Silicified woods are abundant on the Azuero Peninsula in Panama, but only five publications document Oligocene–Miocene occurrences in the region. In this article, we present two new fossil wood types from the Azuero Peninsula. The first one shares traits diagnostic of Prioria (Fabaceae). Characters supporting this identification include alternate minute intervessel pitting, vessel-ray parenchyma pitting similar to intervessel pits in size and shape, axial canals that are diffuse and in short lines, and rays that are 1–3 cells wide. Prioria was also reported from the Miocene Cucaracha Formation in the area of the Panama Canal. The second one belongs to the Malvaceae, however, we cannot place it in any known fossil or extant genus. We propose a new fossil genus, Veraguasoxylon, based on the occurrence of slight tangential arrangement of vessels, paratracheal axial vasicentric parenchyma, apotracheal axial diffuse parenchyma, rays that are 4–10 cells wide, and “Pterospermum″ type tile cells. These two new reports contribute to the diversity of plants known from Panama prior to the closure of the Central American Seaway. They also provide further evidence that Azuero hosted a diverse rainforest during the Oligocene–Miocene.

Fossil deep-sea corals have been collected from dredges and sediment cores from the outer shelf and middle slope at the northern Argentine Continental Margin (37°–38°S). They have been identified as Flabellum (F.) thouarsii and Bathelia candida. Both species inhabit nowadays the outer shelf and the upper and middle slope of eastern South American coasts, but they had never been described as fossils. The integration of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and one accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C dating of a fragment of a coral branch belonging to B. candida allowed a precise biostratigraphic and geochronological control, indicating a Late Pleistocene age for the first fossil representatives of this species.

Pteriomorph bivalves from the Silurian and the Devonian beds of Central Andes Basin of Western Gondwana are herein presented. They were collected in ten scattered outcrops in Eastern Cordillera, South of Western Altiplano, South of Interandean and Subandean Bolivia. A total of 54 specimens of a good to regular state of preservation were studied. It is the first time that genera Leptodesma (Leptodesma), Ptychopteria (Ptychopteria) and Ptychopteria (Actinopteria) are reported from Ludlowian beds of the Central Andes Basin: Leptodesma (Leptodesma) sp. B from Corregidores and Huari, Ptychopteria (Ptychopteria) sp. B from Chaquimayu and Ptychopteria (Actinopteria) cf. migrans migrans from Tarabuco and Alarache. A very small Ptychopteria (Actinopteria) sp. is reported from Ludlowian of Tarabuco and from early Lochkovian of Corregidores. It is the first time that Pragian–Emsian pteriomorphs as Ptychopteria (Ptychopteria) sp. A from Sella, and Leptodesma (Leptodesma) sp. A from Huacareta are described. It is also the first time that Eifelian pteriomorphs as Ptychopteria (Actinopteria) eschwegii and Leptodesma (Leptodesma) sp. A from La Escalera and Tiraque-Limbo are documented. This research contributes to the as yet inaccurately known Silurian and Devonian palaeogeography of the Central Andes Basin and is an update of old systematic descriptions of few Pteriomorph bivalves from late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The two Miocene mitrid species described by Philippi in 1887 are revised. Mitra martini is a junior homonym and is renamed and reclassified as Profundimitra lacuiensis nom. nov. while Mitra chiloensis is placed in Austroimbricaria. Contrary to previously published statements, the original type material of both species is still available. The geographic range of Profundimitra lacuiensis nom. nov., originally described from Chiloé, is extended north to Mocha Island and south to the Los Chonos Archipelago, while the record of Austroimbricaria chiloensis, also originally described from Chiloé, is extended north towards the Navidad Formation in central Chile and south to the Los Chonos Archipelago. Profundimitra lacuiensis nom. nov. currently constitutes the only fossil record for the genus. The presence of Mitridae adds to the record of warm water species in Chilean lower Miocene deposits.

A complex fossil association from the San Pedro Member of the Camacho Formation (late Miocene) in Puerto Arazatí, San José department, southern Uruguay, is documented in this paper. Situated at the base of the coastal cliffs, this association is characterized by many land mammals, trace fossils indicative of the Psilonichnus Ichnofacies, and irregularly distributed oyster bioherms. The trace fossils are interpreted as crab galleries, which represent a clear marginal, or even intertidal to supratidal episode within the overall marine environment recognized for the Camacho Formation. Episodic subaerial exposure of the deposits under consideration is inferred by the presence of the Psilonichnus Ichnofacies and a set of trace fossils assigned to sarcosaprophagous insects, found in the skeleton of some specimens of glyptodonts. Finally, a review of the mastofauna and the mollusks from the main localities of the San Pedro Member was conducted. This study permits redefining the biostratigraphy of this unit and confirms its late Miocene age.