwan by Fenyes (1914).

Description

Body length 5.3–6.2 mm; length of forebody 2.2–2.6 mm. Coloration: head dark-reddish; pronotum and elytra reddish (Fig. 105); abdomen (Fig. 166) reddish, with segment VI, the posterior portion of segment V, and the anterior portion of segment VII slightly darker; legs dark-yellowish, with the apices of the metafemora indistinctly darker; antennae (Fig. 30) reddish-brown to darkbrown, with antennomeres I–II reddish and the apical 2–4 antennomeres reddish to pale-reddish (gradually becoming paler towards apex of antenna); maxillary palpi reddish-yellow.

Head (Fig. 105) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with scattered fine punctation. Eyes large and strongly bulging, much longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 30) slender, 2.1–2.2 mm long; antennomeres IV distinctly, V–VI decreasingly oblong; VI very weakly oblong, VII approximately as long as broad; VIII–X weakly transverse; XI slightly shorter than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 105) approximately 1.15 times as broad as long and 1.2 times as broad as head; punctation fine, sparse, and very shallow; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures; midline broadly impunctate; pubescence fine, sparse, and moderately long.

Elytra (Fig. 105) short, approximately 0.65 times as long as pronotum; punctation moderately coarse and moderately dense. Hind wings not examined, probably reduced. Metatarsomere I slightly shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 166) large, broader than elytra, with rather deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; tergites III–V without distinct non-setiferous punctures in anterior impressions and with a lateral setiferous puncture on either side; tergite III with a row of 8, tergites IV–V each with a row of 10–12 punctures bearing long black setae at posterior margin; tergite VI with a transverse row of non-setiferous punctures at anterior margin, with a pair of lateral setiferous punctures on either side, and with a transverse row of 15–20 setiferous punctures near posterior margin; tergite VII with rather sparse non-setiferous punctures in antero-median portion and with numerous setiferous punctures partly arranged in transverse rows in posterior third; tergite VIII with punctures bearing long black setae in posterior fourth or third; sternites with long, dense, and erect dark setae in posterior halves; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII without palisade fringe; tergite VIII distinctly transverse, its posterior margin truncate or weakly concave in the middle.

♂: sternite VIII transverse and longer than tergite VIII, its posterior margin nearly truncate in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 284–285) 0.75 mm long and with rather stout ventral process in lateral view; apical lobe of paramere rather short and stout.

♀: posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

This species is characterized particularly by its broad abdomen (in relation to forebody), the nearly uniformly reddish coloration of the body, the absence of a palisade fringe at the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VII, the rather long and relatively massive antennae, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, and the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus. It is distinguished from Z. hirtus, with which it was previously confounded, by the smaller and less robust body, the morphology of the antennae (Z. hirtus: antennomeres IV–X distinctly transverse), the much coarser punctation of the elytra, the much sparser punctation of the abdomen, the shorter elytra, the absence of a palisade fringe at the posterior margin of tergite VII, and by the smaller aedeagus with a much stouter ventral process.

Distribution and natural history

The type specimens were collected in two localities in Pingtung Hsien in the south of Taiwan (Fig. 305). The paratype was sifted from leaf litter at an altitude of approximately 100 m.

Zyras (Zyras) glabricollis Scheerpeltz, 1965: 358 f.

Type material examined

Holotype ♂: “N. E. Burma, Kambaiti 7000 ft., 7–9.VI.1934, R. Malaise / Holotypus / Typus Zyras glabricollis O. Scheerpeltz / Zyras (Zyras) glabricollis n. sp., det. Scheerpeltz 1941 / 3748, E91 + / NHRS-JLKB 000023266 / Zyras glabricollis Scheerpeltz, det. V. Assing 2015″ (SMNH).

Comment

The original description is based on a single male holotype from “N. E. Burma, Kambaiti” (Scheerpeltz 1965).

Redescription

Body length 5.7 mm; length of forebody 2.6 mm. Coloration: head blackish-brown (Fig. 171); pronotum reddish-brown (Fig. 162); elytra yellowish with the posterolateral portions extensively infuscate (Fig. 106); abdomen (Fig. 162) pale reddish-brown, with segment VI darkbrown, and the posterior margins of the segments yellowish; legs and maxillary palpi yellowish; antennae (Fig. 11) pale-brown, with the basal two antennomeres pale-reddish.

Head (Fig. 171) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate along middle; punctation in lateral dorsal portions fine and sparse, bearing long pale setae. Eyes notice ably longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 11) long and slender 2.5 mm long; antennomeres IV–VII distinctly oblong; VIII weakly oblong; IX–X as broad as long or weakly transverse; XI nearly as long as the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 171) relatively weakly transverse, 1.1 times as broad as long and 1.24 times as broad as head, posteriorly with a pronounced median impression; punctation confined to a pair of median punctures anteriorly, a transverse cluster of punctures on either side behind the middle, and few lateral and marginal punctures, disc largely impunctate.

Elytra (Fig. 106) 0.9 times as long as pronotum; punctation moderately coarse and dense in lateral and anterior portions, sparser in postero-sutural portions. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 162) wedge-shaped, distinctly tapering posteriad and with rather shallow anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with smooth grooves, but without punctation; tergites III–VI with a lateral puncture on either side and a transverse row of setiferous punctures near hind margin, otherwise impunctate; tergite VII with two irregular transverse rows of punctures in posterior portion; tergite VIII with approximately 20 punctures bearing long black setae in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: tergite VIII weakly transverse, middle of posterior margin with a sharply delimited concavity; sternite VIII (Fig. 288) longer than tergite VIII, weakly transverse, posteriorly conspicuously truncate, middle of posterior margin weakly concave; median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 286–287) 0.65 mm long; ventral process strongly curved and with long and very acute apex in lateral view; paramere with conspicuously long apical lobe.

♀: unknown.

Comparative notes

Zyras glabricollis is distinguished from other species of the genus, except Z. extensus and Z. rectus, by the combination of slender habitus, long and slender antennae, a characteristic punctation pattern of the pronotum and the abdomen, the wedge-shaped abdomen, a posteriorly conspicuously truncate male sternite VIII, and an apically remarkably acute ventral process of the aedeagus. For characters separating it from the similar and evidently closely related Z. extensus see the comparative notes in the following section.

Distribution and natural history

This species is currently known only from the type locality, which is situated in northeastern Burma, close to the border with Yunnan (Fig. 306), at an altitude of approximately 2100 m.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: Yunnan, Lincang Pref., Laobie Shan, Wei Bo Shan pass, 24°08′16″N, 99°42′53″E, 2375 m, creek valley, devastated second. decid. forest, litter & moss sifted, 8.IX.2009, leg. M. Schülke [CH09-35] / Holotypus ♂ Zyras extensus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 2 ♂♂: same data as holotype (cSch, cAss); 1 ♀ [teneral]: “China: Yunnan, Lincang Pref., Xue Shan, 11 km ENE Lincang, 2510 m, 23°55′01″N, 100°11′17.5″E, second. pine forest with Rhodod., small cleft with water, litter & mushrooms sifted, 10.IX.2009, leg. M. Schülke [CH09-39]” (cSch); 1 ♂, 1 ♀: “China: Yunnan province, Shanzhi env., 22.-24.VI.2007, Jizu Shan Mt., 2180–2580 m, along the path to the summit, 27°57.7–8′N, 100°22.1–23.6′E, J. Hájek & J. Růžička leg. / sifted detritus and leaves, dense mixed forest (with dominant Pinus, Quercus and Rhododendron) near stream [CH45-47]” (cSch); 1 ♂, 1 ex.: “China (N-Yunnan) Lijiang Naxi Aut. Co., E Yulongxue Shan, 30 km N Lijiang, 2800–2900 m, 27°09.0′N, 100°14.9′E (creek valley, secondary mixed forest), 13.VIII.2003 Wrase [01]” (cSch, cAss); 1 ex.: same data, but leg. Schülke (cSch).

Etymology

The specific epithet is the past participle of the Latin verb extendere (to stretch) and alludes to the conspicuously long and slender antennae.

Description

Body length 5.0–6.8 mm; length of forebody 2.4–2.8 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish-brown to blackish; elytra dark-brown to blackish-brown with the humeral angles and the sutural portion more or less distinctly and more or less extensively yellowish to reddish (Fig. 107); abdomen (Fig. 163) reddish, with the middle of tergite V more or less extensively, and tergites VI–VIII (except posterior margin), more or less strongly infuscate; legs and maxillary palpi yellowish; antennae (Fig. 12) dark-brown, with antennomeres I–II and XI reddish.

Head (Fig. 107) moderately transverse, nearly impunctate, only with some fine setiferous punctures bearing long fine pale setae in lateral portion; interstices much broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes longer than post ocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 12) conspicuously slender, 2.4–2.7 mm long; antennomeres IV–X oblong; XI slender, as long as the combined length of IX and X, or slightly shorter.

Pronotum (Fig. 107) 1.10–1.15 times as broad as long and 1.3–1.4 times as broad as head; punctation distinctive: near the anterior margin and slightly behind middle with a median pair of coarse punctures, with some setiferous punctures in medio-lateral portion, antero-lateral and postero-lateral portions extensively impunctate; anterior and lateral margins with some very long black setae.

Elytra (Fig. 107) approximately 0.9 times as long as pronotum, somewhat convex in cross-section; punctation fine and very sparse, in posterior portion partly absent; interstices several times as broad as diameter of punctures. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I slightly shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 163) wedge-shaped, distinctly tapering posteriad and with rather deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portion of tergite VI each with a row of sparse and rather coarse non-setiferous punctures; tergites III–VI impunctate, except for a transverse row of setiferous punctures bearing long black setae near posterior margins and with few setiferous punctures in lateral portions; tergite VII with two rows of setiferous punctures bearing thin pale setae in posterior half and with few scattered punctures in anterior portion; tergite VIII with moderately dense setiferous punctures only in posterior portion; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe; tergite VIII without evident sexual dimorphism, with shallow concavity in the middle of hind margin.

♂: sternite VIII longer than tergite VIII, posterior margin conspicuously truncate, in the middle even concave; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 0.8 mm long; ventral process strongly curved and with conspicuously acute apical portion in lateral view (Figs. 289–290); apical lobe of paramere conspicuously long and thin, more than half as long as basal portion.

♀: sternite VIII similar to that of male, but posterior margin with less pronounced postero-lateral angles.

Comparative notes

This highly distinctive species differs from other Zyras species known from China, except Z. glabricollis and Z. rectus (see preceding and following sections), by numerous characters, particularly the conspicuously long and slender antennae, the conspicuously sparse punctation of the forebody, the punctation pattern of the abdomen, by the morphology of the median lobe of the aedeagus, and by the conspicuously long apical lobes of the parameres. The synapomorphically modified morphology of the parameres in particular suggests that Z. extensus, Z. glabricollis, and Z. rectus represent a distinct lineage. The similarly modified male sternite VIII suggests that Z. extensus is most closely related to Z. glabricollis, from which it is distinguished by the darker coloration, particularly of the antennae, the pronotum, and abdominal tergite VI, by the slightly less slender antennae, the near absence of punctures even in the lateral portions of the head, the sparser punctation of the elytra, the more numerous marginal punctures on the abdominal tergites III–V, the presence of a transverse row of punctures on tergite VI, the more numerous punctures on tergite VII, and by the larger aedeagus with a more pronounced crista apicalis and a longer, less strongly curved (lateral view), and more slender (ventral view) ventral process. For characters distinguishing Z. extensus from Z. rectus see the comparative notes in the following section. The distinguishing characters observed are not very pronounced, but, based on the examined material, apparently constant. Nevertheless, the possibility that they may be an expression of intra- rather than interspecific variation cannot be ruled out with certainty. Additional males of Z. glabricollis from the vicinity of the type locality of that species would be required to confirm the present hypothesis that Z. glabricollis and Z. extensus represent different species.

Distribution and natural history

The specimens were collected in several localities in Yunnan (Fig. 306), by sifting leaf litter in mixed, coniferous, and deciduous forests at altitudes between 2180 and 2900 m. One female collected in September is teneral.

Type material

Holotype ♂: “China: Yunnan [CH07-11], Baoshan Pref., Gaoligong Shan, nr. Xiaoheishan N. R., 35 km SE Tengchong, 2110 m, 24°50′16″N, 98°45′43″E, decid. forest, litter, sifted, 30.V.2007, M. Schülke / Holotypus ♂ Zyras rectus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2014″ (cAss).

Paratypes : 1 ♀: same data as holotype (cSch); 1 ♀: “China: Yunnan, Baoshan Pref., Gaoligong Shan, W pass 35 km SE Tengchong, 2100 m, 24°50′18″N, 98°45′43″E, devast. prim. dec. forest, litter, wood, mushrooms sifted, 25.VIII.2009, leg. M. Sckhülke [CH09-06]” (cSch).

Etymology

The specific epithet (Latin, adjective) alludes to the nearly straight ventral process of the aedeagus (lateral view), one of the characters distinguishing this species from the similar Z. extensus.

Description

Body length 5.1–6.3 mm; length of forebody 2.5–2.8 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish-brown to blackish; elytra dark-brown to blackish-brown with the humeral angles and the sutural portion yellowish (Fig. 108); abdomen (Fig. 164) with segments III–IV reddish and tergites V–VIII, except the narrowly reddish posterior margins, dark-brown to blackish; legs and maxillary palpi yellowish; antennae (Fig. 13) dark-brown, with antennomeres I–II yellowish-red and XI dark-reddish.

Antenna (Fig. 13) slender, 2.3–2.5 mm long; antennomeres IV–VII oblong; VIII–IX approximately as broad as long; X weakly transverse; XI slender, as long as the combined length of IX and X, or slightly shorter. Tergite VIII with posterior margin truncate, not distinctly concave in the middle.

Other external characters as in Z. extensus.

♂: sternite VIII longer than tergite VIII, posterior margin truncate to weakly convex; median lobe of aedeagus approximately 0.8 mm long; ventral process slender, weakly curved, and with conspicuously acute apical portion in lateral view (Figs. 291–292); apical lobe of the paramere conspicuously long and thin, more than half as long as basal portion.

♀: sternite VIII posteriorly weakly convex.

Comparative notes

Based on the similar external characters and particularly the similarly derived morphology of the median lobe (ventral process very slender in ventral view; apex of ventral process conspicuously acute in lateral view) and the paramere (apical lobe conspicuously long and thin), Z. rectus in undoubtedly closely allied to Z. glabricollis and Z. extensus, from which it differs by the antennal morphology (less massive; antennomeres IV–VII less oblong, VIII–IX as broad as long, and X weakly transverse), by the shape of the male sternite VIII, and by the shape of the ventral process of the aedeagus (longer in relation to basal portion of median lobe; more slender in ventral view; less distinctly curved in lateral view; crista apicalis distinctly narrower).

Distribution and natural history

The species is known from two geographically close localities to the southeast of Tengchong in the Gaoligong Shan (Fig. 306). The specimens were sifted from leaf litter in deciduous forests at an altitude of approximately 2100 m.

Zyras (Zyras) gibbus Pace, 2010a: 26.

Type material examined

Holotype ♂: “Taiw. Kaohsiung Hs., for. abv. Tona For. Sta., 1100 m, 30.IV.1998, A. Smetana [T192] / Holotypus Zyras gibbus mihi, det. R. Pace 2006 / Zyras gibbus n. sp., det. R. Pace 2006″ (MCSNV).

Comment

The original description is based on a unique male from “Taiwan, Kaohsiung Hs., For. abv. Tona Sta.” (Pace 2010a). A loan of this specimen was requested prior to the finalization of the manuscript, but this request remained unanswered. Eventually, thanks to the efforts of Adriano Zanetti (Verona), however, it was possible to examine the holotype after submission of the manuscript.

Redescription

Body length 6.1 mm; length of forebody 2.5 mm. Coloration: body blackish-brown; legs dark-yellowish (probably an artefact resulting from the procedure used during the dissection; originally probably pale-yellowish); antennae blackish-brown with the apical portion of antennomere XI slightly paler.

Head strongly transverse and distinctly wedge-shaped, broadest posteriorly; punctation of dorsal surface moderately coarse and moderately dense; antero-median portion extensively, postero-median portion narrowly impunctate. Eyes large, nearly reaching posterior margin of head in dorsal view. Antenna 2.1 mm long and slender; antennomeres IV–V weakly oblong, VI approximately as long as broad, VII–X gradually, very weakly increasing in width and increasingly transverse, X much less than 1.5 times as broad as long and only slightly broader than IV, and XI slightly longer than combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum strongly transverse, 1.28 times as broad as long and 1.33 times as broad as head; posterior margin rather strongly convex; posteriorly with a large and pronounced transverse elevation; anteriorly, near middle, with an impression on either side of middle; punctation conspicuous: very dense and strongly granulose along middle and on posterior elevation, less dense and less strongly granulose in lateral portions; lateral margins each with five long and stout erect setae, anterior margin with two such setae on either side.

Elytra 0.82 times as long as pronotum; punctation rather dense, equally distributed, and slightly granulose. Hind wings present. Metatarsomere I approximately as long as combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen wedge-shaped, broadest at segment IV, and approximately as broad as elytra; tergite III posteriorly with a pronounced, dorso-ventrally flattened, broad, and medially pointed median projection (male secondary sexual character?); tergites III–IV with shallow, tergite V without anterior impression; anterior portions of tergites III–VII without non-setiferous punctation, only with micropunctation; tergites III–V posteriorly with moderately dense setiferous punctation; tergite VI with fine and sparse punctation; tergite VII with dense and coarse granules in the middle (male secondary sexual character?); tergite VIII with coarse and dense oblong granules, its posterior margin truncate.

♂: median lobe of aedeagus 0.63 mm long; ventral process rather long, slender, and parallel-sided; crista apicalis pronounced. For illustrations see Pace (2010a).

Comparative notes

This species is unique among Chinese Zyras sensu strictu particularly in the shape of the head, the large eyes, as well as regarding the modifications of the pronotum and the abdomen. Based on the similar habitus, particularly on the similarly derived head shape, it is closely allied to Z. trapeziceps Dvořák, 1996 (Vietnam) and related species, which are associated with ants of the genus Leptogenys Roger, 1861. For an illustration of the forebody of Z. trapeziceps see Assing (2015d).

Distribution and natural history

The type locality is situated in Taiwan at an altitude of 1100 m. The phylogenetic affiliations (see above) suggest that Z. gibbus is myrmecophilous, too.

Zyras (Zyras) hauserianus Bernhauer, 1933a: 46.

Type material examined

Holotype ♀: “Thian-S., Tekesthal / 527 / Hauserianus Bernh. (Zyras), Typus unic. / Hauserianus Brnh. Typ. unic., don. D. G. Hauser. / Chicago NHMus, M. Bernhauer Collection / Holotypus ♀ Zyras (s. str.) hauserianus Brnh., P. hlaváč det. 2003 / Zyras hauserianus Bernhauer, det. V. Assing 2015″ (FMNH).

Comment

The original description is based on a unique female from “Thian-S.: Tekestal” (Bernhauer 1933a). The valley of the Tekes river is situated in the Tian Shan and extends from southeastern Kazakhstan to northwestern China (eastern Xinjiang province) [approximately 42°55′N, 81°22′E].

In external characters [size and habitus; shape and punctation of pronotum (Fig. 77); shape of antennae (Fig. 38); general punctation pattern of the abdomen (Fig. 132)], the holotype is similar to the present interpretation of Z. inexcisus, but distinguished by the sparser punctation of the elytra, the denser, more extensive, and coarser non-setiferous punctation of the anterior impressions of tergites III–V and of the anterior portions of tergites VI–VII, the paler coloration of the antennae and of the margins of the abdominal tergites (anterior margins of tergites VI and VII distinctly and broadly pale-reddish). These differences are not pronounced, but sufficient to cast considerable doubt on the hypothesis that both names should refer to the same species. However, more material, particularly males, from the vicinity of the type locality would be needed to confirm that Z. hauserianus and Z. inexcisus represent distinct species. For characters distinguishing Z. hauserianus from the similar Z. illecebrosus see the section on that species.

Zyras (Zyras) songanus Pace, 1993: 114.

Type material examined

Holotype ♀: “China, Beijing, VIII.1982, Rougemont / Holotypus Zyras songanus m., det. R. Pace 1987 / Zyras songanus sp. n., det. R. Pace 1987 / Zyras songanus Pace, det. V. Assing 2015″ (cRou).

Additional material examined

China: 2 ♀♀ [1 teneral], Beijing, Yan Shan, Dongling Mountains, Xiaolongmen, 1400 m, 15.-16.VI.2001, leg. Hlavác & Cooter (cHla, cAss); 1 ♀, Beijing, Xiaolongmen, 39°58′N, 115°26′E, 1100 m, 9.-13.VI.2004, leg. Cooter (cAss).

Comment

According to the original description, which is based on a unique female from “Beijing” and which specifies practically nothing except the coloration, the holotype is deposited in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (Pace 1993). The specimen, however, was located in cRou.

Redescription

Body length 5.6–6.3 mm; length of forebody 2.2–2.6 mm. Coloration: head and pronotum blackish-brown to blackish; elytra yellowish, with the postero-lateral angles moderately extensively infuscate (Fig. 111); abdomen (Fig. 139) of somewhat variable coloration: dark-brown with the margins of tergites V–VIII yellowish, tergites III–IV completely yellowish (holotype) or with infuscate antero-median portion, or of similar coloration as posterior tergites; legs pale-yellowish to dark-yellowish; antennae (Fig. 43) pale-reddish to dark-brown, with the basal 2–3 antennomeres paler yellowish to reddish and antennomere XI pale-reddish to dark-reddish; maxillary palpi yellowish to reddish-yellow.

Head (Fig. 111) distinctly transverse, broadly impunctate in median portion, in lateral portions with moderately sparse and and moderately coarse punctation; interstices on average approximately as broad as, or broader than diameter of punctures. Eyes slightly longer than postocular region in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 43) 1.6–1.7 mm long; antennomere IV weakly transverse, antennomeres V–X of gradually increasing width and increasingly transverse, X approximately 1.5 times as broad as long; XI slightly longer than the combined length of IX and X.

Pronotum (Fig. 111) 1.11–1.18 times as broad as long and 1.25–1.37 times as broad as head; punctation dense and defined; midline narrowly impunctate.

Elytra (Fig. 111) 0.82–0.86 times as long as pronotum; punctation defined and rather dense, denser in anterior portion. Hind wings fully developed. Metatarsomere I somewhat shorter than the combined length of II–IV.

Abdomen (Fig. 139) approximately as broad as, or somewhat narrower than elytra, with moderately deep anterior impressions on tergites III–V; anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with dense (but not extensive) non-setiferous punctation; remainder of tergal surfaces with dense setiferous punctation; tergite VIII with dense punctation, except for a narrow transverse band near anterior margin; integument without microsculpture and glossy; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe.

♂: unknown.

♀: posterior margin of tergite VIII smoothly convex or truncate in the middle; posterior margin of sternite VIII smoothly convex or indistinctly concave in the middle.

Comparative notes

Among the species of the Z. shaanxiensis coloration pattern, this species is characterized particularly by the relatively short and distinctly incrassate antennae and the extensive and rather dense setiferous punctation of the abdomen.

Distribution and natural history

Reliable and confirmed records are currently known only from Beijing province. All other specimens identified by R. Pace as Z. songanus were misidentified. The additional material was collected at altitudes of 1100–1400 m. One of non-type specimens is slightly teneral (June).

Myrmedonia particornis Sharp, 1888: 290.

Comment

This species was originally described from Japan and subsequently recorded also from the Russian Far East, and Korea (Hlaváč et al. 2011). Li (1992) reported it from the Chinese province Jilin, but the records in this book are notoriously unreliable; moreover, previous attempts at recovering reference specimens (see, e. g., Feldmann et al. 2014) have been unsuccessful. This species is characterized by the coloration alone: head and elytra black; pronotum bright-reddish; abdomen with segments III–V reddish, segment VI reddish with the middle of tergite VI extensively blackish, tergite VII black with the anterior margin and the antero-lateral portions reddish, and tergite VIII black; legs yellow; antennae distinctly bicoloured, with antennomeres I–VIII blackish and IX–XI pale-yellowish. For an image of this species see  http://www.zin.ru/Animalia/Coleoptera/images/sources/Zyras_particornis_ms.jpg.

Zyras (Zyras) distinctus Cameron, 1939b: 540; preoccupied.

Zyras (Zyras) condignus Last, 1969: 279; replacement name.

Comment

This species was originally described from North India and subsequently reported from Nepal and Vietnam (Cameron 1939b, Hlaváč et al. 2011). Pace (2010a) doubtfully recorded it also from Taiwan.

Zyras (Zyras) cylindricornis Dvořák, 1981: 56.

Comment

According to the original description, which is based on a unique male from “Japan, Honschu, Halbinsel Hinomi (p. Hiroschima)”, Z. cylindricornis is characterized as follows: body length 7.0 mm; head and pronotum black, elytra reddish-brown with infuscate postero-lateral angles, abdomen black with the paratergites and the posterior margins of the tergites brown, legs and palpi brownish-yellow; antennae cylindriform; pronotum densely and regularly punctate, except for the median impunctate band (Dvořák 1981). The species was subsequently recorded also from Korea and China (Liaoning) (Hlaváč et al. 2011). These records require revision.

Myrmedonia hirta Kraatz, 1859: 25.

Type material examined

Holotype ♀: “Ceylon, J. Nietner / Holotypus / hirta mihi / coll. Kraatz / Myrmedonia hirta Kraatz / DEI Müncheberg, Col-06465″ (SDEI).

Additional material examined

India: 5 exs., Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Hills, 15 km SE Kotagiri, Kunchappanai, 11°22′N, 76°56′E, 900 m, 15.XI.1993, leg. boukal & Kejval (NHMW, cAss).

Sri Lanka: 2 exs., Uva, S Wellawaya, 300 m, 25.I.1970, leg. Mussard, Besuchet & löbl (MHNG, cAss); 3 exs., North central, Ambagaswewa, 3.II.1970, leg. Mussard, Besuchet & Löbl (MHNG); 1 ex., Central, S Mululla, 750 m, 4.II.1970, leg. Mussard, Besuchet & Löbl (cAss).

Comment

The original description of Zyras hirtus is based on a “Specimen unicum in insula Ceylan lectum” (Kraatz 1859). The holotype, a female, is deposited in SDEI. The subsequent record from Taiwan by Fenyes (1914) (see also Shibata 1973) is erroneous (see section on Z. formosanus).

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Jiangxi, Jinggang Shan, Jing zhu Shan, 26°31′N, 114°06′E, 640 m, 25.IV.2010, leg. Fikáček et al. (NMP).

This species is characterized as follows: body length 8.0 mm; length of forebody 3.3 mm; head and pronotum black; elytra reddish-yellow with the postero-lateral portions extensively black; abdomen with segments III–VI bright-reddish, tergite VII black with the anterior portion bright-reddish, and tergite VIII black; legs yellow; antennae blackish with antennomere XI pale-brown; maxillary palpi darkbrown with palpomere IV yellowish; abdominal tergites V–VI with non-setiferous punctures also in median portion; tergite VII with non-setiferous punctures in nearly all of anterior half and with numerous punctures in posterior half.

Material examined: Taiwan: 2 ♀♀, NE-Taiwan, Ilan Hsien, “75 km, N.Crossing Highway”, 1100 m, flight interception trap, 22.V.2003, leg. Li (MNHUB).

This species is of similar size and coloration as Z. nigronitens, but differs by the longer and more massive antennae, denser and more regular punctation of the elytra (also near posterior margin), as well as much denser nonsetiferous punctation and more extensive setiferous punctation on the abdomen.

Material examined: Taiwan: 1 ♀, Ilan Hsien, “17 km, 100 Logging Road”, 1650 m, flight interception trap, 22.VII.2003, leg. Li (MNHUB).

Using the key in section 3.4, this species would key out at couplet 9 together with Z. beijingensis, from which it differs by numerous characters such as bicoloured elytra, a much more extensively reddish abdomen, distinctly longer and more slender antennae, smaller eyes, a less transverse pronotum, more sparsely and coarsely punctate elytra, and a different punctation pattern of the abdomen.

Material examined: China: 1 ♂ [teneral], Sichuan, Aba Tibet. Aut. Pref., Weizhou Co., Qionglai Shan, Wolong valley, 20 km WNW Dujiangyan, 31°05′N, 103°26′E, 1100 m, stream bank, 14.VII.1999, leg. Wrase.

Except for the paler antennae with a pale-yellowish antennomere XI, the coloration pattern of this species is similar to that of Zyras sp. 1. It is additionally characterized by relatively small body size (body length 6.1 mm; length of forebody 2.8 mm), a weakly transverse pronotum with coarse, rather sparse, and irregularly spaced punctation and with a pair of two oblong elevations in posterior portion, and by an abdomen with coarse non-setiferous punctation in the anterior portions and very sparse punctation in the posterior portions of tergites III–VII.

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Sichuan, Ya'an Pref., Tianquan Co., 57 km W Ya'an, Jiajin Shan, valley above Labahe N. R. St., 30°06′N, 102°25′E, 1800 m, forest, 12.VII.1999, leg. Wrase.

This species is distinguished from the highly similar Z. setosivestis only by the distinctly denser punctation of the abdomen.

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Yunnan, Lijiang Naxi Aut. Co., 53 km WSW Lijiang, 3 km NW Yongsheng, 26°42′N, 100°43′E, 1950–2000 m, secondary broad-leaved forest, 14.VIII.2003, leg. Schülke.

This species is similar to Zyras sp. 5, but distinguished by smaller body size (body length 6.4 mm; length of forebody 3.0 mm), by the reddish-yellow abdominal segments VIII and posterior portion of segment VII, and by shorter antennae with a transverse antennomere V and more transverse antennomeres VI–X. In size, coloration, chaetotaxy, and habitus, the specimen much resembles Z. funestus (Dvořák, 1996) from Vietnam (male unknown), but differs by distinctly finer and shallower punctation of the pronotum and the elytra, longer and less strongly in crassate antennae with less transverse antennomeres V–X, as well as by the reddish-yellow abdominal segment VIII (Z. funestus: segment VIII reddish-brown to dark-brown).

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Sichuan, Qingcheng Shan, NW Chengdu, 30°54′N, 103°33′E, 650–700 m, 3.-4.VI.1997, leg. Wrase.

Based on the similar external characters (habitus, short antennomere XI, etc.), this species, too, is closely related to Z. setosivestis and allied species (Z. sp. 5 and Z. sp. 6). In size (body length 6.9 mm; length of forebody 2.9 mm) and habitus, it is most similar to Zyras sp. 6, from which it differs by blackish-brown abdominal segments VII–VIII (posterior margin of tergites VIII slightly paler), dark-reddish anterior margins of segments III–VI, uniformly yellowish legs, the coloration of the antennae (antennomeres I–IV blackish brown, V–XI gradually becoming paler, XI yellowish-brown), and by the impunctate anterior half of tergite VIII (punctate in Z. sp. 6).

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Yunnan, Baoshan Pref., Gaoligong Shan, 65 km NNE Tengchong, 25°35′N, 98°40′E, 1750 m, secondary mixed forest, litter and moss sifted, 31.VIII.2009, leg. Schülke; 1 ♀, Yunnan, Baoshan Pref., Gaoligong Shan, 32 km SE Tengchong, 24°51′N, 98°44′E, 1600 m, degraded primary forest, 28.VIII.2009, leg. Schülke; 1 ♀, Yunnan, Baoshan Pref., mountain range 25 km S Tengchong, 24°48′N, 98°32′E, 1900 m, degraded primary deciduous forest, litter sifted, 2.VI.2007, leg. Wrase.

This species is most similar to Z. rectus, from which it differs by the even finer antennae with oblong antennomeres IX and by the completely blackish body (except for the narrow posterior margins of the abdominal segments).

Material examined: Taiwan: 1 ♀, Taichung Hsien, Anmashan, 2230 m, 12.V.1982, leg. Smetana [T127] (cSme).

This species is characterized by rather large size (body length 8.0 mm; length of forebody 3.3 mm) and its coloration: head and pronotum black; elytra pale-reddish with the postero-lateral portions infuscate (infuscate portion rather ill-defined); abdomen with segments III–VI black with indistinctly paler posterior margins and with segments VII–VIII reddish; legs and maxillary palpi yellowish; antennae dark-brown with antennomeres I–III and XI reddish. It differs from the similarly coloured Z. rufoterminalis particularly by distinctly smaller body size, much shorter antennae, shorter elytra with coarser and less dense punctation, and dense non-setiferous punctation of the anterior portions of abdominal tergites III–VII.

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Yunnan, Baoshan Pref., mountain range 22 km S Tengchong, 24°49′N, 98°29′E, 1750 m, secondary forest, litter sifted, 2.VI.2007, leg. Schülke.

The similar habitus, size, and punctation suggests that this species is closely allied to Z. bisinuatus, from which it is distinguished by the coloration (whole body black except for the dark-reddish anterior margins, antero-lateral portions, and anterior portions of paratergites of the abdominal tergites III–VII; legs yellowish with the profemora dark-brown and the apical halves of the meso- and metafemora blackish; antennae dark-brown with antennomere XI yellowish), the much sparser punctation of the pronotum, and the smoothly convex posterior margin of tergite VIII.

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Yunnan, Dali Bai Aut. Pref., mountain range N Er Hai, 42 km N Dali, 26°05′N, 100°10′E, 2500–2550 m, NE-slope with oak, litter sifted, 12.VI.2007, leg. Schülke.

This distinctive species is characterized by small body size (body length 4.8 mm; length of forebody 2.2 mm), a slender habitus with a weakly transverse and sparsely punctate pronotum, strongly incrassate antennae (antennomere IV approximately twice as broad as long; antennomeres V–IX increasingly transverse and of gradually increasing width; X slightly narrower than IX; IX and X nearly three times as broad as long; XI of conical shape and rather short), and by the coloration (body black; legs pale-yellowish; antennae blackish with antennomeres I–III and apical half of XI reddish-brown).

Material examined: China: 2 ♀♀, Sichuan, Daxue Shan, 25 km SE Kangding, 3200–3500 m, 13.VI.-4.VII.2009, leg. Plutenko; 1 ♀, Sichuan, Gongga Shan, Hailuogou, above camp 3, 29°35′N, 102°00′E, 3200 m, 7.VII.1996, leg. Smetana et al. (cSme) [labelled: “Zyras wei Pace, det. R. Pace 1999″] (cSme); 1 ♀, Sichuan, Gongga Shan, Hailuogou, above camp 3, 29°35′N, 102°00′E, 3050 m, 6.VII.1996, leg. smetana et al. (cSme) [labelled: “Zyras wei Pace, det. R. Pace 1999″] (cSme).

This species is characterized by relatively small body size (body length 5.1–6.0 mm; length of forebody 2.5–3.0 mm), a somewhat depressed forebody (pronotum weakly convex in cross-section), dense and moderately coarse punctation of the forebody, the punctation of the abdomen (anterior portions of tergites III–VI without non-setiferous punctation), antennae with antennomere IV weakly transverse and antennomeres V–X increasingly transverse and of gradually increasing width, and the coloration (head, pronotum, and abdomen black, with the with the posterior margins of the abdominal tergites narrowly dark-reddish; elytra of very variable coloration, nearly uniformly dark-yellowish to blackish with only the humeral angles very indistinctly paler; legs yellowish-brown with brown to dark-brown femora; antennae blackish-brown with antennomeres I–II and X indistinctly paler).

Two of the specimens had been misidentified by R. Pace as Z. wei, from which this species is readily distinguished by the different punctation pattern of the abdomen alone (Z. wei: anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI–VII with dense and extensive non-setiferous punctation).

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Yunnan, SE Pingbian, 22°55′N, 103°42′E, 2100 m, primary subtropical broad-leaved forest, litter sifted, 28.VIII.2014, leg. Schülke.

This species is of moderately large size (body length 7.0 mm; length of forebody 2.9 mm) and characterized by rather long and massive antennae, rather dense and coarse punctation of the forebody, the presence of rather sparse and not very extensive non-setiferous punctation in the anterior portions of tergites III–VII, and the coloration (body black, with only the humeral angles very indistinctly paler; legs yellowish; antennae blackish; maxillary palpi blackish-brown with the terminal palpomere yellowish).

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Yunnan, Lincang Pref., Bangma Shan, 20 km NW Lincang, 23°58′N, 99°55′E, 2210 m, water reservoir, degraded forest with fern, litter and ferns sifted, bank of reservoir, 9.IX.2009, leg. Schülke; 1 ♀, Yunnan, Nu jiang Lisu Aut. Pref., Gongshan Co., Gaoligong Shan, stream valley 17 km N Gongshan, 27°55′N, 98°40′E, 1525–1600 m, 20.VI.2005, leg. Smetana.

This species is of similar size, habitus, coloration, and punctation as Zyras sp. 13, except as follows: elytral suture and posterior margins of the abdominal tergites narrowly dark-reddish; head sparsely punctate; anterior portions of tergites III–VII with denser and more extensive nonseti ferous punctation; antennae shorter and distinctly less massive.

Material examined: China: 1 ♀ [slightly teneral], Guizhou, Fanjing Shan, 27°54′N, 108°42′E, 1400–1700 m, 5.-11.VI.2014, leg. Reuter.

This species is characterized by relatively small body size (body length 6.5 mm; length of forebody 2.8 mm), a slender habitus with a weakly transverse pronotum, a very irregularly punctate pronotum (punctation distinctly clustered, antero-lateral and postero-lateral portions largely impunctate), the morphology of the antennae (antennomeres I–III very slender, elongate and of similar length; IV weakly oblong; V approximately as broad as long; VI–X of gradually increasing width and increasingly transverse; X approximately 1.15 times as broad as long; antennomere XI elongate, nearly as long as the combined length of VIII–X). The coloration (Z. shaanxiensis pattern) is as follows: head blackish; pronotum blackishbrown; elytra yellowish with the postero-lateral portions infuscate; abdomen brown with the posterior margins of the segments pale-reddish; legs yellowish; antennae blackish-brown with antennomeres I–II and the base of III reddish-brown; maxillary palpi reddish-yellow with palpomere III weakly infuscate).

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Sichuan, Daliang Shan, road Meigu—Leibo, pass 15 km NE Meigu, 28°25′N, 103°17′E, 27.VII.1997.

This distinctive species (body length 6.3 mm; length of forebody 2.8 mm) is characterized particularly by the massive and distinctly incrassate antennae (antennomeres IV–X increasingly transverse and of distinctly increasing width; antennomere X approximately twice as broad as long; XI rather short, shorter than the combined length of IX and X), by the punctation pattern of the abdomen (anterior impressions of tergites III–V and anterior portions of tergites VI and VII only with few scattered non-setiferous punctures), and by the coloration (head and pronotum blackish; elytra with the anterior half reddish-yellow and the posterior half black; abdomen with tergite III pale-reddish, tergite IV pale-reddish with weakly infuscate middle, tergites V–VII blackish with the anterior margins, the antero-lateral portions, and the paratergites anteriorly reddish, and segments VIII–X pale-reddish with the posterior portion of tergite VIII infuscate; legs yellowish; antennae blackish with antennomeres I–II and base of III reddish, X brown, and XI yellowish; maxillary palpi pale-reddish with the terminal palpomere yellowish).

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Shaanxi, Xunyangba, 1.-3.VII.2005, leg. Jeniš; 1 ♀, border Shaanxi/Chongqing, Daba Shan, pass 20 km SSE Zhenping, 31°44′N, 109°35′E, 1700–1800 m, young dry mixed forest, litter and moss sifted, 9.-12.VII.2001, leg. Wrase.

This species is of similar size and coloration as Z. shaanxiensis, but distinguished by much more slender and less massive antennae, a distinctly smaller (in relation to head) and less transverse pronotum, the coloration of the abdomen (posterior margins of tergites and paratergites narrowly dark-reddish), and dense non-setiferous punctation of the anterior impressions of the abdominal tergites III–V.

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Sichuan, Ganzi Tibet. Aut. Pref., Kangding Co., Daxue Shan, stream valley 15 km S Kangding, 29°56′N, 101°58′E, 2800 m, 26.VI.1999, leg. Wrase; 1 ♀, Sichuan, Daxue Shan, Gongga Shan, 15 km S Kangding, 3200–3500 m, 5.-10.VII.2004, leg. Plutenko; 1 ♀, Yunnan, Dali Bai Aut. Pref., Diancang Shan, pass 43 km NW Dali, 26°00′N, 99°52′E, 3100 m, pasture and shrubs, litter and moss sifted, 23.VIII.2009, leg. Schülke.

This species is of similar size and coloration as Z. shaanxiensis, but distinguished by slightly larger body size (body length 6.0–8.3 mm; length of forebody 3.1–3.5 mm), slightly different coloration (abdominal segments more narrowly dark-reddish; legs dark-yellowish), and particularly by the longer and even more massive antennae.

Material examined: China: 1 ♀, Yunnan, Diqing Tibet. Aut. Pref., Deqin Co., Baima Shan, pass 12 km SE Deqin, 28°24′N, 98°54′E, 4085–4200 m, dry slope with shrubs, 10.VI.2005, leg. Wrase; 1 ♀ [slightly teneral], Yunnan, Diqing Tibet. Aut. Pref., Deqin Co., Meili Xue Shan, 14 km W Deqin, 28°27′N, 98°46′E, 2580 m, stream valley below glacier, mixed forest, leaf litter and moss sifted, 11.VI.2005, leg. Schülke.

This species is of similar size as Z. shaanxiensis, but distinguished by a conspicuously massive antennomere I, a more transverse, less convex (cross-section), and more densely punctate pronotum, and by the coloration (elytra uniformly reddish; abdominal tergites III–VII more narrowly and more darkly reddish posteriorly; tergite VIII with completely black posterior portion; legs brown; antennae completely black; maxillary palpi dark-brown, except for the pale-reddish terminal palpomere).