Lectotype:

AMNH 455681, male, died in 1829, cage bird from the north Tyrol, western Austria. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This is the only Brehm specimen collected prior to the description and labeled “major” by Brehm that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. It was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918a: 34).

Lectotype:

AMNH 455679, collected on 30 April 1828, in Dalmatia, Croatia. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This is the only specimen collected prior to the publication of the description and labeled “subalpina” by Brehm that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. It was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918a: 34). It was first labeled “♂” by Brehm and then overwritten “♀” by him.

Holotype:

AMNH 585025, sex unknown, collected on 5 April 1902, at Gyi-dziu-shan, 10,000 feet, east of Ta-li (= Talifu), 25°45′N, 100°06′E (Times Atlas), northern Yunnan, China, by George Rippon. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Apparently Rippon (1906b: 19) described Accentor talifuensis from one unsexed adult specimen collected “E. of Talifu, W. Yunnan”. Hartert (1910a: 766), in his description of P. c. ripponi, did not mention Rippon's earlier description, noting only that the type of his ripponi was in the Rothschild Collection and collected by Rippon on 5 April 1902 at Gyi-dziu-shán, 10,000 feet. The locality data from both descriptions appear together on the original label, and AMNH 585025 is the only Rippon specimen that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Thus, it seems that this specimen is the holotype of both names, with A. talifuensis being older. Hartert (1910a: 766) also spoke of having a series from east of Talifu; however, no additional specimens collected early enough are now in AMNH.

Holotype:

AMNH 585068, adult male, collected on 26 September 1868, at Kemeih, China, by Robert Swinhoe. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Only one specimen was secured, although others were seen later. Cheng (1987: 564) placed this type locality “between Zhangjiakou [= Chang-chia-k'ou, 40°51′N, 114°59′E, Times Atlas] and Beijing [= Pei-ching, 39°55′N, 116°25′E, Times Atlas], China”.

Holotype:

AMNH 467183, adult male, collected at Saroti (= Sirotai), Afghanistan, on 17 June 1937, by Walter Koelz.

Comments:

Koelz listed the above male and a female paratype (called “topotype” by Koelz), AMNH 467182, collected on 18 June 1937. Koelz was at Saroti on 17–19 June and in both Saroti and Gardez on 20 June. Gardez is at 33°37′N, 69°09′E (Times Atlas).

Holotype:

AMNH 292803, adult male, collected on 28 July 1930, at 1600 m in the Latimojong Mts., 03°30′S, 120°05′E (USBGN, 1982b), Sulawesi I., Indonesia, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 1231). From the Heinrich Expedition 1930.

Comments:

Stresemann (1931a: 9) gave Heinrich's unique field number for the holotype, noting that types of new forms discovered by Heinrich were deposited in AMNH.

The Heinrich Expedition to Sulawesi (= Celebes) was sponsored by the ZMB and by Dr. Leonard C. Sanford, and the collection was divided, with all types to go to Sanford. Sanford's portion was cataloged at AMNH and later presented; each of these specimens is stamped with an “s” enclosed in a circle. There are four paratypes of H. calligyna at AMNH: AMNH 292802 and 292804– 292806. Some “Cotypes” (Stresemann, 1931a: 9) of new forms were deposited at ZMB; in today's parlance, these specimens would be paratypes.

The genus Heinrichia, of which calligyna is the type species, was introduced at this time by Stresemann (1931a: 9). Ripley (1964: 15) did not recognize it, including the species calligyna in Brachypteryx.

Holotype:

AMNH 292816, adult female, collected, at Ile-Ile, 1700 m, Matinan (= Matinang) Mts., central Sulawesi I., Indonesia, on 11 November 1930, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 2635). From the Gerd Heinrich Expedition.

Comments:

Stresemann (1931c: 81) cited Heinrich's unique field number for the holotype. See Heinrichia c. calligyna for details of the disposition of this collection. Paratypes deposited in AMNH are: AMNH 292807–292815, 292817, and 292818. Of these, AMNH 292811 was exchanged with YPM in January 1950, and AMNH 292813 was presented by Sanford to Prof. Sarasin, Basel, on 26 October 1932. One paratype is in RMNH (Dekker, 2003: 39).

Matinan is at 01°04′N, 121°40′E (USBGN, 1982b).

Holotype:

AMNH 299585, adult female, collected at Tanke Salokko, 2000 m, Gunung Menkongga (= Mengkoka Mts.), 03°39′S, 121°15′E (Times Atlas), southeast Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, on 23 December 1931, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 6995). From the Gerd Heinrich Expedition.

Comments:

Stresemann (1932: 108) cited Heinrich's unique field number for the holotype. See Heinrichia c. calligyna for details of the disposition of this collection. Paratypes deposited in AMNH are: AMNH 299579–299584 and 299586.

Holotype:

AMNH 590649, adult female, collected on Mt. Dulangan, 4500 ft, Mindoro I., Philippines, on 25 January 1896, by John Whitehead (no. B.93). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1916b: 87) did not give Whitehead's field number but said that the female type, with data cited above, was in the Rothschild Collection. This is the only female collected by Whitehead on Mindoro now in AMNH. Two male paratypes from Mt. Dulangan are AMNH 590650 and 590651.

This subspecies was not mentioned by Ripley (1964: 16–18) and Mindoro was included in the range of B. m. poliogyna. Mt. Dulangan is a lower peak close to Mt. Halcon, 13°16′N, 121°00′E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 419).

Syntypes:

AMNH 590652, adult male, collected on 27 April 1896, and AMNH 590653, adult female, collected on 26 April 1896, on Canlaon Volcano, 10°25′N, 123°08′E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 417), Negros I., Philippines, by John Whitehead (nos. B.471 and B.468, respectively). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Ogilvie-Grant (1896a: 547) described both male and female but did not designate a type or enumerate Whitehead's specimens. Hartert (1920: 479) listed only a male specimen as “Type of ♂”, so marked by the author. However, this does not serve to designate it as the lectotype, and there is in AMNH a female, listed above, which is also a syntype. A third syntype is in BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 78).

Lectotype:

AMNH 590654, adult male, collected at 8000 feet on Kinabalu, 06°03′N, 116°32′E (Times Atlas), Sabah, Malaysia, on 28 February 1888, by John Whitehead (no. 2084). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Sharpe (1888: 389) described males and females and gave Whitehead's field numbers for the three specimens upon which he based his description (2062, 2084, 2085), but he did not designate a type; thus, these three specimens were syntypes. Hartert (1920: 479) designated no. 2084 the lectotype but incorrectly cited the date as 27 February. The Whitehead label on this specimen is marked “Type, RBS[harpe]”. Neither of the two paralectotypes is in AMNH. The paralectotype bearing Whitehead's no. 2085 is in BMNH (M. Walters, personal commun.). Three additional specimens of erythrogyna, bearing Whitehead numbers 1924, 2086, and 2307, came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. They are incorrectly labeled “paralectotypes”.

Hartert (1920: 479), through a slip of the pen, referred to erythrogyna as erythropyga but correctly listed Whitehead's field number.

Syntypes:

AMNH 590661, adult female, collected in October 1896; AMNH 590662 and 590663, adult males, collected in November 1896, and AMNH 590664, adult female, collected in November 1896; all from about 3500 feet in southern Flores I., Indonesia. Collected by Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert did not designate a type or say how many specimens he had, although it is obvious from the measurements given that he had more than one specimen of each sex. Rothschild type labels were tied on specimens now numbered AMNH 590661 and 590662; and as he listed male and female types, Hartert (1920: 479) probably intended that these be male and female syntypes. Yet, because he did not unambiguously identify any of the specimens as types, all specimens in the original series are syntypes, including the four listed above and any others that may have been deposited elsewhere before the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH. Hartert (1897b: 513) noted that Everett's base on south Flores was at Nanga Ramau (= Nanga Roma), which locality I did not find.

Holotype:

AMNH 581025, adult male, collected at Uche (= Huxe), 12°43′S, 13°20′E (Dean, 2000: 386), Namibe, Angola, on 27 June (not May) 1904, by William John Ansorge (no. 132). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Grote cited Ansorge's field number of the holotype and said that it was in the Rothschild Collection; the date of collection was given as 27 May, but the date on the holotype is 27 June. He did not say how many specimens he examined.

Lectotype:

AMNH 581160, adult male, collected at Mutsora (= Mutjara), 00°19′N, 29°44′E (Chapin, 1954: 708), Congo (Kinshasa), on 13 June 1889, by Emin Pasha (no. 253). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Reichenow did not designate a type, but said only that the new species was from Mutjara, collected by Emin. He (Reichenow, 1891: 61) also said that he had studied eight specimens borrowed from Rothschild of what was then considered Erythropygia leucoptera. The above specimen, the only one of Emin's specimens of hartlaubi that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, is marked “Type” on the Rothschild Museum label and bears a Rothschild type label. It was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1920: 472), who also cited Emin's field number. It is no longer possible to know which specimens Reichenow borrowed from Rothschild.

Ripley (1964: 22) included hartlaubi in the genus Erythropygia.

Lectotype:

AMNH 455406, adult male, collected in Attica (= Greece), on 4 June 1842, by Lindermayer. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918a: 33) designated this specimen the lectotype. It bears the name Agrobates Bruchii in Brehm's hand and the Rothschild type label, and it is the only AMNH Brehm specimen collected before the description was published. Hartert (1909a: 605) cited Brehm, 1856, as the first use of the name Bruchii, in the combination Aëdon Bruchii, but he later (Hartert, 1918a: 33, footnote) noted Brehm's earlier use of the name.

Ripley (1964: 22) included galactotes in the genus Erythropygia.

Lectotype:

AMNH 455425, adult male, collected at [Old] Sennar, Blue Nile, Sudan, in December 1850, by Alfred E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above specimen is marked meridionalis in Brehm's hand, and Hartert (1918a: 33) designated it the lectotype. A second specimen marked meridionalis by Brehm is a paralectotype: AMNH 455426, collected at [Old] Sennar on 5 October 1850 by A.E. Brehm.

R. Dowsett (personal commun.) pointed out to me that Sennar in 1850 would have been Old Sennar, at 13°40′N, 33°33′E. Old Sennar was destroyed in 1885 (Seltzer, 1962: 1733).

Ripley (1964: 23) included galactotes in the genus Erythropygia.

Holotype:

AMNH 581041, adult male, collected at Uche (= Huxe), 12°43′S, 13°20′E (Dean, 2000: 386), Namibe, Angola, on 21 June (not November) 1904, by Dr. William J. Ansorge (no. 83). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Ansorge's field number of the holotype and stated that Ansorge had collected eight specimens. There are 11 specimens in AMNH, collected by Ansorge in Benguella in 1904 and 1905, and it is not possible to know when these came into Rothschild's possession. All of them may have been available to Hartert in 1907 and are possible paratypes. The seven adult specimens (in addition to the holotype) collected at Huxe, Lengi Hochte, and Sandpits in 1904 are AMNH 581040, 581042–581045, 581047, and 581049. An immature female, AMNH 581048, collected in 1904 may not have been included in the total, and it is possible that the description was based only on 1904 specimens. The two specimens collected in 1905 are AMNH 581039 and 581046, from Huxe and Benquella Town.

Holotype:

AMNH 581035, adult male, collected at Omaruru, 21°28′S, 15°56′E (Times Atlas), South West Africa, on 1 December 1879, by Axel W. Eriksson. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above is the only Eriksson specimen collected on 1 December 1879, the date given for the type by Hartert (1907c: 96). There are four paratypes in AMNH, all collected at Omaruru by Eriksson: AMNH 581034 and 581036–581038.

Holotype:

AMNH 581027, adult male, collected at Canhoca, 09°15′S, 14°41′E (Dean, 2000: 372), Angola, on 27 November 1903, by Dr. William J. Ansorge (no. 1291). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Ansorge's field number and noted that it was the only specimen collected.

Holotype:

AMNH 585433, adult male, collected on Kow Plains, Victoria, Australia, on 6 October 1909. From the Mathews Collection (no. 4534) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Mathews gave his catalog number of the holotype, which bears both a Mathews and a Rothschild type label. Mathews did not say how many specimens he had, but two female specimens from Kow Plains, registered at the same time, are paratypes: AMNH 585434 (no. 4533) and AMNH 585435 (no. 4532). Mathews obtained these specimens from Frank E. Howe and cataloged them on 12 April 1910. The range of victoriae was given as New South Wales and Victoria, but there is no way of knowing which additional specimens Mathews had in hand when the taxon was described.

Kow Plains is in western Victoria, some 35 miles east of Pinnaroo (35°18′S, 140°54′E, Times Atlas), South Australia (Howe, 1909: 132–133).

Schodde and Mason (1999: 348–350) have summarized the convoluted taxonomic history of the Australasian robins, placing them in the family Petroicidae, as did Christidis and Boles (1994: 23) and Dickinson (2003: 522). Earlier authors (Sibley and Monroe,1990: 448 and Coates,1990: 186) have used Eopsaltriidae Mathews, 1946, as the family name; however, Bock (1994: 153, 210) showed that Petroicidae Mathews, 1920, has priority. Other authors have placed the genus Drymodes in the Turdidae (Ripley, 1964: 29) and in the Timaliidae (Rand and Gilliard, 1967: 338). See also Sibley and Ahlquist (1982).

As noted by Schodde and Mason (1999: 392), the date of publication of Drymodes brunneopygia Gould is 1841, not 1840 as usually cited (Duncan, 1937: 79).

Holotype:

AMNH 305661, adult male, collected at the 850 m camp, 4 km southwest of Bernhard Camp, Idenburg River, Papua Prov., Indonesia, on 16 March 1939, by Richard Archbold, Austin L. Rand, and William B. Richardson (no. 10054). From the 1938–1939 Archbold Expedition.

Comments:

In the original description, Rand gave the AMNH number of the holotype. His type series comprised three specimens from the Cyclops Mountains and five from the Idenburg slope. The seven paratypes are: AMNH 293838, 340502–340506, 585477, and 585478. AMNH 340503 was sent to MZB on 7 May 1957, and AMNH 340506 was part of a large exchange with the FMNH in the 1960s. For a discussion of the familial position of Drymodes, see under D. brunneopygia victoriae.

Bernhard Camp was at approximately 03°30′S, 139°15′E, based on the map in Archbold et al. (1942), who also gave a description of this collecting locality and summary of the 1938–1939 Archbold Expedition.

Holotype:

AMNH 585473, adult male, collected on the “Roper River, Northern Territory” (?), Australia, in “September, 1910” (?), by Michael J. Colclough. From the Mathews Collection (no. 18461) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Mathews did not say how many specimens he had examined, but he described the form as “being much redder on the back and entirely reddish-buff on the under-surface”. This is the only specimen of Drymodes cataloged by Mathews among a group of specimens obtained by him from the QM and the only Mathews specimen said to be from Northern Territory that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Hartert (1931: 49) commented: “This specimen looks very distinct, but the ‘reddish buff’ underside is obviously dirty, the rufous colour being stained! The specimen is, however, also more reddish on the upperside, and therefore may be a distinct subspecies—though it is peculiar that only one skin was obtained; at least it appears so, but Mathews does not inform one how many specimens he examined, a most inconvenient, and sometimes misleading omission.” This has proven to be true in this case.

Storr (1967: 70) pointed out the problematic collecting locality, but Parker (1970: 120) called attention to the presence of two additional specimens in the Queensland Museum, cataloged in February 1911, along with other specimens collected by Colclough on the Roper River. Storr (1977: 75) then accepted the Roper River as the collecting locality. Parker (1970: 120) noted that only the female of the two specimens in the Queensland Museum bore a catalog number and that the second specimen was a mounted specimen without a number. When he found that the Queensland Museum catalog listed a male and a female under number 011/19, he assumed that the unnumbered mounted specimen was the male. However, the field label of the AMNH male holotype bears the Queensland Museum number 011/19, and it seems more likely to me that this is the second bird cataloged with the Colclough collection and that the mounted bird is indeed unnumbered and was probably not part of Colclough's collection. Both Parker (1970: 120) and Bennett (1983: 105) considered that the AMNH specimen was the holotype, and I agree. Apparently the female in the Queensland Museum was never in Mathews' possession.

Schodde and Mason (1999: 391) did not accept the Roper River as the provenance of this form, noting that Colclough passed through Cape York en route to the Roper River and “included in his manuscript list of Roper River birds a number of other species known only from northeast Australia, e.g. Ptilinopus superbus (Temminck), Podargus papuensis Quoy and Gaimard and Malurus amabilis Gould”. They noted that the AMNH type differs little from Cape York specimens of rufous morphs and that the Queensland Museum female matches pale morphs from Cape York. Perhaps the best solution is to consider Drymodes superciliaris colcloughi a synomym of D. s. superciliaris, with the collecting locality highly questionable. For a discussion of the familial position of Drymodes, see under D. brunneopygia victoriae.

In addition to the field label (bearing the QM stamp and number), the Rothschild Museum label (indicating the specimen was from the Mathews Collection), and the Rothschild type label (bearing the Mathews catalog number), the AMNH holotype also bears the yellow Mathews “Figured” label, indicating that it was figured in Mathews Birds of Australia (1921: pl. 429, opposite p. 215).

Syntypes:

AMNH 608589, adult male, collected on Ruwenzori East, 6500 ft, on 8 January 1906 by G. Legge (no. 2069); and AMNH 608590, adult female, collected on Ruwenzori East, 6000 ft, on 3 January 1906, by Douglas Carruthers (no. 1090). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Ogilvie-Grant did not designate a type or say how many specimens he had, but he later (Ogilvie-Grant, 1910: 394) listed specimens “a–o” with field numbers. The two field numbers given above are among those with a small “d” above the number. Ogilvie-Grant (1910: 262) said, “In the lists of specimens procured by the Expedition the letter ‘d.’ placed over some of the collectors' numbers indicates that those examples were duplicates not retained in the series kept for the British Museum.” They were, however, presumably studied by Ogilvie-Grant when he named the taxon, though they were not previously recognized as syntypes in the AMNH collection. Warren and Harrison (1971: 484) listed only two syntypes in BMNH.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 533) treated Pogonocichla in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 674) placed the genus in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 832121, adult male, collected in the Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve, 02°55′N, 16°15′E, ca. 1 km north of Bayanga, Sangha-Mbaèré Prefecture, Central African Republic, on 13 June 1998, by Pamela Beresford (no. 120), prepared by Joel Cracraft.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. Paratypes are: AMNH 831845–831848, 832116–832120, and 832122–832128, all studyskins; AMNH 24731, 24732, and 24869–24871, all skeletons; and AMNH 10836 and 10863, spirit specimens. Mitochondrial DNA analysis was included in the original description of this phylogenetic species.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 531) treated the genus Stiphrornis in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 674) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 580019, adult female, collected in the Sokoke Forest, 03°30′S, 39°50′E (Polhill, 1988: 358), Kenya, on 21 January 1921. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, van Someren said that the type, with the above data, was in the Rothschild Collection and that he examined three specimens. AMNH 580019 is the only specimen of sokokensis that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and it bears the Rothschild type label. The only other label is a field label. Hartert (1928: 216) noted that the specimen was collected by van Someren's collectors.

Louette et al. (2002: 35) noted that one of the paratypes is RMCA 98318, but they did not accept a specimen, collected on 17 May 1921, as a second paratype because of the impossibility of a specimen from Kenya reaching England before the 26 May publication date. However, they mentioned the “improbable scenario whereby the manuscript was prepared by van Someren [in Kenya] and transmitted to London by cable between 17 and 26 May 1921”. This might have occurred, as the descriptions of the new forms introduced by van Someren at the 11 May meeting (published 26 May) were communicated by Ernst Hartert; but he only exhibited “a new Euprinodes” (see title of van Someren, 1921). That being the case, the existence of the specimen collected on 17 May could have been cabled to Hartert and added to the manuscript before publication.

See Roy et al. (2001) for recent molecular studies of Sheppardia, including S. gunningi. Sibley and Monroe (1990: 531) treated the genus Sheppardia in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 675) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 579387, adult male, collected at Hamman R'Hira, northern Algeria, on 27 April 1904, by Harry Forbes Witherby (no. 100). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert cited Witherby's field number of the holotype and stated that he had four male and two female specimens. Of these, only one paratype came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 579392, female, from Camp de la Santé, Tunisia.

Molecular studies of Erithacus rubecula are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b). The genus Erithacus is treated by Sibley and Monroe (1990: 532) in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 675) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Hammam-Rirha (= Hamman R'Hira) is 11 mi northeast of Miliana (Seltzer, 1962: 752), 36°20′N, 02°15′E (Times Atlas), north-central Algeria.

Lectotype:

AMNH 454819, adult male, collected at Budapest (= Pesth, on label), 47°30′N, 19°03′E (Times Atlas), Hungary, on 13 September 1838. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This specimen bears the name Luscinia eximia in Brehm's hand, the Rothschild Collection label bears the correct data, and Hartert (1918a: 34), in designating it the lectotype, correctly gave the data. However, the Rothschild type labels for this specimen and for the type of Luscinia hybrida, below, were reversed, so a corrected AMNH type label has been added. AMNH 454823, adult male from Budapest (= Pesth), collected in May 1838, and labeled eximia by Brehm is the only paralectotype in AMNH. This had been mistakenly cataloged at AMNH as pomarina. A third specimen, AMNH 454820, incorrectly cataloged as eximia, is from “Pommern”, is labeled as pomarina by Brehm, and is not a paralectotype of eximia.

Ripley (1964: 40) included luscinia in the genus Erithacus. Sibley and Monroe (1990: 532) treated the genus Luscinia in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 675) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae. Molecular studies of Luscinia luscinia are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Lectotype:

AMNH 454824, adult, from Poland, died in captivity on 11 August 1838. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This specimen bears the name Luscinia hybrida in Brehm's hand, the Rothschild Collection label bears the correct data, and Hartert (1918a: 34), in designating it the lectotype, correctly gave the data. However, as noted above, the Rothschild type labels for the types of L. hybrida and L. eximia were reversed. A corrected AMNH type label has been added.

A second cage bird from Poland that died on 19 August 1838 was cataloged at AMNH as hybrida, but this specimen was labeled Luscinia major by Brehm.

Ripley (1964: 40) included luscinia in the genus Erithacus.

Holotype:

AMNH 579599, adult male, collected in Sikkim, India, in January 1876, by Henry John Elwes. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert did not say how many specimens he studied, but he gave the above data for the type. Three Elwes specimens from Sikkim came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, only one of which was collected in January 1876. The two paratypes are AMNH 579598, male, 22 August 1870, from Laghap, 13000 ft; and AMNH 579600, female, April 1874, from Sikkim.

Ripley (1964: 45) included pectoralis in the genus Erithacus.

Holotype:

AMNH 579873, adult male, collected on Tai-bai Mountain (= Tai-pai-shan), Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi (see Cheng, 1987: 582), China, on 13 July 1905, by Owston's Japanese collectors (no. 1217). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave the unique field number for the holotype. He noted that there were three specimens in the Rothschild Collection and described only the male. The two male paratypes are AMNH 579874 and 579875, from the same locality as the type and collected on 12 and 10 July 1905, respectively. All three males have the number 121 on the front of the label, but no. 1217 has been written by different hand on the back of the label of the holotype. The coordinates of Tai Bai (spelled Tai Pai) are 29°06′N, 117°38′E (Times Atlas).

There are also two female specimens in the series, now correctly identified as Luscinia ruficeps but not mentioned by Hartert in the original description, probably because he was unsure of their identity at that time. Later, Hartert (1907d: 621–623) discussed the 10 specimens of three species of “Larvivora” collected by Owston's collectors on Mt. Tai-bai in July 1905, all of which came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection (although one specimen of obscura was later exchanged with BMNH). He then listed four males of obscura, three males and one female of ruficeps, and one male and one female of “davidi” (= Luscinia pectardens, see Vaurie, 1959: 385), but he mentioned that the female of “davidi” was very similar to the female of ruficeps. Still later, Hartert (1910a: 740–742) identified both females as ruficeps and based his description of the female of “davidi” on the published description by Oustalet. I do not consider that either of these females has type status.

Ripley (1964: 45) included this species in the genus Erithacus.

Holotype:

AMNH 579882, unsexed adult, collected in the Chin Hills, 5000 ft, 22°30′N, 93°30′E (USBGN, 1955c), Myanmar, in April 1916, by Percy Wickham. From the Rothschild Collection

Comments:

The original description was based on a single specimen in the Rothschild Collection bearing the above data, collected by Wickham. The specimen is unsexed but is in female plumage.

Ali and Ripley (1997: 229) included this species in the genus Erithacus and did not recognize wickhami.

Holotype:

AMNH 579813, adult male, collected on A-Li Shan (= Mt. Arizan), 23°32′N, 120°48′E (USBGN, 1955b), Taiwan, Republic of China, on 4 December 1906, by Japanese collectors for Alan Owston (no. F47). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave 4 December 1906 as the date of collection and F47 as the field number. All three specimens of this series in AMNH are numbered F47, but the date is unique. Paratypes are: AMNH 579814, male, collected 25 November 1906, and AMNH 579815, female, collected 28 November 1906, in the same locality.

Ripley (1964: 49) included indicus in Erithacus, and Cheng (1987: 589) and Sibley and Monroe (1990: 533) placed it in Tarsiger.

Publication date of this description was 1 January 1910, as printed on p. 31 of this bulletin.

Holotype:

AMNH 580016, adult male, collected in forest 90 km west of Lake Edward, 1600 m, Congo (Kinshasa), on 12 February 1908, by Rudolf Grauer (no. 2019). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert gave Grauer's unique field number for the holotype. The female was also described and a single wing measurement given. AMNH 580018, female, collected west of Lake Edward on 10 February 1908 by Grauer (no. 1997) is a paratype. An immature female specimen, AMNH 580017, collected by Grauer on 15 February 1908 in the same locality, was identified on the Rothschild label as rufescentior and was so cataloged at AMNH. It is probably also a paratype, as Hartert routinely did not mention immature specimens when listing specimens comprising his type series. Chapin (1953: 518) pointed out that this specimen is immature and differs little from nominate Cossypha insulana. Comparison of material in AMNH supports this; it has the rusty orange cheek patches and brown tail (without black central tail feathers) of insulana. It became a paratype of Cossypha insulana schoutendeni when Prigogine (1952: 410) included it in his type series, the holotype and two paratypes of which are in the RMCA (Louette et al., 2002: 37). The specimen is in immature plumage, not in juvenile plumage as indicated by Prigogine (1952: 410). The subspecies schoutendeni is currently Sheppardia bocagei schoutedeni.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 534) included roberti in the genus Cossypha. Dickinson (2003: 677) treated the genus Cossyphicula in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Lectotype:

AMNH 580733, unsexed adult, collected at Kyetume, 0°21′N, 32°44′E (Chapin, 1954: 685), Uganda, on 14 December 1911, by Victor G.L. van Someren (no. 11). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This specimen may very well be the holotype, as only one set of measurements was given in the original description. However, Hartert did not designate a type or say how many specimens he had, and he also listed the date of collection as 14 January 1911. Hartert (1920: 473) later listed the type (= lectotype) of C. somereni as van Someren's no. 11 with the correct date of 14 December 1911. It bears the Rothschild type label and is the only Rothschild specimen of this form in AMNH collected before the publication of the name.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 534) treated the genus Cossypha in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 580667, adult female, collected at Bola goschana, Doko, Ethiopia, on 12 February 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 786). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann gave the sex, locality, and date for the type, which he collected, without giving the number of specimens. It bears the Neumann field label, marked “Typus” in Neumann's hand, and the Rothschild type label. It is also the only Neumann specimen from this locality that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Hartert (1920: 473) added Neumann's field number of the type, thus unambiguously designating it the lectotype, should other Neumann specimens be found bearing the same data as the above specimen. Paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 580668–580672.

Neumann (1904a: 323) listed his collecting localities and showed his route on a map in Neumann (1902). R. Dowsett (personal commun.) placed Bola goschana, Doko, at ca. 06°15′N, 36°50′E, which is in close agreement with Neumann's map.

Holotype:

AMNH 580229, adult male, collected at Lubango (= Lobango), 14°56′S, 13°34′E (Dean, 2000: 380), Huíla, Angola, on 18 February 1906, by Dr. William J. Ansorge (no. 287). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Of the type series, a male and a female apparently collected together, the male was designated the holotype in the original description. The female paratype is AMNH 580230 (Ansorge no. 288). See also Hartert (1908b: 333).

Hartert (1907b: 81) described the genus Xenocopsychus, of which ansorgei is the type species, at the same time (contra Sibley and Monroe, 1990: 535). Ripley (1964: 68) included the species ansorgei in the genus Cossypha. Sibley and Monroe (1990: 535) treated Xenocopsychus in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 678) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Lectotype:

AMNH 580800, adult male, collected at Gambaga, 10°31′N, 00°22′W (Times Atlas), Ghana, on 29 August 1898, by Captain W. Giffard. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The sexes were said to be alike, and no type was designated in the original description. Later, Hartert (1920: 473) designated the male as lectotype. AMNH 580801, a female collected at Gambaga on 4 January 1899 by Giffard, is a paralectotype.

Corrigenda 3:l, provided by Dickinson with reference to Dickinson (2003: 678), indicated that the species name should be spelled albicapillus, as in the original description of Turdus atricapillus, because atricapillus is invariable (fide Normand David).

Syntypes:

AMNH 49677, adult male, 11 May 1887, and AMNH 49678, adult female (field no. 38), 12 May 1887, collected at Sandakan, 05°52′N, 118°04′E (Times Atlas), Sabah, Malaysia, by C.F. Adams. Presented to AMNH by C.F. Adams.

Comments:

In the original description, Elliot gave the AMNH numbers of the syntypes.

Chasen and Boden Kloss (1930: 84) listed Copsychus adamsi as a synonym of Copsychus saularis niger Wardlaw Ramsay. Later, when Delacour (in Delacour and Mayr, 1945: 112) synonymized Kittacincla with Copsychus, Copsychus niger Wardlaw Ramsay, 1886, was found to be preoccupied by Kittacincla nigra Sharpe, 1877 (= Copsychus niger). Delacour provided Copsychus saularis ater as a nomen novum, apparently unaware of Elliot's earlier available name.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 536) treated the genus Copsychus in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 680) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 413893, adult female, collected at Ankerana, three hours north of Ivohibe, 22°28′S, 46°53′E (Times Atlas), Madagascar, on 7 August 1929, by Austin L. Rand (no. 4762). From the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine à Madagascar.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. In addition to the holotype, only one other adult male was mentioned; however, there are two additional males that would have been available to Farkas when working in the AMNH collection. The paratypes are AMNH 413932, an adult male, and AMNH 413930 and 413931, slightly immature males, collected at Ivohibe by the same collectors.

Farkas (1972: 229) mentioned the possibility that this subspecies intergraded “to the west with pica and to the east with inexpectatus” but noted that sufficient comparative material was not available. Other recent authors have either not been aware of this subspecies or have considered it a synonym of one or the other without comment. Morris and Hawkins (1998: 260) referred to it as a “putative” subspecies. Dickinson (2003: 680) noted that inexpectatus was “thought to include winterbottomi”. Obviously, the status of this subspecies needs reevaluation.

Rand (1936: 167) gave details of the collecting locality, noting that Ivohibe was the expedition headquarters and that he collected alone at Ankerana from 4 to 28 August.

Holotype:

AMNH 580367, adult male, collected at Lawang, 07°49′S, 112°42′E (USBGN, 1982b), eastern Java, Indonesia, on 1 November 1886, by John Whitehead (no. 893). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, the type was said to be a male from Lawang, and measurements were given for a male and a female. AMNH 580368, adult female collected at Lawang on 29 October 1886 by Whitehead, is the paratype.

Syntypes:

AMNH 580284, adult female, collected on 1 May 1896, by John Whitehead (no. B.491); AMNH 580285, male immature, collected on 3 May 1896, by John Whitehead (no. B.501); and AMNH 580286, adult male, collected on 3 May 1896, by John Whitehead (no. B.500), all collected on Canlaon Volcano, 10°25′N, 123°08′E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 417), Negros I., Philippines. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Ogilvie-Grant did not designate a type or indicate how many specimens Whitehead collected, although he described both male and female. Hartert (1920: 473) mentioned that the Rothschild Collection held the “type of the female” (so labeled by the author) but not that of the male. As this does not serve to designate a lectotype, all three specimens listed above are syntypes. There are also a male and a female syntype in the BMNH (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 385).

Holotype:

AMNH 578483, adult male, collected in Gansu (= Kansu) Prov., central China, in March 1884, by Nikolai M. Przewalski. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert designated as type an adult male collected by Przewalski in Kansu in March 1884. AMNH 578483 is the only such specimen that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Hartert (1918b: 78) noted that he compared 38 specimens of the new form with 16 typical P. f. frontalis. There are 38 specimens collected at Tai-pai-shan, Tsinling Mts., by collectors for Alan Owston (AMNH 578490–578527), four of which are immatures and juveniles (routinely omitted from Hartert's totals). In addition, there are (besides the holotype) two specimens collected by Przewalski in Kansu, AMNH 578484 (in 1874) and 578485 (in July, no year), and AMNH 578487 collected by David on 2 November 1869 at Moupin (included by Hartert in the range). All 41 of these specimens would have been available to Hartert and are considered paratypes.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 537) treated Phoenicurus in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 681) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 377279, female [immature], collected in the Davis Mts., 7000 ft, Texas, on 27 September 1916, by Austin Paul Smith. From the Dwight Collection (no. 44429).

Comments:

In the original description, Phillips did not give the AMNH number or the year of collection. All other data given match the above specimen except that I measure the wing at 103 mm rather than 102. Dickerman and Parkes (1997: 223) accepted this specimen as the holotype and listed the subspecies with question marks, indicating that its status had not been evaluated.

Lectotype:

AMNH 577879, adult male, collected at Tapposha, Taiwan, Republic of China, on 19 January 1907, by collectors for Alan Owston. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert designated as type a specimen with the above data, adding the number “F.92”. Because all of the Owston specimens of this taxon bear this number and there are two Tapposha males collected on 19 January 1907, these two specimens must be considered syntypes. Hartert (1920: 474) did not unambiguously designate the lectotype. Because AMNH 577879 bears the Rothschild type label, indicating Hartert's intention to designate this specimen the type, and has always been separated as the type, I hereby designate it the lectotype in order to avoid the possibility of confusion in interpreting the older literature. The single paralectotype is AMNH 577880.

Ripley (1964: 86) recognized the subspecies fortis. Sibley and Monroe (1990: 539) treated Enicurus in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 682) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 577694, adult male, collected at Margherita, 27°17′N, 95°40′E (Times Atlas), Assam, India, on 19 January 1902, by Henry Neville Coltart. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The unique date of 19 January 1902 for the holotype was given in the original description. The 13 paratypes are: AMNH 577693 and AMNH 577695– 577706.

Syntypes:

AMNH 577687, adult female, 13 April 1888; AMNH 577688, adult male, 29 March 1888; AMNH 577689, immature male, 14 April 1888; AMNH 577691, immature female, 14 April 1888; all collected on Kinabalu, 3000 ft, 06°03′N, 116°32′E (Times Atlas), Sabah, Malaysia, by John Whitehead (nos. 2433, 2338, 2460, and 2458, respectively). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Sharpe did not designate a type. Hartert (1920: 474) listed the above adult male and female as the “types”, noting that they were so marked by the author. Such a label designation is not valid according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999: 77, Art. 72.4.7). Of the five specimens listed by Sharpe and Whitehead (1889: 277) in the type series, the above four are at AMNH and are syntypes; I do not know the whereabouts of the other syntype. Two additional AMNH specimens of borneensis, collected by Whitehead on Kinabalu but not listed by Sharpe, have no nomenclatural standing: AMNH 577692 (Whitehead no. 1045), adult female, collected on 1 March 1887, and AMNH 577690 (2459), immature female, collected on 12 April 1888. Their labels have been incorrectly marked “syntype”.

Smythies and Davison (1999: 482) discussed the apparent altitudinal overlap between E. l. borneensis and E. l. frontalis.

Holotype:

AMNH 577778, unsexed, collected in Fujian (= Fokien), China, by Tang Wangwang. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

E. n. omissus was based on a single specimen in the Rothschild Collection (LeCroy and Dickinson, 2001: 188).

Holotype:

AMNH 396234, adult male, collected at Finca Sepacuité, 3500 ft, 50 miles east of Cobán, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, on 4 May 1925, by Alfred W. Anthony (no. 1887). From the Dwight Collection (no. 60281).

Comments:

M. u. veraepacis was based on a single specimen, the Dwight number of which was given in the original description.

Additional information on this collecting locality is given in Griscom (1932: 13). Cobán is at 15°28′N, 90°20′W (Times Atlas). Selander and Vaurie (1962: 57) listed Sepacuité as about 9 km northeast of Senahú, at 15°29′N, 89°52′W.

Various authors have included veraepacis as a synonym of M. u. unicolor; e.g., Monroe (1968: 306), Phillips (1991: 127), and, by inference, Dickinson (2003: 664).

Holotype:

AMNH 144399, adult male, collected at San Rafael del Norte, 5000 ft, 13°12′N, 86°06′W (Times Atlas), Nicaragua, on 29 March 1917, by Waldron DeW. Miller (no. 216) and Ludlow Griscom.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 144400, 144401, 101386–101388 (3 males, 1 female, 1 female? from San Rafael del Norte); AMNH 103428 (male from Jalapa); AMNH 103429 (male from Rio Coco); AMNH 102951–102953 (1 male and 2 females from Ocotal). A female specimen from San Rafael del Norte, listed by Miller and Griscom in their type series, was apparently never cataloged at AMNH. Two specimens (a male and an unsexed specimen) from San Rafael del Norte that came to AMNH in 1932 with the Rothschild Collection were not available to Miller and Griscom in 1925 and are not paratypes.

Holotype:

AMNH 180610, adult male, collected at Mindo, 00°02′S, 78°48′W (Paynter, 1993: 126), Pichincha, Ecuador, on 11 August 1923, by Carlos Olalla and sons.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. A second specimen, AMNH 180611, female, is the paratype.

Huila is 9 km northwest of Mindo (Paynter, 1993: 95); both names appear on the original label. The species leucogenys is frequently placed in the genus Myadestes.

Holotype:

AMNH 503932, male (first annual), collected at Perené, 1000 m, 10°55′S, 75°15′W (Times Atlas), Dept. Junín, Peru, in July 1921, by G.O. Schunke (no. 2175). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

This specimen had not previously been recognized as a type. Hellmayr (1930: 265) based his description on a single specimen in the Rothschild Collection. The name was published subsequent to Hartert's (1928) Rothschild type list and at about the time Hartert retired. The specimen bore neither a Rothschild nor an AMNH type label. It had been stamped with an AMNH “First Series” stamp, but this stamp was applied to specimens once separated out from the general collection by J.T. Zimmer for reference, not necessarily to type specimens. It is the only specimen of this taxon in AMNH.

Holotype:

AMNH 580882, adult male, collected at Ohumbe, 01°00′S, 10°05′E (Chapin, 1954: 716), Lake Onangué, Ogowé River, Gabon, on 18 July 1907, by Dr. William J. Ansorge (no. 528). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann designated as type a male in the Rothschild Collection, with the above data. Listed as the type by Hartert (1920: 473), who also included Ansorge's field number, it also bears the Rothschild type label. It is the only male of the three Ansorge specimens that came to AMNH. Neumann (1908b: 77– 78) did not say how many specimens he examined; however, the two females collected by Ansorge in 1907 are probably paratypes: AMNH 580883 and 580884.

See Pasquet et al. (1999) for recent analysis of relationships based on cytochrome-b and 16S mitochondrial DNA studies.

Lectotype:

AMNH 584673, adult female, collected near Gambaga, 10°31′N, 00°22′W (Times Atlas), Ghana, on 27 August 1898, by Capt. W. Giffard. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert did not designate a type or state how many specimens he had. Later, Hartert (1920: 470) designated this specimen the lectotype. It is the only example of this form that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The female symbol on the field label is an upside-down male symbol.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 543) treated Cercomela in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 686) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 584674, adult male, collected at Bako (= Baka), 05°47′N, 36°34′E (USBGN, 1982a: 101, 102), Uma River, Konta, Ethiopia, on 28 February 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 949). From the Rothschild Collection

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann designated as holotype the male from Baka. AMNH 584675, a male collected at Alesa, Koscha, on 23 February 190l, is the paratype.

Lectotype:

AMNH 582839, adult male, collected at Khareba, Yemen, on 12 October, by G. Wyman Bury (no. 404). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The original description of this subspecies is usually cited as Neumann and Zedlitz (1913: 364), as for example in Ripley (1964: 102). However, Hartert (1920: 471) gave the 1912 reference, cited above. Heinroth (1912: 497), in a report on a talk by Graf Zedlitz at the March meeting of the Deutsche Ornithologische Gesellschaft, made reference to “Cercomela melanura erlangeri Neum. Zedl. von S.-Arabien, dunkler als typische melanura vom Sinai …”. This is sufficient to name the taxon, although no type was designated, and should be attributed to Neumann and Zedlitz, not Heinroth (ICZN, 1999: Art. 50.2). Later, Zedlitz (1912: 556), in an article on his Sinai collection, referred again to this taxon as having already been named and designated the type (= lectotype): “Tring Mus. ♂ Khareba, S.-Arabien 12.X. Bury leg.” Because the second half of the Neumann and Zedlitz article (containing what was intended as the original description of Cercomela melanura erlangeri) was held over for publication in the next volume of Journal für Ornithologie, it did not appear until April 1913 (p. 364). Data there presented for the type is the same as that presented by Zedlitz (1912: 556) except that 1905 is added as the year of collection. This date does not appear on any of the labels. Still later, Hartert (1920: 471) added Bury's number from his field label.

Neumann and Zedlitz (1913: 365) listed 12 examples of erlangeri examined, five of which (including the lectotype) were in the Rothschild Collection, all from near Aden and collected in August, October, and November. Four specimens from the Rothschild Collection, including the lectotype, have “erlangeri Neum. Zedl.” written on the label in a hand that appears to be that of Neumann and would seem to be four of the five examined by Neumann and Zedlitz. The three paralectotypes are: AMNH 582842, female collected by Bury at El Kubar on 23 Oct.; AMNH 582846, male collected 25′ [sic] west of Aden on 14 November 1907 by an unknown collector; and AMNH 582847, male collected at La Hej, Jebel Manif by Dodson on 13 August 1899.

Ripley (1952: 31) provided C. m. neumanni as a new name for C. m. erlangeri, preoccupied by Pinarochroa sordida erlangeri Reichenow, 1905, a synonym of Cercomela s. sordida (Rüppell, 1837).

Using his Arab name, Abdullah Mansûr (1911), Bury published a popular account of his travels in southern Arabia. “Khureba” Pass is shown on the map therein. Judging by the position on this map, this is probably “Al Khuraybah” at 13°42′N, 44°47′E (USBGN, 1976).

Holotype:

AMNH 582865, adult male, collected in the Baguezane Mountains (= Mt. Baguezan), 5200 ft, Azbine area, Niger, on 14 May 1920, by Angus Buchanan (no. 594). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert gave Buchanan's unique field number of the holotype in the original description. The eight paratypes listed by Hartert are: AMNH 582866–582873.

Giraudoux et al. (1988: 138) call these mountains the Bagzans Mts., with coordinates 17°45′N, 08°45′E.

Holotype:

AMNH 582881, adult male, collected on the Kobua River, 03°30′N, 35°45′E (Britton, 1980: 241), Turkana country, west of Lake Rudolph, Kenya, in February 1918. From the Victor G.L. van Someren Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The original description was based on a single specimen deposited in the Rothschild Collection (Hartert, 1928: 215). The above specimen is the only specimen of this taxon, collected prior to the published description (March), that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Specimens mentioned by Hartert (1928: 215), collected on Mt. Kenya and on the Uaso-Nyiro, were collected in November and December 1920.

Holotype:

AMNH 582473, adult male, collected at Abuye (= Abuje), 09°44′N, 37°46′E (USBGN, 1982a: 11), Gindeberat, Shoa, Ethiopia, on 29 September 1900, by Oscar Neumann (no. 110). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann designated as type a male from Abuje collected on 29 September 1900, giving measurements for more than one specimen. In his more complete article, Neumann (1906b: 291–293) listed specimens of each subspecies of Pinarochroa sordida that he had examined. Of P. s. schoana, he had only one specimen collected by himself at Abuje, seven collected by von Erlanger at Addis-Ababa (not found in ZMB, F. Steinheimer, personal commun.), and three collected by Ragazzi at Ankober (in MRSN). Therefore, the above specimen is the holotype (and is marked “Typus” in Neumann's hand), and the 10 additional ones are paratypes. In a number of cases, Neumann's (1906b: 290) later paper is listed as the original description (as in Hartert, 1920: 471), for the taxon is mistakenly listed there as new.

The type locality is shown on Neumann's map in the Geographical Journal, 1902, as ca. 09°55′N, 37°45′E, spelled there as Abuye.

Holotype:

AMNH 582488, adult male, collected at Abera, 06°27′N, 38°28′E (R. Dowsett, personal commun.), Ethiopia, on 19 December 1900, by Oscar Neumann (no. 443). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann (1905: 79) listed the type as a male, collected at Abera on 19 November 1900, giving measurements for more than one specimen. In a later paper, Neumann (1906b: 291–293) listed his three specimens, only one having been collected on 19 November, thus confirming the above specimen as the holotype (it is marked “typus” in Neumann's hand). Another of his three specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 582489, a male collected at Abera on 16 December 1900, Neumann no. 425, is a paratype. The third Neumann specimen (whereabouts unknown) and the four von Erlanger specimens listed by Neumann (1906b: 292, not in ZMB, F. Steinheimer, personal commun.) are also paratypes.

For this subspecies, as for the previous one, Neumann's (1906b: 291) later paper is sometimes cited as the original description.

Neumann (1902) gave a map of his travels in 1900–1901.

Lectotype:

AMNH 581982, adult male, collected at Mbarara (= Rugánda, R. Dowsett, personal commun.), 00°36′S, 30°40′E (Times Atlas), Ankole, Uganda, on 15 July 1889, by Emin Pasha (no. 263). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartlaub did not designate a type, but listed four specimens comprising the type series. Hartert (1920: 472) designated Hartlaub's specimen no. 1 the lectotype by citing Emin's field no. 263. Paralectotypes are AMNH 581983–581985.

According to David and Gosselin (2002b: 263, 280), the genus Saxicola is masculine. Sibley and Monroe (1990: 539) treated Saxicola in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 683) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapinae. Molecular studies of Saxicola torquatus are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Duncan (1937: 74) gave April 1885 as the date of publication of part 4 of the 1884 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, which includes p. 556 on which axillaris was described.

Holotype:

AMNH 581863, adult male, collected in the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania, on 8 May 1921, by Arthur Loveridge (no. 16). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Loveridge's unique field number of the type was given in the original description. Paratypes in AMNH are: AMNH 581864, adult female collected on the same date as the holotype, and AMNH 581865– 581868, unsexed specimens collected at Manow in 1906 by an unknown collector.

According to David and Gosselin (2002b: 263, 280), the genus Saxicola is masculine. Molecular studies of Saxicola torquatus are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Holotype:

AMNH 582440, adult male, collected at Mary (= Merv or Merw), 37°42′N, 61°54′E (Times Atlas), Turkmeniya, on 22 July 1889 (Russian calendar, corrected to 4 August 1889 on the Rothschild label), by Nikolai A. Zarudny (nos. 5 and 338). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description the type was said the be a male from Merw in the Rothschild Museum, collected on 4 August 1889. The above specimen is the only one that came to AMNH with the correct date, and it bears a Rothschild type label. Hartert (1920: 471) cited Zarudny's number 338. Paratypes are AMNH 582436–582439 and AMNH 582441–582446.

According to David and Gosselin (2002b: 263, 280), the genus Saxicola is masculine and caprata is invariable and not declined; rossorum retains the genitive ending of a Latinized name of a group of people (ICZN, 1999: Art. 31 and p. 103). Molecular studies of Saxicola caprata are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Holotype:

AMNH 459839, adult female, collected at Bondo, 09°04′N, 123°02′E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 416), near Siaton, Negros I., Philippines, on 30 January 1954, by Dioscoro S. Rabor (no. 5931).

Comments:

The AMNH number and Rabor's field number of the type were cited in the original description. Parkes examined 20 specimens of randi from Negros, Bohol, and Siquijor. Only one of the paratypes is at AMNH, and it is marked randi by Parkes: AMNH 459838, adult male, collected at Bondo on 31 January 1954 by Rabor. AMNH 782151, a female from Inalad, near Siaton, was collected on 20 September 1959 by Rabor and was not seen by Parkes.

Molecular studies of Saxicola caprata are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Holotype:

AMNH 582447, adult female, collected at Indrulaman, Sulawesi I., Indonesia, on 3 October 1895, by Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Stresemann gave the above unique data for the type and measurements of nine males and five females from Sulawesi (including the type) and one male and one female from Saleyer (= Salayar) I., belonging to his new subspecies. He also included Buton (= Butung) I. in the range without giving measurements. The following paratypes came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: seven males and two females from Sulawesi, AMNH 582448, 582452–582459; one male and one female from Saleyer, AMNH 582449 and 582450; and one female from Buton, AMNH 582451. These were all collected prior to 1902 by Everett, Heinrich Kühn, and William Doherty, from all of whom Rothschild bought specimens shortly after they were collected.

Indrulaman is shown on the map in Stresemann (1940) as location 70, at ca. 05°30′S, 120°05′E.

Molecular studies of Saxicola caprata are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Holotype:

AMNH 582409, adult female, collected at Tepa, 07°52′S, 129°35′E (Times Atlas), Babar Island, Indonesia, on 29August 1905, by Heinrich Kühn (no. 6800). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Paratypes are: AMNH 582407 and 582408.

Molecular studies of S. caprata are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Holotype:

AMNH 305651, adult male, collected on the Balim River, 1600 m, Jayawijaya Mountains (= eastern Snow Mountains), Papua Prov., Indonesia, on 14 December 1938, by Richard Archbold, Austin L. Rand, and William B. Richardson. From the 1938–1939 (Third) Archbold Expedition (no. 8690).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Measurements were given for five males and five females from the Balim River area and for seven males and six females from southeastern New Guinea. Five males, in addition to the type, and five females from the Balim River and Ibele (= Bele) River (a tributary of the Balim) were cataloged in AMNH and are paratypes: AMNH 340296–340305; of these, AMNH 340300 was exchanged to FMNH in the early 1960s and AMNH 340304 was sent to MZB in 1957. Eight males and eight females in AMNH from southeastern New Guinea would have been available to Rand, although some of them may not have been measured. They also are paratypes of belensis: AMNH 419987– 419994 and 582465–582472; of these, AMNH 419987 was exchanged to FMNH, and AMNH 419990 later became the type of Saxicola caprata wahgiensis, see below.

Molecular studies of S. caprata are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

According to the map in Archbold et al. (1942: opposite p. 199), the junction of the Bele River with the Balim River is ca. 03°55′S, 138°55′E.

Holotype:

AMNH 419990, adult female, collected at Mafula (= Mafulu), 1250 m, Central Prov., Papua New Guinea, on 29 September 1933, by Richard Archbold and Austin L. Rand. From the 1933–1934 (First) Archbold Expedition (no. 1468).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description; this specimen is also a paratype of S. c. belensis, see above. Paratypes of S. c. wahgiensis from the Wahgi region, collected in 1950, are AMNH 705048–705054, three males, one female, and two juveniles. Of these, AMNH 705048 was sent to the Australian Museum in 1953, AMNH 705049 was not found, and AMNH 705050 was exchanged to the FMNH in the early 1960s. The mountains of southeastern New Guinea were also included in the range although no measurements were given, and the eight males and eight females listed above as paratypes of belensis would be the holotype and paratypes of wahgiensis.

See Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b) for molecular studies of Saxicola caprata. Mafulu is shown on the map in Archbold and Rand (1935: opposite p. 527) and on modern maps as Mafula at ca. 08°31′S, 147°01′E.

Holotype:

AMNH 582536, adult male, collected at Lianjiang (= Lien-Kiang), 26°14′N, 119°33′E (Times Atlas), Fujian, China, on 18 January 1887, collector unknown (no. 1445). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Only two specimens labeled “Foochow” came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. The above specimen is the only male and the only one collected on 18 January 1887; it bears the Rothschild type label. In the original description, Hartert gave the range of haringtoni as including Moupin and other parts of Sichuan to Fujian in southeastern China, as well as Myanmar and the mountainous land south of the Brahmaputra River. Using these localities as a guide, I consider the following specimens from the Rothschild Collection, collected before 1910, to be paratypes: AMNH 582537, 1887–1888, “Swatow” (= Shan-t'ou), Guangdong; AMNH 582538, 1886, “Foochow” (= Fujian); AMNH 582539, 1869, Moupin; AMNH 582591–582595, 1900– 1908, Myanmar, three of them collected by Herbert H. Harington; and AMNH 582602, 1905, Margherita, Upper Assam, India.

Vaurie (1959: 340) and Cheng (1987: 613) recognized haringtoni. Michael Walters (personal commun.) has found that “the eggs of haringtoni are very distinctly different from those of the nominate, so I would agree with Vaurie that the race is worthy of recognition.” According to David and Gosselin (2002b: 263, 280), the genus Saxicola is masculine.

Holotype:

AMNH 582644, adult male, collected at Takukut (= Takoukout), 1550 feet, 15°07′N, 08°30′E (Giraudoux et al., 1988: 138), Damergu, Niger, on 13 March 1920, by Capt. Angus Buchanan (no. 441). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The unique collector's number was given in the original description. Eleven specimens of this form, collected by Buchanan, were listed by Hartert (1921: 115). The 10 paratypes are: AMNH 582637–582643 and 583645–582647.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 543) treated Myrmecocichla in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 687) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 581512, adult male, collected at Uba, west slope of the Senti Valley, Ethiopia, on 27 January 1901, by Oscar Neumann (no. 678). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann designated a male type, listed both male and female, and gave two wing measurements, but no field number. Later, he (Neumann, 1906b: 289) listed two specimens and included his field numbers of the male (marked “Typus” by Neumann) and the second specimen, which he listed as ♀?. This specimen, which Neumann (1906b: 289) did not dissect himself, was sexed as a male on the field label, but he considered it to be a female rather than an immature male. Hartert (1920: 472) thought it to be a young male changing into adult plumage, and he added a note to that effect on the label and in Hartert (1920: 472). It is the paratype, AMNH 581512, Neumann no. 679.

The description of this subspecies is sometimes cited as Neumann (1906b: 289), published in April; however, the description first appeared in Neumann (1906a: 8), published in January.

The USBGN (1982a: 557, 657) listed Zag_ Shet' (= Senti) at 06°39′N, 37°12′E; of two Ubas listed, the closest is at 06°18′N, 37°00′E (USBGN, 1982a: 617).

Lectotype:

AMNH 581535, adult male, collected at Babira, 02°32′N, 31°27′E (Chapin, 1954: 643), Uganda, on 16 November 1882, by Emin Bey (= Emin Pasha) (no. 301). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartlaub, in his original description of this taxon, questioned its validity. Nevertheless, he gave a complete description based on three specimens (an adult male and two immature males), but he did not designate a type. Hartert (1920: 472), citing Emin's unique field number, designated the above specimen the lectotype. The measurements given by Hartlaub in the description match the actual measurements of the above specimen, but not the measurements given by Emin on the field label. Those were probably made on the bird before skinning.

Three Emin specimens that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection are marked baucis in what is apparently Hart laub's hand. Hartlaub's second specimen, paralectotype AMNH 581537, is an immature male from Rimo collected on 10 October 1882. The collecting date was incorrectly copied onto the Rothschild label as 10 November, but reference to the original field label shows that 10 October is correct.

The third specimen, now AMNH 581536, an immature male from Babira, was collected on 16 November 1882. This date does not agree with the date of 10 November given by Hartlaub in the description. It does, however, have the white in the wing patches more heavily marked with black and more flecks of white in the forehead than the other immmature, as noted by Hartlaub. The difference in the date might have been a misprint, but because Emin's collection is now scattered, one cannot be sure that this was Hartlaub's third specimen.

Hartert (1920: 472) noted that the lectotype is “evidently a bird of the year”. This refers to Hartlaub's (1887: 318) statement that the wings in baucis are browner than those of clericalis and that specimens of clericalis collected on the same dates and at the same place have the wings pure black. All three of these birds retain the browner wings of the immature plumage, but the lectotype has no traces remaining of the black markings in the wing patches.

Hartert's (1920: 472) citation of the year of publication of this name as 1884 is a misprint.

Holotype:

AMNH 465990, adult female, collected at Kargasi Pass, Afghanistan, on 8 August 1937, by Walter Koelz.

Comments:

The above holotype was the only female collected at Kargasi Pass on 8 August and is marked “type” by Koelz. He listed 10 paratypes, five of them from the type locality. However, in addition to the holotype, only four specimens from Kargasi Pass were cataloged. The nine paratypes at AMNH are: AMNH 465981–465983, 465986–465989, 465995, and 465991.

Sibley and Monroe (1990: 541) treated Oenanthe in the tribe Saxicolini, subfamily Muscicapinae; Dickinson (2003: 684) placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

While Koelz's label has only “Kargasi Pass”, the Koelz itinerary places Koelz at Jurm, 36°50′N, 70°52′E (Times Atlas), Kargasi Pass, on 8 August 1937. Molecular studies of Oenanthe isabellina are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Syntypes:

AMNH 583149, adult female, and AMNH 583150, adult male, collected on Nidha Plain, 5000 ft, Idhi Óros (= Mt. Ida), 35°18′N, 24°43′E (USBGN, 1955d: 116), Crete, Greece, on 27 June 1920, by Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above two specimens, a breeding pair, said to be in the Rothschild Collection, were designated syntypes by Meinertzhagen in the original description. Hartert did not list these syntypes in any of his Rothschild Collection type lists, but both bear Rothschild type labels. Nidha Plain is the locality on the field labels and Mt. Ida is the locality given in the description.

Ripley (1964: 125) recognized O. o. virago. Vaurie (1959: 342) and Cramp (1988: 770) synonymized virago with O. o. oenanthe. Molecular studies of O. oenanthe are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Lectotype:

AMNH 583232, unsexed [adult male plumage], collected at 5500 ft, on Kef Mahmel, Aurès Massif, Algeria, on 2 May 1882, by Henry J. Elwes and Charles Dixon. From the Henry J. Elwes Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Dixon (1882: 563–564) noted “On the road from Oued Taga, when we were making the ascent of Djebel Mahmel, and about midway between those two places, we secured specimens of this novel and interesting Chat … As is usual in such cases, we failed to note the value of our prize, and only shot two males.” He did not designate a type. Hartert (1920: 471) noted that the above Rothschild specimen is marked “type” in what he believed to be Dixon's hand and listed it as the type (= lectotype); he also noted that a “Cotype” (= paralectotype) was in BMNH. The BMNH specimen was listed by Warren and Harrison (1971: 499) as a syntype: BMNH Reg. no. 1898.9.1.2570, date of collection “5 Feb. 1882, on label, but more likely May …”. However, Dixon (1882: 553) noted that the trip between Oued Taga and Djebel Mahmel was completed in a single day and that their entire trip lasted from 28 April (Dixon, 1882: 551) to 14 May (Dixon, 1882: 557). Therefore, the date of collection of both specimens must be 2 May 1882, and the BMNH specimen is the paralectotype.

Keith et al. (1992: 510) consider O. o. seebohmi an “incipient species”. Molecular studies of O. oenanthe are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Kef Mahmel (7615 ft) is the second-highest peak of the Aurès Massif and is 15 mi south–southeast of Batna, 35°34′N, 06°10′E (Seltzer, 1962: 925).

Lectotype:

AMNH 455111, adult male, collected at Aswân (= Assuan, as on label), 24°05′N, 32°56′E (Times Atlas), Egypt, in March 1850, by Oskar Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1918a: 34) listed this specimen as the type of V. paradoxa, thus designating it the lectotype. It has an original yellow field label with data in Oskar Brehm's hand. It is labeled paradoxa in C.L. Brehm's hand. In the original description, Brehm gave localities of Egypt and southern Europe, but Hartert (1918a: 34) thought that southern Europe was frequently included in the range of species only to justify their inclusion in Brehm's (1855) book on European birds and that in this case he had seen only Egyptian specimens. Four additional Brehm specimens from Egypt and Nubia that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection are paralectotypes, all labeled paradoxa in Brehm's hand: two females from Thebes (= Theben, as on label), AMNH 455112, 10 March 1852, and AMNH 455113, date not recorded; and two males from Nubia, southern Egypt (= Nubien, as on label), AMNH 455114, 30 March 1850, and AMNH 455115, 4 April 1850.

AMNH 455111 and 455113 are labeled paradoxa minor and AMNH 455112, 455114, and 455115 are labeled paradoxa major by Brehm. Hartert (1910a: 683) considered these names, as used by A.E. Brehm, to be nomina nuda.

Lectotype:

AMNH 455146, adult male, collected in Nubia (= Nubien, on label), southern Egypt, on 30 March 1850. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Brehm said that V. leucopyga was from the same locality as V. monacha, which is that given above, and that the name was based on the manuscript name, Lucotoa leucopyga, of Paul de Wrttbg (= Württemberg). Hartert (1910a: 699) noted that he was only able to be sure of this name by studying the type and referring to A.E. Brehm (1858: 66), who there gave the name as Lutucoa leucopygaia and credits Paul de Württemberg with the description. Three additional specimens labeled leucopyga by Brehm are paralectotypes: AMNH 455144 and 455145, collected at Abu-Hammed in the Sudan in 1849, and AMNH 455147, collected in the Sudan, but without a date.

A pencilled note on the Rothschild label in hand unknown reads: “Erlegungsort nicht weit nordlich von Korosko”. This is perhaps the basis for Vaurie's (1959: 353) statement that the type was collected near Kurusku (= Korosko), 22°35′N, 32°23′E (Times Atlas), Egypt, thus restricting the type locality. I traced this to A.E. Brehm's account of his travels in Sudan, 1847–1852; on 31 March 1850 he was in Korosko (see Arndt, 1975: 259).

Syntypes:

AMNH 455148 and 455149, adult male and female tied together, collected at Aswân (= Assuan), 24°05′N, 32°56′E (Times Atlas), Egypt, on 21 February 1852, by A.E. Brehm. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

A.E. Brehm based his description on a male and a female collected together on 21 February 1852 at Assuan. Hartert (1918a: 34) listed these two specimens as types (= syntypes). They are labeled leucocephala in C.L. Brehm's hand.

Holotype:

AMNH 583471, adult male, collected at Gara Klima, near Ouargla, 32°00′N, 05°16′E (Times Atlas), Algeria, on 10 March 1912, by Ernst Hartert and Carl Hilgert (no. 206). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The unique field number of the holotype was given in the original description. Hartert (1913: 6) described Gara Klima as a flat-topped mountain some 12 km from Ouargla, with Gara meaning flat-topped hills or mountains that are the remains of higher plateaus (Hartert, 1913: 1). Hartert (1920: 470) spelled this locality “Jara Krima”.

The type series of this form, including the holotype, comprised 13 adult males and 7 adult females listed by Hartert, as well as 2 immatures that were collected by Hartert and Hilgert on the same trip. Immatures were routinely omitted by Hartert when listing specimens. There are now 18 paratypes in AMNH, including the two immatures: AMNH 583465–583470 and 583472– 583483.

Ripley (1964: 130) synonymized aegra with O. l. leucopyga.

Lectotype:

AMNH 583344, adult male, collected at Ultrario, Rio de Oro, ca. 24°00′N, 14°00′W, Western Sahara (= Spanish Sahara), on 4 July 1902, by Fritz Wilhelm Riggenbach (no. 21). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The description of riggenbachi was based on four specimens collected by Riggenbach with no type indicated. Hartert (1920: 471) designated as lectotype Riggenbach's specimen no. 21 collected on 4 July 1902. The three paralectotypes are AMNH 583345–583347, collected at Boste, Rio de Oro.

Holotype:

AMNH 583331, adult male, collected near Al Jid, Iraq, on 30 October 1922 by Col. Richard Meinertzhagen. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Meinertzhagen said that the type was in the Rothschild Collection, with data as above. AMNH 583331 is the only Meinertzhagen specimen of this form that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection, although his type series comprised five males and two females. It bears the Rothschild type label and is labeled “type” in Meinertzhagen's hand.

Meinertzhagen (1924: 616) noted that his type locality was within political Iraq. The wells of Al Jid are shown at ca. 32°40′N, 39°35′E in the Times Atlas.

Holotype:

AMNH 412287, adult male, collected in the Sianaka forest, eastern Madagascar, in May 1929, on the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine à Madagascar.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. It is difficult to determine paratypes, as Farkas (1973: 147) did not list his specimens individually. However, he visited AMNH and had access to the specimens. He considered Monticola sharpei (G.R. Gray) a full species and synonymized M. imerina interioris Salomonsen with it, both being representatives of the large highland population. This left the the small lowland birds without a name, for which Farkas provided M. sharpei salomonseni. He referred to Salomonsen (1934) for wing measurements of salomonseni (which Salomonsen called “sharpei”). Salomonsen (1934: 207, 212) listed specimen localities for “sharpei” and noted that the specimens on which he based his paper were in BMNH and MHNP and were collected on the 1929–1931 Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine; these specimens are paratypes of M. s. salomonseni Farkas. The remaining third of the specimens from that expedition are in AMNH and I found eight from the listed localities, with five additional ones from the type locality that had come to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. All of these would have been available to Farkas and are paratypes of salomonseni: AMNH 412285, 412286, 412288, and 580868–580872, all from Sianaka forest; AMNH 412276 and 412277, from Fanovana; and AMNH 412289–412291, from near Andapa. There may be others that Farkas considered specimens of salomonseni.

The holotype and paratypes AMNH 412285, 412286, and 412288 appear to have been acquired from Herschell-Chauvin during the 1929–1931 Mission Zoologique (Rand, 1936: 156), as they were cataloged with that collection but have only a rough paper label with minimal data. Rand said that most of Herschell-Chauvin's material dated near the time of the expedition's visit came from the Sianaka Forest in the vicinity of Fito and Didy. Carleton and Schmidt (1990: 9) discussed this locality and gave the coordinates as ca. 18°05′S, 48°30′E.

The various generic and specific treatments of these Madagascar rock-thrushes are summarized and the results of their molecular studies given by Goodman and Weigt (2002). Dickinson (2003: 688) recognized the genus Pseudocossyphus for sharpei and placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 580865, adult male, collected at Ankarefo, Antinosy Cy., Madagascar, by Joseph Thomas Last. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Farkas cited the AMNH numbers of the holotype and the paratype, AMNH 580866, an adult female collected by Last at the same locality. Only these two specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection.

The collector's name as written on the Rothschild label appears to be “Zaast” and was so published by Farkas. In a fascinating piece of ornithological detective work, Collar and Tattersall (1987) and Collar (1999) have uncovered details of Last's travels and the collecting date and locality coordinates of the two specimens listed above. They showed that Ankarefo (modern spelling) was at about 23°21′S, 44°48′E and that the type material was collected in either 1891 or 1892. They also listed a bibliography of five articles written by Last about his travels and collections in Madagascar. Rothschild apparently bought specimens, either from Last directly or through a dealer. The name on the Rothschild label must have been misinterpreted from a list accompanying the specimens.

See Goodman and Weigt (2002) for the results of their molecular studies and a summary of previous taxonomic treatments. Dickinson (2003: 688) treated bensoni as a subspecies of Pseudocossyphus sharpei and placed it in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 577456, adult male, collected at Wasil, 4000 ft, Yemen, on 4 March 1913, by G. Wyman Bury (no. 475). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Bury's field number of the type was given in the original description. Hartert had six males, including the type, and one female of sclateri. Of the six paratypes, four males and one female came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 577457–577461.

Dickinson (2003: 688) treated Monticola in the subfamily Saxicolinae, family Muscicapidae.

Bury (in Sclater, 1917: 136) described Wasil as a “half-ruined caravanserai … perched on a spur of the main heights at 4200 feet”, between Hajeilah and Menakha (= Manākhah), at ca. 15°01′N, 43°41′E (R. Dowsett, personal commun.). It is shown on the map in Sclater (1917: opposite p. 131).

Lectotype:

AMNH 457632, adult male, captured with a female near Trieste, 45°39′N, 13°47′E (Times Atlas), Italy, died in captivity 20 June 1826. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Brehm did not say how many specimens he had. but the above specimen was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918a: 34). It is one of two specimens now in AMNH labeled gourcyi by Brehm and collected before the description was published. The second specimen is paralectotype AMNH 457633, a male collected at Triest on 4 October 1826.

According to Hartert (1918a: 34), this lectotype had been in the possession of Count Gourcy-Droitaumont when it died.

?Lectotype:

AMNH 457630, adult male, died 11 November 1824, in Vienna. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Otto Kleinschmidt had gone to Renthendorf in 1896 to examine the Brehm Collection before its purchase by Rothschild (Hartert, 1901b: 39). At that time he had found the Brehm label bearing the name Petrocossyphus polyglottus in Brehm's hand loose in the collection and had matched it with the above specimen. A note to this effect, signed by Kleinschmidt and dated August 1896, is attached to the skin. Hartert (1918a: 33) thought that this was correctly done, that the specimen matched Brehm's description, and that it had probably been a cage bird in the possession of Count Gourcy-Droitaumont like the previous form. The bird is sexed on the label as an adult winter male and is in first winter plumage with many feathers showing pale buff tips with darker subterminal spots or bars, the head is blue, and there is a small amount of white on the back. It had been mounted and had possessed glass eyes, now missing. It is the only Brehm specimen labeled polyglottus, now in AMNH, that was collected early enough to have been Brehm's type. Nevertheless, there remains a question about reattachment of the label.

Molecular data on Monticola saxatilis are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Holotype:

AMNH 577118, unsexed [male plumage], collected at Serakhs (= Sirax), 36°34′N, 61°14′E (Times Atlas), Turkmenia, on 21 March 1905, by an unknown collector. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The holotype, bearing the Rothschild type label, was identified in the original description by the number 19111, which is on the Rothschild Collection label but not on the original label. As Rothschild specimens were not routinely numbered, this appears to have been derived from the date as given on the original label: The “19” and “05” of the year were separated by the day and month written as a fraction. This resulted in the “19” of the year being juxtaposed to the “III” for March. Hartert (1920: 475) noted that this date was probably based on the Russian calendar and that the specimen had been bought from Schlüter.

Hartert did not say how many specimens he examined. There are three paratypes from the Rothschild Collection apparently collected by the same person (the date is written in the same distinctive way as that of the type, and they were collected within a few days of each other, but the Rothschild label does not bear a number derived from this): AMNH 577119, 27 March 1905, Sirax; AMNH 577120, 4 March 1905, and AMNH 577121, 14 March 1905, Feruse nr. Aschabad.

Syntypes:

AMNH 590302, adult male, collected in the “Ceylon Hills” at 4000 ft, in February 1866, by Samuel Bligh; and AMNH 590303, juvenile female, collected at Nuwara Eliya, 06°58′N, 80°46′E (Times Atlas), Sri Lanka, on 27 June 1870, by E. Holdsworth. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Holdsworth based his description on two specimens but did not designate a type. One was the above juvenile female, collected by Holdsworth at Nuwara Eliya on 27 June 1870 (not July 1870). The second specimen was one previously collected in “the hills” by Samuel Bligh, for whom the taxon was named. Bligh had sent this specimen to “Mr. Master of Norwich”, but Holds worth had seen this specimen and apparently added it to his collection. Both of these specimens have Holdsworth Collection labels and are marked “type”, apparently in Holdsworth's hand. There is no record of when the specimens came to Rothschild, but they were not listed by Hartert in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection and had not previously been included in the AMNH type collection. Both were illustrated in the original description, plate XIX.

Contra Ripley (1964: 140), Legge (1878– 1880: 464) did not “correct” the type locality to Lemastota oya, 4200 ft, Haputale District. Legge pinpointed Bligh's collecting locality as “at an altitude of about 4200 feet, in forest on the banks of the Lemastota oya, which descends through the magnificent gorge below the Pite-Ratmalie Estate, Haputale, to the town of Lemas”. Legge also gave the collecting locality of Holdsworth's specimen, as well as his own specimens, collected later. The Lemastota oya is at 06°43′N, 80°59′E (USBGN, 1960) and Haputale is at 06°46′N, 80°59′E (Times Atlas). The correct spelling of the genus is Myophonus (Deignan, 1965: 3–4; Dickinson, 2001: 29).

Holotype:

AMNH 590347, unsexed immature, collected at Tegora, Sarawak, Malaysia, undated. From the Henry H. Slater Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The original description was based on a single “juvenile” specimen; the Slater label is marked “Type”.

The Slater Collection label bears the name “H.H. Everett” in the lower right corner. This has been marked out and then “ok” added above in the same ink as the rest of the label. The specimen was collected by Harold H. Everett (brother of Alfred H. Everett, see Sharpe, 1906: 349), probably purchased by W.A. Harvey, from whom Slater received it. There is no original label present. That it was collected by Harold Everett is confirmed by A.H. Everett (1889: 98), who gave the collecting locality as Tagora. This is spelled Tegora by Smythies (1957: 715) and was said to be 8 mi south of Bau (01°25′N, 110°10′E, Times Atlas). The “Bungal Hills” mentioned in the original description seem never to have been exactly placed, but it is perhaps the “Buntal” mentioned by A.H. Everett (1889: 93) as being within 15 miles of Kuching (01°32′N, 110°20′E, Times Atlas).

Most recent authors (e.g., Deignan, 1965: 3–4, Clement, 2000: 212, and Dickinson, 2003: 659) have considered borneensis a subspecies of Myophonus glaucinus. See Collar (2004a: 81–84) for reasons to consider it a full species.

Holotype:

AMNH 292716, adult female, collected at 2800 m in the Latimojong Mountains, 03°30′S, 120°05′E (USBGN, 1982b), Sulawesi I., Indonesia, on 6 July 1930, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 797). From the Heinrich Expedition 1930.

Comments:

Stresemann cited Heinrich's field number of the holotype in the original description but did not say how many specimens he examined. Later, Stresemann (1940: 115) listed 17 specimens. There are seven paratypes in AMNH: AMNH 292712– 292715 and 292717–292719. Stresemann (1931a: 10) also described the genus Geomalia here. Collar (2004b: 18) discussed the relationships of Geomalia. For comments on the deposition of specimens from this expedition, see Heinrichia calligyna.

The Latimojong Mountains are northeast of Enrekang, 03°33′S, 119°46′E (Times Atlas). Heinrich (1932) described this expedition in his book, Der Vogel Schnarch.

White and Bruce (1986: 327) and Dickinson (2003: 660) did not recognize subspecies in this species.

Holotype:

AMNH 292723, adult male, collected at Ile-Ile, 1700 m, Matinan (= Matinang) Mountains, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, on 17 November 1930, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 2837). From the Heinrich Expedition 1930.

Comments:

Stresemann cited Heinrich's field number of the holotype in the original description but did not say how many specimens were collected. Later, Stresemann (1940: 115) listed 19 specimens. There are six paratypes in AMNH: AMNH 292720– 292722, and 292724–292726. For comments on the deposition of specimens from this expedition, see Heinrichia calligyna.

White and Bruce (1986: 327) and Dickinson (2003: 660) did not recognize subspecies in this species. Collar (2004b: 18) discussed the relationships of Geomalia. Matinan is at 01°04′N, 121°40′E (USBGN, 1982b).

Holotype:

AMNH 576271, adult male, collected on Mt. Mada, 3000 ft, ca. 03°15′S, 126°10′E, Buru I., Indonesia, in August 1898, by J.M. Dumas. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1900a: 239) noted that only one specimen was collected; the holotype is illustrated on plate 4, figure 3, in the original description. Most recent authors (e.g., White and Bruce, 1986: 332, Clement, 2000: 221–222, and Dickinson, 2003: 660) have considered the species Zoothera dumasi to comprise two subspecies, dumasi and joiceyi; but see Collar (2004a: 71–75) for reasons to consider them separate species.

Alfred Everett, who was already suffering from his fatal illness, sent his assistant, J.M. Dumas, to collect on Buru. Mt. Mada is called Kapala Madang on some maps.

This name was published on 27 February 1899, not 1898. It was in the report of the meeting held on 15 February 1899, correctly given, but the date of publication is a misprint.

Holotype:

AMNH 576277, unsexed adult, collected on Seram I. (= Ceram I.), 03°00′S, 129°00′E (USBGN, 1982b), Indonesia, by the Pratt brothers. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The description was based on a single specimen, still the only one in collections (Collar, 2004a: 71), although the species was seen twice by Stresemann during his expedition to Seram (Rothschild and Hartert, 1921: 74).

The Pratt brothers collected insects for J.J. Joicey on New Guinea and many islands in Indonesia. Information gleaned from publications on these collections in The Bulletin of the Hill Museum places the Pratt brothers in central Seram at or near Manusela, 3000– 6000 ft (ca. 03°12′S, 129°36′E), October 1919–February 1920. The actual collecting locality of the specimen had not previously been known, as the original label is only a small piece of lined paper bearing the word “Ceram” (LeCroy, 2003a; Collar, 2004a: 71–75).

Bowler and Taylor (1989: 23–24) reported seeing three individuals at 1280 m in Manusela National Park, probably quite near the type locality. They pointed out that the birds they saw differed in plumage from that given in White and Bruce (1986: 332). In fact, neither the original description nor that in White and Bruce corresponds very well with the actual type specimen. Bowler and Taylor's description fits the actual specimen much more closely: “The upperparts from the crown and nape through to rump and tail were concolorous warm olive-brown. The same colour on the lesser and median wing coverts contrasted with the black greater wing coverts, secondaries and primaries. A large white spot was very prominent on the alula. The face, forehead, ear coverts and sides of the neck, through to the chin, throat, foreneck and breast were black. By contrast the belly was white but irregularly and broadly barred black, the bars thicker on the flanks, thinning out and disappearing mid-ventrally. The undertail coverts were noticeably pure with no trace of black.” White and Bruce said that the undertail coverts were black; however, in the original description, Rothschild and Hartert noted that the undertail coverts were black at the base with broad white tips. The effect in the skin is to see only white undertail coverts. Also apparent on the skin, but not mentioned by any of the above, are the indistinct narrow bars of alternating black and warm brown on the feathers of the back, wing coverts, and tail. This is very obscure and would probably not be noticeable in the field (see also LeCroy, 2003a). Clement (2000: 222) also reported a 1996 sighting of seven individuals in northeastern Seram.

Collar (2004a: 71–75) discussed the status of this form and gave reasons for according it full species status. Most recent authors have considered joiceyi a subspecies of Zoothera dumasi (Hartert, 1928: 217, Coates et al., 1997: 424, Clement, 2000: 221–222, and Dickinson, 2003: 660).

The Pratt brothers were Felix, Charles, and either James (Talbot, 1920: 398) or Joseph (Thomas, 1920: 422), depending on whose account one reads.

Lectotype:

AMNH 576282, adult male, collected on Lombok I., 5000 ft, 08°45′S, 116°30′E (USBGN, 1982b), Indonesia, in June 1896, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert did not indicate how many specimens he examined, but described males, females, and young and indicated that Lombok was the type locality. Hartert (1920: 476) later listed as lectotype an adult male collected on Lombok at 5000 ft in June 1896. AMNH 576282, the specimen with the Rothschild type label, is the only specimen in the type series that bears these data. Paralectotypes in AMNH are: (1) those collected on Lombok I. in June 1896: AMNH 576283, immature male, 5000 ft; AMNH 576284, adult male, 3000 ft; AMNH 576285, adult male, 4000 ft; AMNH 576286, immature female, 4000 ft; and (2) those collected at Tambora, 3000 ft, Sumbawa I. in April–May 1896 (Hartert, 1896e: 566): AMNH 576295, female; AMNH 576296, immature female; AMNH 576297, adult female. All were collected by William Doherty; specimens collected by Alfred Everett on Lombok in June and July 1896 were received later and were not part of the type series (Hartert, 1896f: 591).

This species was illustrated on plate 11, figure 3, in the original description (Hartert, 1896d).

Lectotype:

AMNH 576396, adult male, collected at Wulur, 07°09′S, 128°39′E (Times Atlas), Damar Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, on 4 November 1898, by Heinrich Kühn (no. 983). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description the number of specimens examined was not indicated, although both male and female were described; no type was designated. Hartert (1920: 476) designated the above specimen the lectotype by giving Kühn's unique field number. Eight additional specimens in AMNH, collected by Kühn at Wulur in October–December 1898, are paralectotypes: AMNH 576394, 576395, 576397–576402.

Holotype:

AMNH 576384, adult male, collected at Chanda, 19°58′N, 79°21′E (Times Atlas), Maharashtra, India, on 10 April 1867, by Henry J. Elwes. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. Biswas based his description on six males and three females from the Central Provinces, Orissa, and northeastern Madras Province. None of these specimens, other than the holotype, is in the AMNH collections.

David and Gosselin (2002a: 29) noted that usage treats such names as cyanota as latinized adjectives, not as nouns in apposition, and as such must agree in gender with the name of the genus.

Holotype:

AMNH 576450, adult male, collected at Hai-k'ou (= Hoihow), 20°05′N, 110°25′E (Times Atlas), Hainan Island, China, on 13 March 1902, by Zensaku Katsumata for Alan Owston. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert designated as the type a male from Hoihow collected on 13 March 1902. He listed 11 specimens in his type series, only one of which was collected at Hoihow, but the 1903 date given in the list was incorrect. The number “40” or “40B” appears on the field label of each of these specimens and does not represent a unique number for each specimen. Of the 10 paratypes, nine came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 576451–576459. One male from Mt. Wuchi, collected in November 1906, did not come to AMNH.

Syntypes:

AMNH 576118 (Ogawa no. 1406, Owston no. 2), adult male, collected at Naganeyama, on 7 September 1904; AMNH 576122 (1252, 92), adult female, collected at Asatomura, on 27 December 1904; and AMNH 576123 (1411, 7), adult female, collected at Narikawayama, on 15 December 1904. All were collected by M. Osa and T. Osada on Amami-Ōshima, 28°19′N, 129°25′E (Seltzer, 1962: 57), Ryukyu Islands, Japan.

Comments:

Ogawa (1905: 178) did not designate a type but had a type series comprising 10 specimens from various localities on Amami-Ōshima. Hartert did not treat this taxon in any of his lists of types in the Rothschild Collection. Seven Amami-Ōshima specimens came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and are possibly syntypes. Of these, three are definitely syntypes and are the specimens listed above.

As in other cases where Ogawa had examined specimens collected by Owston's collectors (see Merula celaenops yakushimensis for a discussion), the numbers listed by Ogawa in his description had at one time appeared on the Owston Japanese labels, written in red pencil. Three of these numbers are still legible, and all of the published data agree with the original labels. Only “Amami-Ōshima” appears as the locality on the Owston English label, but I am grateful to Merle Okada for translating the place names written in Japanese. The data on the other four specimens also agree with the published data of four specimens, but the red numbers are either illegible or are not present. They are probably also syntypes, but it is not possible to be sure: AMNH 576119 (Owston no. 3), adult male, collected at Yamadayama, on 9 September 1904; AMNH 576120 (5), adult male, collected at Asatomura, on 11 December 1904; AMNH 576121 (4), adult male, collected at Tokuchiyama, on 11 December 1904; and AMNH 576124 (6), adult female, collected at Nakaneyama, on 10 September 1904. All were taken on Amami-Ōshima by the same collectors.

E. Dickinson (personal commun.) has told me that, of the three remaining specimens, Ogawa no. 125, collected 1 January 1905, is now YIO 30642.

Hartert (1910a: 643) included major as a subspecies of Turdus dauma, and in such a combination major is preoccupied by Turdus major Brehm, 1831. Hartert (1921–1922: 2155) provided Turdus dauma amami as a nomen novum. Usually a junior secondary homonym replaced before 1961 is permanently invalid. However, in this case major becomes available when the population is placed in Zoothera because “the substitute name is not in use and the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric” (ICZN, 1999: 62, Art. 59.3).

Holotype:

AMNH 576164, adult male, collected on Mussau (= St. Matthias) Island, 01°25′S, 149°40′E (USBGN, 1943), St. Matthias Islands, New Ireland Prov., Papua New Guinea, on 31 May 1923, by Albert F. Eich horn (no. 8480). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Rothschild and Hartert gave Eichhorn's unique field number of the holotype and measurements for six males and two females (including the type). Those eight specimens and a ninth considered missexed and not measured came to AMNH. The eight paratypes are: AMNH 576165–576172. Hartert (1924a: 273) said that Eichhorn had sent 11 specimens, a discrepancy I am unable to explain.

Coates (1990: 56) treated eichhorni as a subspecies of Zoothera dauma. Schodde and Mason (1999: 640–645) and Clement (2000: 257–258, 266–267) discussed various treatments of the Zoothera dauma complex of species.

Holotype:

AMNH 576163, adult female, collected on Choiseul Island, Solomon Islands, on 13 January 1904, by Albert S. Meek (no. A1148). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The description of choiseuli was based on a single specimen, which had been listed earlier (Rothschild and Hartert, 1905: 265) under Geocichla papuensis as a possible new subspecies. See Schodde and Mason (1999: 640–645) for a discussion of various treatments of the Zoothera dauma complex of species.

Parker (1967: 132) traced Meek's collecting localities on Choiseul using Meek's contemporary correspondence with Rothschild (now in BMNH), and information gleaned later by the AMNH Whitney South Sea Expedition (now in AMNH, Department of Ornithology Archives). On 13–14 January 1904, Meek was collecting in the coastal lowlands west of the Tukutu (sic) River, near Taora. Parker noted that “It was here that one of Meek's boys shot the holotype of Zoothera dauma eichhorni [sic, error for choiseuli Hartert] …”. Taora is at 07°24′S, 157°29′E; the Tukuku River at 07°25′S, 157°28′E (USBGN, 1974).

Holotype:

AMNH 576138, adult male, collected at Sassafras, 37°52′S, 145°22′E (R. Schodde, personal commun.), Victoria, Australia, on 3 September 1910. From the Mathews Collection (no. 5936) via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The Mathews Catalogue number was given in the original description, but with no indication of how many specimens he examined; according to his catalog, he acquired a single specimen of “Oreocichla lunulata” from [Thomas Henry] Tregellas. See Schodde and Mason (1999: 640–645) and Clement (2000: 264–265) for discussions of various taxonomic treatments.

Browning and Monroe (1991: 385–386) provided reasons for using 1802 rather than 1801 for the publication date of Zoothera l. lunulata.

Holotype:

AMNH 576173, adult female, collected near Talasea (05°20′S, 150°05′E, Papua New Guinea General Reference Map, 1984), 1900 ft, Willaumez Peninsula, West New Britain Prov., Papua New Guinea, on 12 February 1925, by Albert F. Eichhorn (no. 9920). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

A single specimen, taken from the nest, was collected by Eichhorn. For a full account of this collection, see Hartert (1926). In this publication the species name is incorrectly spelled talasea, and this spelling has been followed by various authors. See Schodde and Mason (1999: 640–643) for a discussion of species in the Zoothera dauma complex.

Holotype:

AMNH 228058, adult female, collected on Makira (= San Cristobal), 1900 ft, Solomon Islands, on 18 December 1929, by William F. Coultas, Walter J. Eyerdam, and Ernst Mayr on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 38809).

Comments:

In the original description, Mayr cited the AMNH number of the holotype but did not say how many specimens he had. Mayr (1936a: 14) enlarged on his original description and listed an adult male and female and an immature male and female in addition to the holotype and noted that all of the specimens were collected near the village of Hunogaraha. Paratypes are AMNH 228056, 228057, 228059, and 228060. The journals of Coultas (vol. V: 233–234) and Eyerdam (vol. U: 10–11, unpublished journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Department of Ornithology, AMNH) gave the location of their camp as 15 mi inland from the east coast at Kira Kira (10°30′S, 161°55′E, Times Atlas).

Schodde and Mason (1999: 641) and Dickinson (2003: 662) treated margaretae as a subspecies of Z. talaseae.

Holotype:

AMNH 305660, adult male, collected 9 km northeast of Danau (= Lake) Habbema, ca. 04°10′S, 138°39′E, 2800 m, Pegungan Maoke (= Snow Mountains), Papua Prov., Indonesia, on 16 October 1938, by Richard Archbold, Austin L. Rand, and William B. Richardson on the 1938–1939 Archbold New Guinea Expedition (no. 7427).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. The type series consisted of an adult male (the holotype) and paratypes AMNH 340317, immature male, AMNH 340318, female, from Lake Habbema, and AMNH 340319, adult female from the Ibele (= Bele) River (sent to MZB on 7 May 1957).

The 1938–1939 Archbold New Guinea Expedition was a joint expedition with Netherlands Indies personnel and was known as the Nederlandisch Indisch–Amerikaansche Expeditie.

It is generally conceded that Amalocichla is not a member of the Turdidae. See Olson (1987), Sibley and Monroe (1990: 444), and Coates (1990: 187) for discussions of affinities of this genus, placed by Olson (1987) in the Acanthizidae, and by Sibley and Monroe and by Coates in the Eopsaltriidae. Bock (1994: 153, 210) showed that Petroicidae as a family name has clear priority over Eopsaltriidae.

Holotype:

AMNH 591941, adult female, collected in Pegunungan Wondiwoi, 1900 m, 02°40′S, 134°35′E (USBGN, 1943: 267), Papua Prov., Indonesia, on 14 July 1928, by Ernst Mayr (no. 1517). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The description was based on the single specimen listed above. See the previous taxon for references to discussions of affinities of this genus.

Mayr (1930: 24) landed at Wasior, 02°38′S, 134°27′E (Times Atlas), and entered the mountains from there.

Lectotype:

AMNH 587319, adult female, collected above Tasoso, 6000 ft, Bonthain Peak, southern Sulawesi, Indonesia, in October 1895, by collectors for Alfred Everett. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

No type was designated in the original description, but the type series was said to comprise “several specimens from Bonthain Peak, 6000 feet and above”. Hartert (1920: 487) designated the only adult female in the series as the lectotype. Paralectotypes are: AMNH 587320, immature female; AMNH 587321 and 587322, adult males.

The genus Cataponera was described at this time, with C. turdoides as the type species. Collar (2004b: 18–19) discussed the affinities of Cataponera.

J.M. Dumas, Everett's assistant (Hartert, 1896b: 150), had his headquarters at Tasoso and collected on Bonthain Peak from there. Tasoso, 4000 ft, is given as the collecting locality on the reverse of Everett's label in what seems to be Dumas' hand. Everett has noted the locality on the front of the label as Bonthain Peak, 6000 ft. According to Everett (in Hartert, 1896b: 149), his collectors worked mostly between 6000 and 7000 feet on Buah Kraiing, a peak near and only slightly lower than the highest peak, Lampo Batang (= Lompobattang, 05°22′S, 119°58′E, Times Atlas).

Holotype:

AMNH 461237, immature male, Latimojong Mountains, 2400 m, 03°30′S, 120°05′E (USBGN, 1982b), Sulawesi, Indonesia, on 19 June 1930, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 646).

Comments:

In the original description, Stresemann gave Heinrich's unique field number of the holotype and said that it was in AMNH. Apparently Heinrich collected a single specimen (Stresemann, 1940: 94).

Heinrich (1932) described this expedition in his book, Der Vogel Schnarch.

Holotype:

AMNH 461238, adult female, collected on Tanke Salokko, 2000 m, Gunung Menkongga (= Mengkoka Mts.), 03°39′S, 121°15′E (Times Atlas), southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, on 22 December 1931, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 6180).

Comments:

In the original description, Stresemann gave Heinrich's unique field number of the holotype and said that it was in AMNH. Heinrich (in Stresemann, 1940: 95) collected one adult female, the holotype, and one immature female, the paratype, said by Stresemann (1931a: 9) to be in ZMB.

In his book concerning this trip, Heinrich (1932: 185) noted that he, his wife, and his sister-in-law landed at Wawo and inquired about the peak labeled “Mengkoka” on maps, only to find that residents had names only for the two highest peaks in the Mengkoka Mts., Masembo and Tanke Salokko. They set out for the latter of these on 13 December 1931. In the 22 December entry, he noted collecting the Cataponera.

Holotype:

AMNH 574077, adult female, collected at Halemanu, Kauai I., Hawaii, on 21 March 1891, by Henry C. Palmer (no. 926). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Rothschild's type series comprised the holotype, and two juvenile paratypes collected at Hanemanu in 1893: AMNH 574078 (Palmer no. 2189) and AMNH 574079 (Palmer no. 2193). The holotype is in very poor condition, having been carried off by a rat and later recovered by Palmer (Munro, 1960: 78).

The date of collection was given as 21 March by Rothschild in the original description, but Palmer's label is dated 24 March. Reference to Rothschild's (1900: 2 Di) ré sumé of Palmer's diary explains the discrepancy. The new Phaeornis was collected on 21 March. On the morning of 24 March he missed the specimen and suspected rats. So he “crawled all under the cottage on [his] stomach, and finally succeeded in finding it in a rat's hole, although much damaged, yet partly preserved. They had indeed not touched one of the common birds! I am glad nobody heard the prayers uttered for the benefit of the rats.”

Holotype:

AMNH 182905, adult male, collected on Cerro Flores, 5500 ft, eastern Chiriquí, Panama, on 17 March 1924, by Ludlow Griscom (no. 249) and J. Manson Valentine.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. There were two specimens in the type series, with the paratype being AMNH 182912, a female. The validity of this subspecies is discussed by Wetmore et al. (1984: 165), who recognized it.

Griscom (1924b) showed Cerro Santiago, 08°34′N, 81°42′W (Times Atlas), on the map accompanying the popular account of his trip and thought that Cerro Flores was perhaps 10 mi east of that peak.

Holotype:

AMNH 144414, adult female, collected between San Rafael del Norte (13°12′N, 86°06′W, Times Atlas) and Jinotega, 3000 ft, Nicaragua, on 4 April 1917, by Waldron DeW. Miller and Ludlow Griscom (no. 302).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description; a note on the reverse of its field label gives the collecting locality as 9 miles SE of San Rafael. Paratypes are AMNH 101379– 101381, 102964, 144412, 144413, and 144415–144419.

Holotype:

AMNH 102293, adult male, collected at Boruca, 09°00′N, 83°20′W (Selander and Vaurie, 1962: 23), Puntarenas, Costa Rica, on 30 April 1906, by Cecil F. Underwood.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Paratypes are: AMNH 102292, adult male from Boruca; AMNH 78047–78050, two adult males, one adult female, and one unsexed specimen from Boquete, Chiriquí, Panama; and AMNH 77650, juvenile male from Boquete (although the label is printed Boqueron, locality on the field label is Boquete). These are all of the specimens listed by Griscom; specimens of this taxon from Boquete that came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection were not in AMNH in 1924 and thus have no standing as types.

Holotype:

AMNH 409864, adult male, collected at San Gil, 06°33′N, 73°08′W (Paynter, 1997: 387), Santander, Colombia, in June 1939, by Hermano Nicéforo Maria (= Brother Nicéforo Maria).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. The two paratypes, also from San Gil, were said by Zimmer (1944: 408) to be in the Cú cuta (Colombia) Museum.

Holotype:

AMNH 116959, adult male, collected near San Agustín, 5000 ft, 01°53′N, 76°16′W (Paynter, 1997: 378), Huila, Colombia, on 14 April 1912, by Leo E. Miller (no. 2446).

Comments:

Zimmer (1944: 406–408) gave the AMNH number of the holotype in the original description and noted that he had two paratypes: AMNH 116958, male from Andalucia, and AMNH 116960, female from near San Agustín. The Bogota skin that Zimmer doubtfully assigned to insignis is AMNH 503862 but is not a paratype (ICZN, Art. 74.4.1).

Holotype:

AMNH 39096, adult male, collected at Cayandeled, ca. 02°07′S, 78°59′W (Paynter, 1993: 34), Chimborazo, Ecuador, on 23 January 1883, by Siemiradski (no. 407). From the Berlepsch Collection via the George N. Lawrence Collection.

Comments:

Lawrence noted that his collection was in AMNH and based his description on a single specimen that had been sent to him by Berlepsch, who had identified it as Catharus fuscater.

This specimen bears five labels. The original Siemiradski field label gives the data cited above. The second label is a Berlepsch Museum label with information copied from the field label and “J. de Siemiradzki” listed as the collector. This initial is written in longhand and could be an “F”, but Berlepsch and Taczanowski (1883: 536–537) listed his name as “Joseph Siemiradzki”, usually spelled as above in English publications, and noted that his specimens were deposited in the Berlepsch Collection. The reverse of this label is marked “N. Species. Type–” in Lawrence's hand. The third label is of plain cardboard and is handwritten by Lawrence “Collection of Geo. N. Lawrence. H. von Berlepsch”. The fourth label is the AMNH Lawrence Collection label with AMNH 39096 and “Type”; and the fifth label is the AMNH type label.

The specimen listed above is the only one Lawrence had. It was part of the second collection made by Stolzmann and Siemiradski in Ecuador, reported on by Berlepsch and Taczanowski (1884), who described Cayandeled on p. 283. Siemiradski spelled this type locality “Cayandelè” on the original label.

The date of publication of this name was cited as 1887 by Hellmayr (1934: 465), but it was published in signature 32 of the Proceedings of the USNM, on 6 August 1888, and was so listed on p. viii of the introductory material for the volume.

Holotype:

AMNH 175530, adult male, collected at Palambla, 5000–6500 ft, 05°23′S, 79°37′W (Stephens and Traylor, 1983: 153), Piura, Peru, on 16 September 1922, by Harry Watkins (no. 6011).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. Chapman's type series consisted of six specimens from Palambla. The five paratypes are: AMNH 175531–175535.

Syntypes:

AMNH 144420, adult female; AMNH 144421, adult male; and AMNH 144422, adult female, collected at San Rafael del Norte, 4500–5000 ft, 13°12′N, 86°06′W (Times Atlas), Nicaragua, on 29 March 1917, by Waldron DeWitt Miller (nos. 210 and 211) and William B. Richardson (no. 202).

Comments:

Phillips cited the AMNH numbers of the syntypes in the original description. He apparently had three males and three females of waldroni, but his listing of the three syntypes excludes the other three specimens from the type series (ICZN, Art. 72.4.6)

Comments:

Clement (2000: 302) did not mention this subspecies, but he apparently considered it a synonym of C. f. alticola.

Syntypes:

AMNH 503875 and 503876, both adult males, collected at Bajo Boquete (= Boquete), 08°46′N, 82°28′W (Times Atlas), Chiriquí, Panama, on 17 February and 5 March 1905, respectively, by H.J. Watson. From the Rothschild Collection (purchased from William F.H. Rosenberg).

Comments:

Phillips cited the AMNH numbers of the syntypes in the original description.

Holotype:

AMNH 396410, adult male, collected at Finca Sepacuité, 15°29′N, 89°52′W (Selander and Vaurie, 1962: 57), Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, on 26 May 1925, by Alfred W. Anthony (no. 2137). From the Dwight Collection (no. 60329).

Comments:

Griscom cited the Dwight Collection number in the original description. Of C. m. cantator, he listed four males (including the holotype) and one female. The four paratypes are: AMNH 396409 (Dwight no. 60328), adult male, from Finca Sepacuité; AMNH 396411 (63499), adult female (not male), from Barillos; MCZ 146456 (60327), adult male, and MCZ 146457 (60330), adult female, both from Finca Sepacuité (D. Causey, personal commun.).

Anthony (in Griscom, 1932: 417 and no. 35 on map) placed Finca Sepacuité 40 mi east of Coban, 15°28′N, 90°20′W (Times Atlas).

Holotype:

AMNH 576861, adult female, collected at Nsaza (= Nsasa), 02°08′S, 30°26′E (Chapin, 1954: 713), Rwanda, on 11 July 1907, by Rudolf Grauer (no. 732). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Neumann listed the type as a female in the Rothschild Collection, collected by Grauer at Nsasa on 11 July 1907, and gave the range as the “Countries between the Kagera River and Lake Kivu”, describing both male and female. This would include all of the specimens collected in June and July 1907 by Grauer and originally identified as graueri. The above holotype is the only female collected at Nsasa on 11 July. Paratypes in AMNH are AMNH 576862–576868. AMNH 576857, originally identified as T. pelios centralis and collected at Urigi Lake by Grauer in 1907, is not a paratype.

Clement (2000: 326–329, 333–337) treated centralis as a subspecies of T. pelios and graueri as a subspecies of T. olivaceus, whereas both centralis and graueri are treated as subspecies of T. pelios by Keith and Urban (1992) and Urban et al. (1997: 39).

Holotype:

AMNH 388219, adult male, collected at Kansoku forest, Mwinilunga, Zambia, on 31 July 1948, by Sakayombo for Charles M.N. White. Gift of C.M.N. White.

Comments:

White designated the above specimen the holotype in the original description. He had a single paratype which is not in AMNH. Dowsett (1980: 9) discussed this type locality with White, who told him that specimens with this locality were collected on a “stream where the Mwinilunga plateau slopes rather sharply to the drainage of the Lusongwa River. The Kansoko [sic] Stream exactly fits this description, and is a tributary of the Lusongwa; the type-locality would be at about 12°14′S., 24°10′E.”

Keith and Urban (1992) discussed the various treatments of the Turdus olivaceus species complex. Clement (2000: 333–336) recognized both williami and stormsi and included them in Turdus olivaceus.

The date on the AMNH type label has been miscopied as 21 March; 31 July is the date on the original label.

Holotype:

AMNH 576748, adult female, collected in the foothills of the western volcanoes, 2300 m, Kivu, Congo (Kinshasa), on 23 August 1907, by Rudolf Grauer (no. 1076). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Neumann described the type in the Rothschild Collection as a female from Bamboo forest, 2300–2400 m, collected on 23 August 1907 by Grauer. He did not say how many specimens he had but described both male and female. The above specimen is the only specimen collected on 23 August 1907. Paratypes are: AMNH 576749– 576752.

Ripley (1964: 183) treated bambusicola as a subspecies of T. abyssinicus.

Holotype:

AMNH 576655, adult female, collected at Bagilo (= Bagito), 07°00′S, 37°42′E (Chapin, 1954: 643), Uluguru Mts., Tanzania, on 4 May 1922, by Arthur Loveridge (no. R7323). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, the type was said to be a female collected at “Bagito” on 4 May 1922 by Arthur Loveridge. This specimen is now AMNH 576655, listed above. Hartert also noted that Loveridge collected a male on 8 June 1922. That specimen is now AMNH 576654 and it is the paratype. Later, by mistake Hartert (1928: 216) listed the type as a male but gave the correct date of 4 May; also, the Rothschild type label was attached to the wrong specimen. A small piece of the Rothschild type label has been left on this specimen, another label being added to explain the mistake, and an AMNH type label has been put on the correct specimen.

AMNH 202632 and 202633, collected by Loveridge at “Bagito” in June 1922, were part of a collection purchased directly from Loveridge by AMNH in 1924 and are not paratypes.

The collecting locality of these specimens is spelled “Bagito” on the field label, but Loveridge (1923: 899) spelled it “Bagilo”.

Ripley (1964: 183) included nyikae in T. abyssinicus.

Lectotype:

AMNH 574931, adult male, collected at Mercedes, Tenerife, Canary Islands, on 20 February 1901, by Curt Floer icke (no. 1250). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Tenerife was given as the type locality, but no type specimen was listed. Later, Hartert (1920: 477) designated Floericke's specimen no. 1250 as the lectotype. During his short stay in the Canary Islands, Hartert (1901c: 335) collected a few birds and bought others from Floericke (in Santa Cruz, according to a note on the Rothschild type label). A second Floericke (no. 1182) specimen, AMNH 574932, adult male collected at Mercedes on 9 January 1901, is a paralectotype.

Molecular studies of Turdus merula are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Lectotype:

AMNH 574998, adult male, collected at Mehuila (= Mhoiwla), Morocco, on 3 February 1902, by Fritz Wilhelm Riggenbach. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Hartert said only that the type was from “Mhoiwla” and that he had a series of 15 specimens (males and females) from that locality, with the main distinguishing feature being in the color of the female. Measurements were not given for individual specimens. Hartert (1910a: 668–669) did not mention a type. Later, Hartert (1920: 477) designated as the lectotype a male collected on 3 February 1902 by Riggenbach and noted the corrected spelling of the type locality.

Both AMNH 574998, the above male, and AMNH 574999, a female, were collected on 3 February 1902 at “Mhoiwla” by Riggenbach, and both bear a Rothschild type label. They are the only two specimens collected by him on that date. Perhaps Hartert's designation of the male as the lectotype was a slip of the pen. Because both specimens have always been included in the type collection at AMNH, and because the distinguishing feature occurs in the female, the female remains there with an added label to explain the error.

Of the 14 paralectotypes, only 10 came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: AMNH 574999–575005 and 575008– 575010. The remainder were perhaps exchanged to other collections by Rothschild. Two further specimens, AMNH 575006 and 575007, were collected by Riggenbach at “Mhoiwla” in 1903, after the description was published; they have no type status.

Hartert (1902a: 311–316) himself visited Mehuila and described his trip inland from Mazagan (33°16′N, 08°30′W, Seltzer, 1962: 1172) as a five hour ride on muleback to “Mhoiwla”, a flat fertile valley on the banks of the “Oum Rbiah” (= Oum er Rbia). The Oum er Rbia reaches the ocean at Azemmour, 9 mi ENE of Mazagan (Seltzer, 1962: 132).

Molecular studies of Turdus merula are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Holotype:

AMNH 466153, adult female, collected at Farkhar (= Farakar), 36°39′N, 69°43′E (Times Atlas), Afghanistan, on 6 July 1937, by Walter Koelz.

Comments:

The holotype is the only specimen collected at Farkhar. The eight paratypes listed by Koelz are AMNH 466145– 466152.

Molecular studies of Turdus merula are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Syntypes:

AMNH 575412, adult male (B.432), 13 April 1896; AMNH 575413, adult male (B.418), 12 April 1896; AMNH 575414, adult male (B.417), 12 April 1896; AMNH 575415 (now DMNH 11125), adult male (B.431), 13 April 1896; AMNH 575416, adult female (B.427), 13 April 1896; AMNH 575417, adult female (B.428), 13 April 1896; AMNH 575418, immature, unsexed (B.426), 13 April 1896. All were collected by John Whitehead, whose field number follows the sex determination above, on Canlaon (= Canloon) Volcano, 10°25′N, 123°08′E (Dickinson et al., 1991: 417), Negros I., Philippines. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

These types were not listed by Hartert in any of his Rothschild type lists. AMNH 575415 was exchanged with DMNH. A male syntype is also held by BMNH, Reg. no. 1897.5.13.413 (Warren and Harrison, 1971: 385).

Ogilvie-Grant (1896a) mentioned Turdus nigrorum on p. 526, where it is a nomen nudum.

Holotype:

AMNH 292823, adult male, collected in the Latimojong Mountains, 2800 m, 03°30′S, 120°05′E (USBGN, 1982b), Sulawesi, Indonesia, on 5 July 1930, by Gerd Heinrich (no. 777). From the Heinrich Expedition 1930.

Comments:

In the original description, Stresemann gave Heinrich's field number of the holotype, described males and females, but did not say how many specimens were collected. Fifteen paratypes were cataloged in AMNH: AMNH 292819–292822 and 292824–292834. Dr. Leonard C. Sanford sent AMNH 292820 to Prof. Sarasin in Basel on 25 October 1932 and AMNH 292826 to R. Meinertzhagen on 10 February 1933. For comments on the deposition of specimens from this expedition, see Heinrichia calligyna.

Holotype:

AMNH 308001, adult male, collected on Mt. Ramelan, 2600 m, Timor, Indonesia, on 1 May 1932, by Georg Stein (no. 4278). From the Stein Expedition to Timor and Sumba, 1931–1932.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Mayr (1944: 135) noted six males from Mt. Ramelan of the new subspecies that he described more fully on p. 155. According to an agreement (housed in the Archives, Dept. of Ornithology, AMNH) between J. Sterling Rockefeller, who supported the expedition, and Erwin Stresemann, ZMB, the birds collected by Georg Stein and his wife, Clara, were to be divided between ZMB and AMNH, with a “representative group” to go to Lisbon in return for permission to collect in what was then Portuguese Timor. Four specimens, in addition to the holotype, were cataloged at AMNH: AMNH 345800– 345803. Of these, AMNH 345800 and 345802 were sent to ZMB, after World War II, in 1956. One specimen that was not cataloged was sent to Lisbon. These five specimens are paratypes.

Stein did not write an account of this expedition, as his home and all of his notebooks and belongings were lost in World War II (Stresemann, 1967: 186–187).

Holotype:

AMNH 575419, adult male, collected on Gunung Binaia (= G. Pinaia), 7500 ft, ca. 03°12′S, 129°29′E, Seram Island, Indonesia, on 18 August 1911, by Erwin Stresemann (no. 903). From the II. Freiburger Molukken-Expedition via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The field number of the holotype was given in the original description. Stresemann (1914: 25–26) noted that the types and most of the specimens he collected on the II. Freiburger Molukken-Expedition were deposited in the Rothschild Collection (also see LeCroy, 1995: 170). Five males, three females, and two immatures were collected by Stresemann (1914: 133) on Gunung Binaia. Besides the holotype, AMNH received with the Rothschild Collection two adult males, two immature males, and two females (AMNH 575420–575425), all paratypes. The whereabouts of the remaining three specimens are not known.

Holotype:

AMNH 348208, adult male, collected on Mt. Wilhelm, 11,500 ft, 05°46′S, 144°59′E (Times Atlas), Bismarck Mountains, Simbu Prov., Papua New Guinea, on 10 June 1950, by E. Thomas Gilliard.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. Measurements were given of one male and four females from Mt. Wilhelm and Mt. Hagen (Mayr and Gilliard, 1951: 7). In addition, four juvenile specimens were collected on the two mountains in 1950. These eight paratypes are: females, AMNH 705043 (unsexed on the label), AMNH 705044, 705045, and 705047; juvenile males, AMNH 705040 and 705046; and unsexed juveniles, AMNH 705041 and 705042. See also Mayr and Gilliard (1954: 344–345). AMNH 705044 was sent to AM in 1953.

The name Turdus poliocephalus carbonarius Mayr and Gilliard, 1951, was found to be preoccupied by Turdus carbonarius Lichtenstein, 1823 (= Platycichla flavipes Vieillot, 1818), and Turdus poliocephalus erebus was supplied as a new name (Mayr and Gilliard, 1952: 7). E. Dickinson (personal commun., 2004) and R. Schodde (personal commun., 2004) have pointed out that T. carbonarius Lichtenstein and T. poliocephalus carbonarius are primary homonyms and that the junior name is permanently invalid (ICZN, 1999: 59, Art. 57.2) if it has been replaced prior to 1961, as it was in this case. Thus, Ripley (1964: 176) was incorrect in using T. p. carbonarius when he recognized Platycichla as a genus separate from Turdus. Previously, no one seems to have caught this error and authors who have followed Ripley (1964: 176) have used T. p. carbonarius (e.g., Sibley and Monroe, 1990: 515; Clement, 2000: 360; Dickinson, 2003: 668). Most New Guinea authors (e.g., Rand and Gilliard, 1967: 331 and Coates, 1990: 56) have used the replacement name, Turdus poliocephalus erebus Mayr and Gilliard, 1952, correctly, but without comment.

Holotype:

AMNH 818431, adult male, collected on Tolokiwa Island, 1300 m, 05°23′S, 147°37′E (Times Atlas), Siassi Archipelago, Morobe Prov., Papua New Guinea, on 16 August 1972, by Jared M. Diamond (no. 2810).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description, and measurements were given for six males (including the holotype) and 13 females. Paratypes are AMNH 836154–836158, males, AMNH 836159–836171, females, and AMNH 836172–836178, immature male and unsexed specimens that were part of the same collection but not listed in the description.

Holotype:

AMNH 575398, adult male, collected on Mussau (= St. Matthias) Island, 01°25′S, 149°40′E (USBGN, 1943), St. Matthias Islands, New Ireland Prov., Papua New Guinea, on 9 July 1923, by Albert F. Eich horn (no. 8647). From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Eichhorn collected a single specimen (Hartert, 1928: 217), still the only one known. Hartert (1924a: 261–278) reported in full on Eichhorn's collection and inexplicably noted “Wings 111 to 112” for heinrothi.

Holotype:

AMNH 226229, adult male, collected near the village of Kupei (ca. 06°10′S, 155°30′E), Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands, on 20 January 1928, by Guy Richards (no. 379) on the Whitney South Sea Expedition.

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Mayr (1941b: 6) noted that the “typical series of this form” was collected near Kupei, five hours walk from Kieta, and that “Later on Hamlin collected two additional specimens … on the slope of Mt. Balbi”. Their measurements were given separately, and Mayr noted differences, but considered them too slight to justify naming. I interpret this to mean that only the Kupei specimens are part of the type series. The expedition was at Kupei from 31 December 1927 through 1 February 1928; the altitude at which the thrush was obtained was 4000–5000 ft (unpubl. journal of Hannibal Hamlin, vol. S, Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Dept. of Ornithology, AMNH). Paratypes are AMNH 226224–226232 and 226234– 226239. AMNH 226233 and 226240, the Mt. Balbi specimens, were collected 22 and 24 April 1928 and are not considered paratypes.

Holotype:

AMNH 226253, adult male, collected on Kolombangara (= Kulambangra) Island, Solomon Islands, on 30 September 1927, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 28380).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Only two specimens were collected. The paratype is a subadult male, AMNH 226254.

The France was anchored in Ariel Cove on the west side of Kolombangara on 30 September 1927 (unpubl. journal of Frederick P. Drowne, vol. P, journals of the Whitney South Sea Expedition, Archives, Dept. of Ornithology, AMNH) and camps were made at higher altitudes inland from there. Ariel Cove is now called Meresu Cove, 08°02′S, 156°59′E (USBGN, 1956b).

Holotype:

AMNH 226493, adult male, collected on Rennell Island, Solomon Islands, on 28 May 1930, by Hannibal Hamlin, William F. Coultas, and Walter J. Eyerdam on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 40214).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Mayr (1931b: 22) did not say how many specimens he examined but noted that all were collected in August 1928 and May 1930. Paratypes are AMNH 226241–226251, 226480–226492, and 226494–226503. I did not find AMNH 226481.

The France was anchored in Lughu Bay (= Kunggava Bay, ca. 11°46′S, 160°13′E) during both visits to Rennell Island by the Whitney South Sea Expedition (Mayr and Hamlin, 1931: 3).

Holotype:

AMNH 216298, adult male, collected on Vanua Lava Island, ca. 13°55′S, 167°30′E, Banks Islands, Vanuatu, on 10 November 1926 (not 1941), by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 23710).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was cited in the original description. Mayr did not list his specimens, but five collected by the Whitney South Sea Expedition on Vanua Lava were cataloged at AMNH. The four paratypes are: AMNH 216297, 216299, 216300, and 223934. Two specimens from Ureparapara (= Bligh) Island, Banks Islands, were treated separately and are not part of the type series even though they were tentatively placed in T. p. placens.

Holotype:

AMNH 214390, adult male, collected on Gaua Island, ca. 14°15′S. 167°30′E, Banks Islands, Vanuatu, on 11 September 1926, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 22664).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. The paratypes are: AMNH 214391, 214448, 216301–216303, and 223932.

Holotype:

AMNH 214418, adult male, collected on Malakula (= Malekula) Island, Vanuatu, on 23 August 1926, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 22253).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. The paratypes are: AMNH 214414–214417 and 214441–214445. AMNH 213128 was given to ZMB in July 1936 and would not have been seen by Mayr. Specimens from Ambrym and Pentecost were treated as possibly different subspecies but were not named. These specimens are not considered paratypes.

On 23 August 1926, the France was anchored in Bushman Bay, on the east coast of Malakula at ca. 16°10′S, 167°30′E.

Holotype:

AMNH 213142, adult male, collected on Émaé (= Mai) Island, ca. 17°05′S, 168°22′E, Shepherd Islands, Vanuatu, on 12 July 1926, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 21511).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. Paratypes from Émaé, Epi, Lopévi, and Paama islands are: AMNH 213123–213127, 213130–213141, 213156–213163, 214422, 214423, 214425, 214426, 216311, and 223933.

Holotype:

AMNH 213152, subadult male, collected on Efate Island, Vanuatu, on 24 June 1926 by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 21120).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. Paratypes are: Efate Island, AMNH 213143– 213151, 213153–213155, 213167, and 223929; Nguna Island, AMNH 213129.

On 24 June 1926, the France was anchored in Undine Bay on the north coast of Efate, at ca. 17°33′S, 168°20′E.

Holotype:

AMNH 252607, adult male, collected on Gau (= Ngau) Island, 18°00′S, 179°16′E (Times Atlas), Fiji, on 20 February 1925, by Rollo H. Beck on the Whitney South Sea Expedition (no. 17266).

Comments:

The AMNH number of the holotype was given in the original description. Paratypes are: AMNH 223922, 252601– 252607, and 252625.

Lectotype:

AMNH 575677, adult male, collected on Mt. Miyanoura dake, 1666– 2000 m, 30°22′N, 130°35′E (Times Atlas), Yakushima, Japan, on 21 October 1904, by M. Osa and T. Osada for Alan Owston of Yokohama (no. 1843), Ogawa no. 1257. From the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

In the original description, Ogawa did not designate a type but listed a type series of four adult males and three adult females from Mt. Miyanoura dake. Four males and two females came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. Hartert (1920: 476) designated the male specimen collected on 21 October 1904 as the lectotype; this collecting date is unique in the series (including the specimen that did not come to AMNH, see below).

Ogawa (1905: 181) listed a number for each specimen, 1254–1260, that had been written on the Owston Japanese label in red pencil but not copied onto the Owston English label, where a different set of numbers had been recorded. The red numbers have faded over the years and some are no longer readable. However, in the case of the six specimens of this taxon that came to AMNH, the numbers can be matched with the dates in Ogawa's list. Ogawa's wing measurements are consistently 3–4 mm shorter than mine, when I measure the wing unflattened.

The following paralectotypes are at AMNH: AMNH 575678 (Owston number 1841, Ogawa red number 1255), adult male, 16 October 1904; AMNH 575679 (1838, 1256), male, but in immature plumage and published as a female, 19 October 1904; AMNH 575680 (1842, 1259), adult male, 19 October 1904 (incorrectly copied on the English Owston label as 19 September); AMNH 575681 (1839, 1260), adult female, 18 October 1904; and AMNH 575682 (1840, 1254), adult female, 16 October 1904.

The whereabouts of the seventh specimen is not known. It would be a male collected on 18 October 1904 and bearing Ogawa's no. 1258 and Owston labels.

Syntype:

AMNH 575955, adult male, collected in Japan. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Hartert (1910a: 655) listed this name in the synonymy of Turdus pallidus, but he did not treat it in his list of Brehm types in the Rothschild Collection (Hartert, 1918a) or in any of his other lists of types in the Rothschild Collection. The above specimen does, however, bear a Rothschild type label, and obsoletus is written on the original Brehm label in Brehm's hand. Brehm did not say how many specimens he had and there is no date of collection on this specimen; however, it is almost certain that he possessed it when he described this form in 1862 and unlikely that it was added between that date and his death in 1864 (Hartert, 1918a: 5).

Turdus obsoletus Brehm, September 1862, is preoccupied by Turdus obsoletus Lawrence, February, 1862 (= Turdus obsoletus obsoletus).

Holotype:

AMNH 576049, male “pr. auct.” (= primo auctumno, first autumn), collected at Ahlsdorf bei Wittenberg, 51°53′N, 12°39′E (Times Atlas), Germany, on 30 September 1823, by Freiherr von Seyffertitz. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

Brehm had a single specimen with data as above, and identified as seffertitzii in Brehm's hand. The specimen was formerly mounted. I have not seen the original description of this form; however, Brehm (1862: 390) said: “Das beschriebene Männchen wurde bei Ahlsdorf unweit Herzberg in Sachsen im September 1823 gefangen und mir von dem Freiherrn von Seyffertitz gütigst übersandt.”

Lectotype:

AMNH 574323, adult male, collected at Ahlsdorf near Wittenberg, 51°53′N, 12°39′E (Times Atlas), Germany, on 20 July 1824, by Freiherr von Seyffertitz. From the Brehm Collection via the Rothschild Collection.

Comments:

The above specimen was designated the lectotype by Hartert (1918a: 33), who noted that 1828 was the first date of publication of the name juniperorum. AMNH 574328, labeled juniperorum by Brehm, is a paralectotype. Other specimens collected before 1828 and exchanged to ZMB, if labeled juniperorum by Brehm, may also be paralectotypes.

Molecular studies of Turdus pilaris are reported by Wink et al. (2002a, 2002b).

Holotype:

AMNH 143452, adult female, collected at Li-Chiang, 26°51′N, 100°16′E (Times Atlas), Snow Mountains, 10,000 ft, Yunnan, China, on 16 November 1916, by Roy Chapman Andrews and Edmund Heller on the Asiatic Zoological Expedition (no. 394).

Comments:

Bangs had a single specimen. Cheng (1987: 643) gave this type locality as “Xueshan, Lijiang River”.

Turdus auritus Verreaux, 1871, was found to be preoccupied by Turdus auritus Gmelin, 1789, and Laubmann (1920: 17) provided T. mupinensis as a nomen novum.

Holotype:

AMNH 109119, adult male, collected at Laguneta, 10,300 ft, ca. 04°35′N, 75°30′W (Paynter, 1997: 225), Quindío, Colombia, on 18 May 1911, by Frank M. Chapman and Louis A. Fuertes.

Comments:

The AMNH number was given in the original description. Chapman (1925: 1) reported that he had 63 specimens of quindio, perhaps not including the holotype. There are now 58 paratypes in AMNH and 5 additional ones exchanged with MCZ in 1928 from the 17 localities Chapman listed: