The subfamily Prostemmatinae Reuter (Nabidae) from Honduras is revised. One new species Alloeorhynchus perezi is described; Alloeorhynchus trimacula (Stein), Pagasa luteiceps (Walker) and Phorticus collaris Stål are recorded for the first time; and a key to the known tribes, genera and species is presented. Photographs of each species and parameres from A. perezi and A. trimacula are provided; and notes on the biology of some species are given.

The Palearctic psyllid Heterotrioza chenopodii (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae) belongs to a complex of psyllids having plants in the Amaranthaceae (including the former Chenopodiaceae) as hosts. Geographic records for this introduced species in North America date from 1988, and include a number of coastal regions in eastern Canada, the Northeastern U.S., inland Virginia, coastal British Columbia, California, and wetland habitats near Lincoln, Nebraska. We updated North American records for H. chenopodii to include inland Washington and Oregon, southwestern Idaho, northcentral California, western Colorado, and southern and central Alberta. Psyllids were collected from Atriplex micrantha (Amaranthaceae) and unidentified Atriplex species, and from yellow sticky cards that had been placed in potato fields to monitor arthropod pests of potatoes. Traits of the adult psyllid, fifth-instar nymph, and egg used in identifying specimens are summarized.We provide the first photographs of the egg, fifthinstar nymph, and terminalia of the adult male psyllid. Rearing trials showed that H. chenopodii developed on A. micrantha, A. hortensis, Chenopodium album, C. berlandieri, and garden beet, Beta vulgaris, but failed to develop on Amaranthus tricolor. Development was most rapid on the two Atriplex species. Heterotrioza chenopodii has been shown in Europe to exhibit photoperiod-controlled dimorphism in wing size, producing a long-winged form in spring and summer, and a short-winged form in autumn. We confirmed in rearing trials and by field collections that populations of H. chenopodii from central Washington State also exhibit this dimorphism. Short-winged forms began replacing long-winged forms in field populations between late August and early October.

We describe and illustrate Niditinea sabroskyi, new species, the larvae of which are associated with bird nests. We provide diagnostic information to distinguish the new species from the other two species occurring in the United States, Niditinea fuscella (Linnaeus, 1758) and Niditinea orleansella (Chambers, 1873). Although there is a considerable amount of published literature on the biology of the most common species, N. fuscella, owing to the difficulty of identifying species of Niditinea, host records are unreliable. We show that N. sabroskyi is predominantly a bird nest associate, and that specimens identified as N. fuscella and previously associated with bird nests are actually misidentified. We also summarize the larval habitat information from specimens with confirmed identifications.

Two new cicadas, Ueana cambiangulata Sanborn, new species and Ueana mesogramma Sanborn, new species, are described and illustrated. Ueana polymnia Kirkaldy, 1905 revised status is removed from junior synonymy of U. harmonia Kirkaldy, 1905 and lectotypes are designated for the two species.

Pyraloid moths in the subfamily Acentropinae have developmental stages that are aquatic, they live and breathe underwater during all or part of their life cycle. We discovered and describe the previously unknown larvae of Usingeriessa onyxalis (Hampson) (Crambidae) reared on Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson (Acanthaceae) and Eleocharis sp. (Cyperaceae) in Texas.We also describe Oxyelophila callista (Forbes) feeding on at least five species of aquatic plants in Texas. Morphological and molecular characters were used to associate immatures with adults. These are the first accounts of the immature stages of U. onyxalis and the first detailed description of the immatures of O. callista, so we discuss the current classification and generic placement of these and associated species. Images and line drawings of the aquatic larvae, adults, and male and female genitalia of U. onyxalis are provided, as well as a table comparing the larval habit and morphology among genera. The current process of boiling larvae for preservation as voucher specimens and morphological study is discussed in light of current molecular techniques.

Described in 1910 from California, Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah, Leptoglossus clypealis Heidemann was known as far east as eastern Missouri by the early 1940s; it was recorded only recently east of the Mississippi River (Illinois). Based mainly on images posted on BugGuide, its eastern North American range can be extended in the United States to New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina; an Ontario record is the first for Canada. Additional new state records and new localities in previously recorded states are presented. The eastward spread of L. clypealis is compared with that of a congener, L. occidentalis Heidemann. As a strong flier, L. clypealis might have undergone a gradual eastward spread, but the extensive planting of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) for shelterbelts in the Great Plains during the 1930s might have triggered increases in the coreid's population densities, enhancing the probability of further eastern spread. Long-distance dispersal aided by winds and transport via cargo and motor vehicles might also have been involved in its recent range expansion. Nymphs of L. clypealis were observed on five species of the coniferous genus Juniperus (54 sites), mainly on fruitbearing trees of J. scopulorum Sarg. and J. virginiana; adults were collected on two additional species of juniper at five sites. The coreid was found on a eudicot, the anacardiaceous shrub Rhus aromatica Aiton at three sites.

Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation is capable of inducing various types of physiological effects related to all macromolecules in insects. However, the molecular mechanisms of insect responses to UVA radiation are still poorly understood. Transcriptional regulation of the expression of UVA-responsive genes is a crucial part of insect responses to UVA radiation. This research used the model insect Drosophila melanogaster to test its transcriptional response to UVA radiation via RNA sequencing, and systematically analyzed the head gene-expression profiles between different time points (0, 0.5, and 1.0 h). In all, 1,678 differentially-expressed (DE) genes were detected via pairwise comparisons among three different RNA-Seq libraries. Most DE genes, down-regulated continually or at the end point, were classified into cluster (1) of significant model profiles. Furthermore, combined with KEGG/pathways and Gene ontology enrichment analysis, DE genes greatly related to stress and defense responses, metabolic process, and enriched in signaling pathways responding to UVA radiation. A subset of differentially-expressed genes were selected to verify the RNA-Seq results through quantitative real-time PCR; the results of quantitative real-time PCR analyses strongly correlated with the RNA-Seq data. The results provided the extensive genetic components and possible mechanisms for insect resistance/adaptation to UVA radiation.

Distribution and host records are summarized for the three groups that comprise nearly all Nearctic leaf-mining muscoid flies. Chirosia Róndani (Anthomyiidae) includes 18 species in the USA and Canada; as far as is known all are fern feeders. The confirmed leafminers are in the C. flavipennis section, with members of other groups boring in rachises or forming galls. Pegomya s. str. (Anthomyiidae) includes 45 Nearctic species, primarily with hosts in the Caryophyllales (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae), but with others on Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Polemoniaceae, and Solanaceae. Larvae in this subgenus are all believed to be leafminers, although P. atlanis Huckett may be a stem borer. Eleven species of Delininae (Scathophagidae) occur in North America, and the five that have been reared are all leafminers of monocots (Asparagaceae, Melanthiaceae, Orchidaceae). New rearing records and other observations of immature stages are presented for each of these groups.

Contarinia geonomae Gagné, new species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is described from galls found on the infructescences of Geonoma cuneata (Arecaceae) in Costa Rica. The galls are cylindrical in shape and develop concurrently with or instead of the spherical fruit. The larval chamber is located at the base of the gall, partially embedded in the infructescence. Most galls contain a single larva but some contain multiple larvae. As the gall reaches maturity the interior becomes hollow and the pupa pushes through the frayed apex just before adult emergence. Galls are most evident during the last half of the year, coincident with fruit production, but adult emergence appears to be staggered thoughout much of the year. Compared with other Contarinia, the larvae of C. geonomae are unique in having a four-pointed spatula and papillae that are nearly all devoid of setae. The pupae are unique for their prominent prothoracic spiracles.

The new genus Waorania is described from terra firme forest canopy samples from Ecuador with two new species (W. pantherina sp. n. andW. jaguarina sp. n.) representing a new subtribe, Waoranina subtrib. n., of the tribe Thioniini (Issidae: Thioniinae).

We summarize the primary records from more than 30 years of lepidopteran sampling across the largest of the southern New England offshore islands, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. This island supports one of the highest concentrations of regionally unique or threatened Lepidopteran occurrences in the northeastern United States, including more than 75% of the ∼90 moth species formally protected in Massachusetts and Connecticut combined, perhaps the most intact moth fauna in the region associated with barrens, heathlands, and other sandplain communities. The array of first recorded regional occurrences and unique records of species previously believed extirpated, absent, or in decline throughout mainland New England includes: Lycia ypsilon (S.A. Forbes, 1885), Ptichodis bistrigata Hübner, 1818, Amphipoea erepta (Grote, 1881), Cycnia collaris (Fitch, 1856), Catocala pretiosa Lintner, 1876, Eacles imperialis (Drury, 1773), Eubaphe meridiana (Slosson, 1889), Heterocampa variaWalker, 1855, Metarranthis apiciaria (Packard, 1876), Phytometra rhodarialis (Walker, 1859), and Spilosoma dubia (Walker, 1855). Associates of grass-dominated and maritime wetland habitats in particular are overrepresented among species now believed extirpated from Martha's Vineyard itself, including Speyeria idalia (Drury, 1773), Digrammia eremiata (Guenée, [1858]), Pyrrhia aurantiago (Guenée, 1852), Papaipema stenocelis (Dyar, 1907).We explore the associations of threatened moths with various habitats in the context of regional decline, and emphasize the relevance of moth life history requirements to understanding their distributions across inland, coastal, and island barrens with varied ecological and land use histories.

We describe and illustrate for the first time the third-instar larvae of three Anastrepha species, Anastrepha pickeli Lima, Anastrepha pulchra Stone, and Anastrepha curitis Stone, and also the second instar of A. curitis. Structures such as the cephalopharyngeal skeleton and spiracles are described using optical and scanning electron microscopy. We describe characteristics of the ventral surface of the mandible for the first time for fruit fly larvae.