Protium section Pepeanthos, a neotropical group of nine species ranging from Costa Rica to the southern perimeter of Amazonia, is described, as are the group's five new species: P. calendulinum, P. gallosum, P. pecuniosum, P. retusum, and P. urophyllidium. Keys are provided to flowering and to fruiting material. The new section is characterized by a milky resin; lateral leaflet pulvinuli inconspicuous or absent; style short-branched and the stigmas caudiculate and spiculate; and the cotyledons plano-convex.

Passiflora tacanensis, a new species from southern Mexico, is described and illustrated. It was discovered during the course of a taxonomic revision of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba supersection Cieca and is assigned to that group of apetalous passion flowers. Passiflora tacanensis is known only from one fruiting herbarium specimen that was collected in southern Mexico on Volcán Tacaná in a high mesophytic forest. It is distinguished from its closest relatives, P. coriacea, P. sexocellata, P. mcvaughiana, and P. xiikzodz, by its foliose stipules, leaves that lack laminar nectaries but possess petiolar nectaries, and wide seeds with a chalazal beak that is not well developed.

Ctenitis bigarellae, a new species from Paraná State, is described. It appears to be narrow endemic to Paraná, growing on peculiar sandstone formations, between 900 and 1000 meters. A description and illustrations are provided, as well as comments on the closest related species.

Caesalpinia oyamae, a new species from the Río Balsas Depression, Mexico, is described and illustrated based on morphological evidence. It is similar to Caesalpinia hintonii, and grows in seasonally dry forests, between 500–1490 m.

Interspecific hybridization occurs with high frequency in the genus Quercus, but few studies have analyzed and compared micromorphological characters in putative parental species and their hybrids. Quercus eduardii and Q. conzattii are two Mexican black oak species that, although distantly related, have formed at least one population of hybrid origin, where individuals with intermediate macromorphology are present. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the degree of differentiation in micromorphological characters between the two species and to assess the expression of these characters in individuals with intermediate macromorphology. Foliar trichomes, epicuticular waxes, stomata, and pollen grains, were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the three types of individuals (Q. conzattii, Q. eduardii, and intermediates). Trichome density was quantified with light microscopy. Types of trichomes present, length of trichome arms, types of epicuticular wax on the leaf surfaces, and the position of stomata with respect to the foliar surface were characters useful to differentiate between Q. conzattii and Q. eduardii. Plants with intermediate macromorphology displayed a pattern of micromorphological characters that were identical to one parental species (Q. conzattii), or extreme or novel relative to both species.

Lycianthes pringlei was first described (in the genus Solanum) in 1895. Since that initial publication, a description of the species has been included in just one taxonomic work, Georg Bitter's 1919 monograph on the genus. In both works, the species is described as a perennial herb, a misconception that is repeated on the labels of some of those who have collected the species. Lycianthes pringlei is a shrub, often present in low population densities, with calyces and seeds that are uncommon in the genus. This article provides a new description for the species, illustrations of species characteristics, and seed photos.

A new species, Deprea nubicola, is described. Although the corolla is similar in some aspects to that of D. bitteriana, D. nubicola is distinguished by its diminutive leaves, a low density of hairs in the corolla annulus, glabrous filaments, and a distinctive long-pedicellate, subulate-lobed fruiting calyx. Deprea nubicola shares with D. ecuatoriana a fruiting calyx that tightly invests the berry. The distribution of D. nubicola is limited to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of northern Colombia. A key to the species of Deprea is provided.

Schizachyrium sulcatum, distributed in Brazil, Bolivia and Colombia, is described, illustrated, and reported for the first time from Peru and Venezuela. Synonymy, geographical distribution, ecology, and a list of representative specimens examined are provided. Characters of taxonomic value are established in order to differentiate this species from S. brevifolium. A comparative study based on morphology, leaf anatomy, and micromorphological features of the spikelets and leaf blade are included. The multivariate analysis based on morphological variables allows S. sulcatum to be distinguished clearly from S. brevifolium.

Phylogenies inferred from both chloroplast and nuclear DNA regions have placed the small genus Dodecatheon (the shooting stars; 17 spp.) among the descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Primula (the primroses; ca. 430 spp.). This is congruent with conclusions previously derived from morphology and cytology. We illustrate how failure to formalize this information in the circumscription of Primula might have impeded understanding of the evolution of distyly (as seen in Primula) and buzz-pollination (as seen in Dodecatheon). To avoid future confusion, we make new combinations for Dodecatheon in Primula, and erect Primula sect. Dodecatheon in Primula subgenus Auriculastrum for the taxa from Dodecatheon.

Croton churutensis is described as a new species of Croton section Cyclostigma endemic to lowland deciduous forests in coastal Ecuador. Its red latex is used locally in Guayas Province to treat wounds, stomach ulcers, and some skin conditions caused by fungal infections. The new species differs from its closest apparent relative, Croton hibiscifolius, in its arching-pendent inflorescences, short-pedicellate female flowers with quadrifid stigmas, more numerous stamens, laciniate stipules, and lower elevation habitat.