The identity of Polanisia angulata DC. is discussed and the Linnaean names Cleome fruticosa L. and C. monophylla L. (Cleomaceae) are typified. The typifications of the two Linnaean names are based on an assessment of Linnaeus' original materials and the literature cited in the protologue. Examination of type specimens and protologues of the names Cleome chelidonii var. pallae C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju, Corynandra elegans Chandore, U.S. Yadav & S.R. Yadav, C. pulchella Schrad. ex Spreng. and Polanisia angulata showed that all are conspecific. Thus, a new combination Corynandra angulata (DC.) R.Kr. Singh, Arigela & C.S. Reddy is proposed for the first available name Polanisia angulata. Lectotypes are also designated here for Polanisia burtporensis Munro and the Linnaeus filius' names Cleome chelidonii L.f., C. felina L.f. and C. tenella L.f.

Aster atropurpurea W.P. Li & G.X. Chen, a new species of Asteraceae from Hunan Province (China), is described and illustrated. Morphological, molecular and cytological data were used to assess its taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships. Morphologically, A. atropurpurea is most similar to A. saxicola, but differs from it by having strigose stems and middle leaves, green phyllaries (apex), 3–7(12) capitula, and the lamina of the ray florets 2.1–2.4 mm broader. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nuclear ITS and ETS regions provided good support for recognizing A. atropurpurea at the specific level, phylogenetically closely related to A. homochlamydeus and A. handelii. Aster atropurpurea is octaploid and its karyotype is 2n = 8x = 72 = 8M + 56m + 8sm, which distinguishes it from morphologically similar species.

The name Terminalia travancorensis Wight & Arn. (Combretaceae) is neotypified. The species is not endemic to Peninsular India, as has been stated in most of the regional floras, but occurs also in Sri Lanka.

Buchanania abrahamiana E.S.S. Kumar & Shareef sp. nova (Anacardiaceae) is described from Kerala, SW India. It resembles B. barberi and B. lanzan, but diffres from them by characters of the twigs, leaves, flowers and seeds. An identification key to the species of Buchanania in India is provided.

Hemsleya revoluta Q. Luo, X.W. Li & Q.L. Gan sp. nova (Cucurbitaceae) is described and illustrated from Hubei, central China. It has a revolute, yellow-green, globose corolla completely enveloping the calyx and ovary, and smooth seed margins. It somewhat resembles H. ellipsoidea by its globose corolla and ellipsoid fruit, but differs from the latter by having oblong calyx segments, broadly ovate or broadly obovate corolla segments, and smaller seeds with smooth margins.

Piper kurichyarmalanum J. Mathew & P.M. Salim and P. ovalifructum J. Mathew & P.M. Salim (Piperaceae) from the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India, are described as new species based on morphological data. Diagnostic morphological characters, distribution and images of these species are presented, along with a key to species of Piper section Muldera (clade Muldera) in India. Piper megacarpum J. Mathew is synonymized with P. galeatum (Miq.) C.DC.

Two new orchid species, Lepanthes palmae Kolan., Szlach. & Medina Tr. and Epidendrum palmae Kolan., Szlach. & Medina Tr., are described and illustrated. Both were found in a proposed nature reserve in southern Colombia. Lepanthes palmae is similar to L. delhierroi, from which it differs by having flat flowers, narrowly elliptic sepals, an acuminate dorsal sepal, non-tailed petals which are glandular-pubescent only along margins, and a membranaceous, glabrous hook-like appendix. Epidendrum palmae resembles E. tropidioides but differs from it by having a branched inflorescence and a lip that is elliptic and acuminate below the claw. An updated identification key to Colombian taxa of the Epidendrum allenii complex is also presented.

Staurogyne arunachalensis R.Kr. Singh, D. Borah & Yama (Acanthaceae), a new species from the Eastern Himalayan state Arunachal Pradesh, India, is described and illustrated. It resembles S. argentea in having a very short stem, basally clustered leaves and in lacking a staminode, but differs from it by its longer peduncle and rachis; smaller, linear-subulate, 1-nerved, non-aristate bracts; smaller, acute, non-aristate bracteoles; smaller, 1-nerved, acute, non-aristate calyx; and longer, pubescent, pinkish-red corolla.

Lycoris chunxiaoensis Q.Z. Li, Z.G. Li & Y.M. Cai (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from the town of Chunxiao in Zhejiang Province, China, is described and illustrated. It closely resembles L. radiata by having dark green leaves that appear in autumn and have a pale mid-vein on the upper surface, and stamens longer than perianth, but differs from it e.g. by having a larger bulb, longer and wider leaves, a longer peduncle, and larger tepals. Lycoris haywardii is also somewhat similar to L. chunxiaoensis, but the former has longer leaves and a shorter peduncle.

Globba depingiana Y.H. Tan & H.B. Ding (Zingiberaceae), a new species from southern Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, it is similar to G. williamsiana in its pendent inflorescence with large persistent bracts but differs from it by its hairy lamina, shorter ligule and greenish yellow flowers with two dark yellow-green spots on the labellum.

The name Ophiorrhiza radicans Gardner ex Thwaites (Rubiaceae) is lectotypified and a detailed taxonomic description is provided along with stereomicroscope images, map of its distribution in S India, and SEM images of pollen grains.

Biarum × cinarense (Araceae) is described as a new natural hybrid species from Diyarbakır Province, SE Anatolia, Turkey. The morphological characters of the hybrid are compared with those of its parents, B. aleppicum and B. carduchorum and a distribution map is provided. It is the first natural hybrid species reported in Biarum.

Birches (Betula) are ecologically important plants in the Indian Himalayan Region, but they are still not fully understood from the taxonomic point of view. To provide a basis for taxonomic research, we present a taxonomic synopsis of Betula in India and an account of the material on which the names are based. Lectotypes are designated for the names B. acuminata Lindl. (synonym of B. alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don), B. cylindrostachya Wall. ex Lindl. and B. jacquemontii Spach.

Up to the late 1990s and early 2000s, several small-leaved species of Chenopodium (Amaranthaceae s. lato/Chenopodiaceae s. stricto) were frequently misnamed in floras of central Asia and Siberia. Two widespread taxa, C. prostratum (now accepted as C. karoi) and C. vulvaria, were commonly recognized. However, the latter is absent from Siberia and occurs only in the southwestern central Asia. Further north the name ‘vulvaria’ was misapplied to two species, C. pamiricum and C. grubovii Lomon. & Uotila sp. nova, characterized by procumbent stem branched mostly basally and entire, ovate leaf blade. Chenopodium pamiricum, distinguished by erect stem branched along the whole length and trilobate to entire, trullate leaf blade, was earlier often known by the synonymous name C. iljinii and misapplied to C. grubovii. They can be distinguished from C. vulvaria and C. karoi by their deeply divided perianth lobes and broadly ovate seeds; from each other they mostly differ in the growth habit and leaf characters. Chenopodium karoi is very widely distributed, from the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas to northern and northeastern Asia, C. pamiricum and C. grubovii occur on high mountains from the Hindu Kush, Pamir, and western Himalayas as far as southern Siberia, Mongolia, and central and western China, the latter species being more common in the north. Chenopodium grubovii grows at higher elevations than C. pamiricum and both species usually grow at higher elevations than C. karoi. A key, descriptions, drawings, and distribution maps for these species are provided.

Based on morphological, palynological and phytogeographical evidence, four new combinations in the genus Uniyala (Asteraceae) are proposed: U. anamallica (Bedd. ex Gamble) K. Sampath Kumar & Arum., U. bourneana (Sm.) Arum. & K. Sampath Kumar, U. gossypina (Gamble) K. Sampath Kumar & Arum., and U. malabarica (Hook. f.) Arum. & K. Sampath Kumar. Lectotypes are designated for the names Vernonia malabarica Hook. f. and V. gossypina Gamble, and a key to all the species of Uniyala is provided.

Prunus dinabandhuana J.N. Mekrini & Biseshwori sp. nova (Rosaceae) is described and illustrated from Mao Makhan, Manipur, NE India. The species is phylogenetically closest to P. fordiana, but morphologically resembles especially P. zippeliana, differing from it by having axillary racemes, mucronulate leaf apex, 22–27 stamens, cup-shaped hypanthium, and different phenology. Based on molecular data (ITS), P. dinabandhuana belongs in the Laurocerasus clade, and that placement is corroborated by morphological characters of the flowers and inflorescences.

Primula nghialoensis D.W.H. Rankin (Primulaceae) is reduced to the synonym of P. wenshanensis Chen & C.M. Hu. A new species, P. tsaiana G. Hao & Y. Xu, from southeastern Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to P. wenshanensis and P. petelotii, but can be distinguished from them by its distinct rhizome, leaf venation pattern, and shortly lacerated corolla lobes.

While culturing the moss Didymodon tectorum (Pottiaceae) tissue, we came across an endophytic bacterium. Based on the 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence, it was identified to be Methylobacterium sp. strain B25a. This is the first Methylobacterium strain isolated from moss tissue culture.

Ephedra stipitata Jayita Biswas & Rita Singh sp. nova (Ephedraceae) is described and illustrated from the Union Territory of Ladakh, India. It is distinguishable from the other Ephedra species of the Western Himalayan region by its stalked male strobili having stipitate synangia, and stalked female strobili having a straight micropylar tubillus. An identification key to the Indian species of Ephedra is provided.

A replacement name Ardisia lallaniana R.Kr. Singh is here proposed for the illegitimate A. montana King & Gamble, being a later homonym of A. montana C.F. Gaertn. Also, the name A. zeylanica C.B. Clarke is a later homonym of A. zeylanica (Gaertn.) Lam. ex Forsyth f. and for the former, Tinus clarkeana Kuntze is the only available legitimate name. Therefore, Ardisia clarkeana (Kuntze) R.Kr. Singh comb. nova is here proposed for the illegitimate A. zeylanica C.B. Clarke. Lectotypes are designated here for Anguillaria zeylanica Gaertn., Ardisia amplexicaulis Bedd., A. moonii C.B. Clarke, A. pauciflora B. Heyne ex Wall., A. pauciflora var. wightiana A.DC., A. rhomboidea Wight and A. zeylanica C.B. Clarke. Additionally, the correct author citation for A. pauciflora is clarified.

Henckelia viridiflora J. Mathew & P.M. Salim (Gesneriaceae), a new species from the southern Western Ghats, India, is described based on morphological data. It resembles H. fischeri, but differs from it by e.g. having campanulate vs. ventricose flowers and a green vs. pale lilac inner surface of corolla. A detailed description and colour images of the new taxon are presented.

Ophiorrhiza sasidharaniana A.S.V. Nair, A. Gangapr., K.B. Rameshk. & E.S.S. Kumar sp. nova (Rubiaceae) is described from the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. It is morphologically similar to O. grandiflora, an endemic of the Western Ghats, but differs from it by the characters of the leaves, stipules, bracts, bracteoles, and flowers. A detailed description, distribution, notes on the habitats and colour images are provided.

Ardisia phankelociana (Primulaceae) is restricted to the limestone areas in Ha Giang and Bac Kan provinces, northeastern Vietnam. Its vegetative characters and fruits were first described in 2017, but not the flowers, which are most important to distinguish the species from morphologically similar ones. Based on newly collected material, we complemented the description by adding the floral characters. Colour illustrations and taxonomic notes are also provided.

Capparis with about 142 taxa is the largest genus in the angiosperm family Capparaceae, and is of high medicinal and economic importance. Several taxa such as C. cartilaginea, C. cleghornii, C. incanescens, C. moonii, C. roxburghii, C. sepiaria, C. spinosa and C. spinosa subsp. himalayensis are difficult to distinguish from each other based on morphology, and they all have partly overlapping geographic distributions. This study assesses the potential of four plastidial loci (rbcL, matK, trnL-trnF, and psbA-trnH) to resolve three species complexes in Capparis. Successful amplification and sequencing, as well as statistical analyses, revealed matK, trnL-trnF, and their combination to be the most effective DNA markers. With these markers we were able to distinguish different Capparis taxa collected from their natural habitats and from the crude drug market. The species rank of C. himalayensis was reinstated based on morphology and molecular data. The phylogenetic relationships of the poorly known C. danielii and C. incanescens with C. sepiaria were clarified.

Diospyros orientalis A.G. Linan, G.E. Schatz & Lowry (Ebenaceae) is a later homonym of the fossil species D. orientalis Sanborn and hence a new name D. linanii Rasingam & Karthig. is proposed to replace the later homonym.

A wood-decaying fungal species, Basidiodendron yunnanense Z.Y. Duan & C.L. Zhao sp. nova (Auriculariales) from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China, is described based on morphological and molecular evidence. Basidiodendron yunnanense has effused, monomitic basidiomata, clamped hyphae, abundant gloeocystidia and broadly ellipsoid or subglobose basidiospores (5–6.5 × 4.5–6 µm). According to a phylogenetic analysis based on ITS region sequences, as well as according to maximum likelihood analysis, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference B. yunnanense is sister to B. luteogriseum in a monophyletic clade sister to a clade formed of B. alni and B. eyrei.

Allium sultanae-ferhanii Balos (Amaryllidaceae), a new species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum, is described from Şanlıurfa Province, SE Turkey. It resembles A. albotunicatum and A. stamineum but differs from them by several morphological characters, such as its filament length, perigone colour, stipitate ovary, and capsule and seed size. Diagnostic characters, a comprehensive description, photographs and a distribution map of A. sultanae-ferhanii are provided.

Allium saricanense Balos, Sonay & Koçyiğit (Amaryllidaceae), a new species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum, is described from Elazığ Province, eastern Turkey. It resembles A. turcicum and A. nerimaniae but differs from them by several morphological characters, such as its filament length, inner tepal shape, ovary shape and style colour. Diagnostic characters, a comprehensive description, photographs, and a distribution map of A. saricanense are provided.

Type materials of Chloris bournei and C. wightiana (Poaceae) are discussed and lectotypes are designated for the names.

Centaurea daneshvarii Negaresh & Oreizi sp. nova (Asteraceae) is described and illustrated from Kermanshah Province, W Iran. It resembles C. gigantea subsp. gigantea, but differs from it by having lanceolate basal leaves, smaller median and upper cauline leaves, shorter spine, longer central florets, with few, very inconspicuous and not radiant peripheral florets, longer achenes, and bristles of inner rows slightly longer than others on the pappus.

Impatiens thulunadensis Sindhu Arya, Biju & V.S.A. Kumar sp. nova (Balsaminaceae) is described from the wetlands of Kasaragod District of Kerala, India. It resembles especially I. kodachadriensis, but differs from it by, e.g., being restricted to muddy places at low elevations, flower colour and shapes of floral parts.

Allium denelae Balos sp. nova (subgen. Melanocrommyum sect. Melanocrommyum) is described from Şanlıurfa Province, southeastern Turkey. It resembles A. chrysantherum and A. elmaliense, but differs from them in e.g. the number of leaves and the colour of the floral parts (tepals, style, filaments, ovary). Diagnostic characters, a description, illustrations and a distribution map of A. denelae are provided.

Meiogyne rubra Jaikhamseub, Damth. & Chaowasku sp. nova and M. vietnamica Jaikhamseub, T.A. Le & Chaowasku sp. nova (Annonaceae) from Vietnam are described and illustrated. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions based on up to eight plastid DNA regions (matK, ndhF, rbcL and ycf1 exons; trnL intron; ndhF-rpl32, rpl32-trnL and trnL-trnF intergenic spacers) and incorporating 33 accessions (31 species) of Meiogyne were performed. The two new species, as well as M. anomalocarpa, M. caudata, M. chiangraiensis and M. subsessilis are included in molecular phylogenetic analyses for the first time. Two major clades were retrieved within Meiogyne: a small clade consisting of M. anomalocarpa, M. hainanensis and M. kanthanensis, and a much larger clade comprising the remaining accessions. The phylogenetic position of the two new species in the latter clade is obscure. Meiogyne rubra appears to be morphologically most similar to M. monosperma. The former differs from the latter by having a narrower leaf blade, free (vs. basally connate) and longer sepals, longer outer petals and larger inner petals. Meigyne vietnamica is morphologically most similar to M. caudata, but differs from it by having an acute to acuminate (vs. usually distinctly caudate-acuminate) leaf apex, non-prominent (vs. prominent) secondary veins on lower leaf surface and higher number of secondary veins in the leaves. A key to the species of Meiogyne in Vietnam is also provided.

Allium ayhan-toprakii Yıldırım (Amaryllidaceae) is described as a new species from Mt. Sandras, Muğla Province, western Anatolia, Turkey. Based on morphological features, it belongs in Allium subgen. Allium sect. Codonoprasum. It is similar to A. carium and A. flavum subsp. tauricum var. Pilosum, but differs from them in several morphological characters, such as its flexous stem, stem length, indumentum, pedicel length, perigone length and colour, and ovary shape.

The current neotype of Tradescantia fasciculata B. Heyne ex Roth is incorrect according to Art. 9.13 of the ICN, as original material from Roth's herbarium is extant at B and L. The specimen at B (B100366425) is designated as the lectotype for the name Tradescantia fasciculata B. Heyne ex Roth and will supersede the previous neotypifi-cation.

Piptatherum fumeauxii F.M. Vázquez, Chamboul. & C. Chatel. sp. nova (Poaceae) is described from the Hoggar Mountains in central Sahara, Algeria. It morphologically resembles P. coerulescens and P. holciforme var. longiglume, but differs from them by the narrow panicles, shorter spikelets and smaller floral parts. The presence of P. holciforme in Libya is confirmed, while it is excluded from the flora of Morocco. Lecto-types are designated for the names Milium coerulescens Desf. and P. holciforme subsp. longiglume Hausskn., and the latter is recognized as P. holciforme subsp. longiglume (Hausskn.) Freitag ex F.M. Vázquez & F. Márquez comb. et stat. nov.

We developed a new CTAB-based seven-step DNA extraction protocol to isolate DNA from herbarium specimens. DNA was extracted from five species belonging to five genera from four families of angiosperms. The spectrophotometric measurement of double-stranded DNA demonstrated DNA of sufficient quality and quantity for PCR analysis. DNA was tested with universal primers and amplification success was 95%. The protocol is applicable to different taxonomic groups of herbarium specimens, fresh and silica-dried samples, and requires only common laboratory consumables and equipment. It is possible to extract 30 samples in less than two hours and more than 120 samples in a working day. The cost of consumables per sample is less than in many traditional protocols and commercially available kits.

The recently described Impatiens dindigulensis Ramas., Anjana & Chandra, I. eravikulamensis Hareesh & Salish, I. ramasubbuana Kottaim. & P. Murugan and I. thulunadensis Sindhu Arya, P. Biju & V.S.A. Kumar are synonymized with I. tomentosa B. Heyne ex Wight & Arn.; I. chinensis L. var. brevicornis E. Barnes is synonymized with I. pallidiflora Hook. f.; and I. tamilnadense Ramas. is synonymized with I. tanyae R.K. Singh, Arigela & Kabeer. Impatiens tanyae, known only from a single site in Tamil Nadu, was erroneously reported from Kerala as I. brevicornis (E. Barnes) Bhaskar, which is a synomym of I. pallidiflora. We provide amended descriptions of the accepted species I. tomentosa, I. pallidiflora and I. tanyae.

Allium halfetiense Balos (Amaryllidaceae), a new species in sect. Codonoprasum, is described from Sanliurfa Province, SE Turkey. Two distinct varieties are recognized, var. halfetiense and var. cecenii Balos. These taxa resemble A. pallens, A. convollarioides, A. dentiferum and A. galileum but differ from them in a few morphological characters of leaves, flowers, spathe valves, interstaminal teeth, and in ovary and capsule size. Diagnostic characters, a description, photographs and a distribution data are provided.

Campanula adiyamanensis Yıldırım & K. Özcan sp. nova (Campanulaceae) is described, illustrated, and classified based on morphological data. The species is restricted to eastern Anatolia (Turkey), and currently known from one locality in Adıyaman Province. Campanula adiyamanensis morphologically resembles C. alisan-kilincii, but differs from it especially by its indumentum type, longer cauline leaves, more deeply lobed corolla, corolla color, lacking or short calyx appendages, distinctly exserted style, and capsule shape.

Petrocodon asterostriatus F. Wen, Y.G. Wei & W.C. Chou sp. nova (Gesneriaceae) is described and illustrated. It is a lithophytic species that grows in the limestone area of southwestern Guangxi, China. According to the maximum likelihood (ML) analysis, it nests in a strongly supported clade (BP = 92%) that includes P. lui, P. tiandengensis, P. integrifolius, P. albinervius and P. ionophyllus. Of these, P. asteriostriatus is morphologically closest to P. integrifolius, but can be distinguished from it by the shape and size of bracts, the indumentum of the pedicel, the shape and indumentum of the corolla tube, the shape of the lip lobes, and the indumentum and glands of filaments.

Teuscheria falcon Kolan., Szlach. & Medina Tr. sp. nova (Orchidaceae, Maxillariinae), is described from the Colombian Andes. It resembles T. cornucopia from which it differs by oblong obovate petals, the lip being wider than long, and by the obflabellate lip mid-lobe with a subhastate base that overlaps the basal part of the lateral lobes. Images of T. falcon are provided together with an identification key to the Colombian Teuscheria species.

Anders Thiodolf Saelan (1834–1921) was a notable non-professional botanist in the late 19th and early 20th century Finland, and was amongst the most diligent writers of his time in the country, authoring five books, 75 articles and 83 communications, for a total of 163 texts. Saelan was particularly known for writing extensive botanical reviews, such as Herbarium Musei Fennici in 1889 and Bibliography of Finnish botanical literature until the end of 1900. He validly published 34 taxa, including two species, Hieracium linifolium and H. pilipes, 6 varieties, 25 forms, and one subform, and introduced 46 names as nomina nuda. Saelan had no concept of type specimens and therefore all his plant taxa need typification, and 28 of those are lectotypified here. In this paper, nomina nuda and the taxa whose type material was not found are also listed, except those of the apomictic genus Hieracium. Most of Saelan's new taxa are nowadays not recognised. Saelan's type collection treated here, as well as his other specimens are deposited at the Botanical Museum (H), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland.

A new combination Miliusa parvifolia (Kurz) Damth. & Chaowasku (Annonaceae, Miliuseae) is made based on Popowia parvifolia Kurz. The name M. parviflora Ridl. is reduced to a heterotypic synonym of M. parvifolia.

Polygonum mersinicum M. Keskin sp. nova (Polygonaceae) is described from Turkey. It resembles especially P. karacae but differs from it by several morphological characters such as a short stem, glandular indumentum, shorter leaves, type of ochrea, shorter tepals, and longer nuts. Diagnostic features, a comprehensive description and images of P. mersinicum are provided.