Background: Climate change globally triggers health, environmental, and socio-economic issues, leading to disasters, resource scarcity, inequality, displacement, and security risks. To address the challenges posed by climate change, green practices have emerged as a major solution. This research aimed to identify and categorize the factors that influence the adoption of green practices in healthcare centers.

Methods: This manuscript represents a qualitative thematic content analysis conducted in 2024 that systematically scrutinized literature spanning from 2000 to 2024. Multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, were utilized for the search. A quality assessment using 3 quality assessment checklists for different types of studies was conducted on the final studies, followed by a thematic analysis of the findings obtained from the systematic review.

Results: Twenty-nine references were included in the study as final studies. The quality assessment of these studies delineated their acceptable level of quality and risk of bias. The thematic analysis yielded 2 main themes: facilitators and barriers to the adoption of green practices.

Conclusions and recommendations: The study found several factors influencing the adoption of green practices within healthcare centers. Meanwhile, it was suggested that governments should collaborate with stakeholders to enforce emissions regulations, invest in clean energy, and offer financial incentives for sustainability. Technological advancements can improve renewable energy adoption; However, developing nations may struggle to integrate green practices into healthcare due to resource constraints.

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli poses critical public health challenges, especially in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to investigate the role of untreated hospital sewage and industrially polluted river water as reservoirs for antimicrobial-resistant E. coli. A total of 40 environmental samples were collected, yielding 75 E. coli isolates identified using phenotypic methods. Due to time and resource limitations, 50 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 11 antimicrobial agents. These antimicrobials were selected based on their clinical significance, availability, dominance in resistance mechanism, and utilization trends in Ethiopia. Notably, E. coli isolates from the Yerer River downstream of industrial waste discharge exhibited the highest multi-drug resistance rate (90%), while upstream isolates were fully susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. The Xadacha River isolates showed moderate multi-drug resistance (66.67%). Hospital sewage isolates displayed escalating multi-drug resistance rates across the 3 departments, including the intensive care unit (62.5%), open patient department (91.67%), and inpatient department (100%). Overall, 86.67% of hospital sewage-derived isolates and 65% of river isolates demonstrated multi-drug resistance. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed antimicrobial resistance-associated genes (tetA: 83.33%; blaTEM: 57.14% of the resistant isolates), underscoring hospital sewage and polluted water as critical reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance gene dissemination. The 2 genes were selected based on their availability, phenotypic resistance profile, and nature as sentinel markers for high-use antimicrobial classes in Ethiopia. These findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive wastewater treatment systems, stricter antimicrobial stewardship, and integrated One Health surveillance to mitigate AMR risks to human, animal, and environmental health.

Access to safe drinking water is essential for public health. In Arua City, Northern Uganda, boreholes serve as a primary water source, but their safety may be compromised by radionuclide contamination. This study analyzed gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides (, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K) in borehole water samples from Ayivu East, Ayivu West, and Arua City Central using gamma spectrometry. Eighteen samples from 6 boreholes per division were assessed against UNSCEAR global averages. Results showed high variability in radionuclide concentrations. Several boreholes, particularly on Arua Hill’s slopes, had levels exceeding the global average of 35 Bq/L, while ²³²Th remained below 30 Bq/L in all samples. ⁴⁰K concentrations surpassed the global average of 400 Bq/L in all divisions. Absorbed dose rates in some boreholes exceeded 57 nGy/h, though annual effective doses remained below 0.41 mSv/y. Hazard indices in specific boreholes suggested health risks. The study recommends regular monitoring, geological assessments, safe drilling, public awareness, and water treatment to ensure water safety and protect public health.

Background: Healthcare workers’ (HCWs’) knowledge in delivering medical services is significantly influenced by their understanding of zoonotic diseases and the One Health (OH) concept. This study investigates the extent of HCWs’ knowledge and experience regarding zoonosis and the One Health approach in Ghana.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 182 HCWs at the Tamale Teaching Hospital who completed questionnaires. Logistic regression was conducted to assess associations between socio-demographic factors and knowledge of zoonoses and OH. The correlation between knowledge and self-reported experience with zoonoses was assessed using Spearman’s correlation.

Results: While 79.7% of HCWs correctly defined zoonoses, only 18.7% could sufficiently identify zoonotic diseases, and 59.3% were familiar with OH. The most commonly identified zoonotic disease was Ebola (75.3%), while brucellosis (12.1%) was the least recognized. Medical doctors were more likely to report previous encounters with zoonoses. Compared to medical doctors (reference HCWs), knowledge of OH was significantly higher among biomedical scientists (OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 0.72-7.37) and lower among nurses (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.33-2.60). Professional experience of more than 5 years was associated with greater knowledge of rabies and tuberculosis. There was no significant correlation between knowledge of zoonoses and self-reported experience with any of the assessed diseases, except for a weak negative correlation with trypanosomiasis (Spearman’s r = –0.206, P = .005).

Conclusions: The majority of HCWs have inadequate knowledge of zoonosis. Although most HCWs are aware of OH, they have limited experience with zoonosis and OH. Curricula for training HCWs should include more courses on zoonosis and arrange refresher training programs for HCWs. Enhancing HCWs’ expertise in zoonotic disease surveillance and detection is crucial for early identification and control of zoonoses, aiding in the prevention of future outbreaks.

Poor indoor environmental quality is a major concern for both humans and companion animals—yet its impact on the latter is often overlooked. This mini review sheds light on indoor radiation sources that may affect the health of companion animals. Radon, primarily from the ground and possibly also from cat litter, naturally occurring radionuclides in feed, radiofrequency radiation from mobile and cordless phones, Wi-Fi networks, pet tracking devices, solar radiation, and various sources of extremely low frequency radiation are all common examples. Indoor radiation, an odorless and tasteless pollutant, may have the potential to negatively impact the health and well-being of companion animals, which are involuntarily exposed to this environmental health risk factor. Therefore, preventive and precautionary measures are necessary.

Biogas production uses microorganisms to degrade organic material in the absence of oxygen to produce CH₄, CO₂, and other residual gases. Anaerobic digestion of cattle manure and human feces for biogas production is an important technology in Ethiopia’s National Energy Strategy. Thus, this study aimed to analyze determinants and characteristic composition of biogas product at different agroecological zones in Southern Ethiopia. In this study, biogas plants were categorized based on agroecology, size, age, and design type. A total of 32 biogas plants were included and their gas composition were analyzed using OPTIMA Biogas Analyzer. One-way ANOVA and paired-wise comparison were widely used for data analysis. ANOVA results for CH₄ revealed that agroecology, temperature, and biogas plant design were statistically significant whereas biogas plant size and age of biogas plants were not statistically significant. From this study, the authors concluded that agroecology, biogas plant design, and temperature significantly affect biogas yield quality. Future research needs to focus on seasonal variation of biogas product at different agroecological zones and evaluation of the rural household biogas plants’ performance.

Background: The scarcity of safe drinking water affects individuals living in low income areas, increasing their vulnerability to waterborne diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between socio-economic factors, water handling practices and microbial water quality in Kitwe District, Zambia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 215 households using a semi-structured questionnaire along with microbiological analysis of water samples during the dry and wet season. A total of 44 water samples (per season) from the point of use and 16 source samples were analyzed for pH, temperature, residual chlorine, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed associations between socio-economic factors, water handling practices, and water quality.

Results: The prevalence of Escherichia coli contamination was 61.3% during the dry season and 77.3% during the wet season. Key factors associated with household water quality included, household monthly income, education level, family size, season, storage container design, water withdrawal method, covering storage containers, water treatment practices, and hand washing with soap. Notably, households that used narrow-mouthed containers (AOR = 0.090, 0.014-0.580), covered their storage containers (AOR = 0.113, 0.014-0.889), and practiced water treatment (AOR = 0.120, 0.022-0.656) showed significantly reduced risks of E. coli contamination.

Conclusion and recommendations: The findings highlight the importance of socio-economic factors and proper water handling practices in improving household water quality. To enhance water safety and reduce water-related diseases, targeted interventions should focus on educating communities about the effective handling of water. Furthermore, addressing socio-economic factors and improving access to safe water are essential for mitigating contamination risks in low-income areas.

Background: Long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLITNs) are a key malaria prevention method, but their consistent use in Ethiopia, particularly among rural mothers, remains challenging. Information on LLITN usage among pregnant women in resource-limited settings is especially scarce. This study investigated LLITN utilization and the factors influencing its use among pregnant women in the Gechi district, Southwest Ethiopia, in 2024.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2024, including 422 randomly selected pregnant women. Data collection employed a pretested questionnaire, and logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify factors influencing LLITN usage. Variables with a P-value < .25 in univariable analysis were incorporated into the multivariable logistic regression model. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed, and statistical significance was set at P ⩽ .05. The model’s performance was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test.

Results: The finding of this study revealed that 93.9% of the respondents had LLITN, and the current utilization status of pregnant women was 46.5% [41.7%-51.3%]. The low level of utilization was significantly associated with women’ education, parity, antenatal care (ANC) attendance, and family size. Accordingly, women without formal education were 52% less likely [AOR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28-0.81]; those with primipara were 1.98 times more likely [AOR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.30-3.03]; a family size of less than 5 was 2.53 times [AOR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.61-3.87] more likely, and women who attended at least 1 ANC visit were 2.08 times more likely [AOR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.21-2.58] to use LLITN.

Conclusion: The pregnant women’s LITN utilization in settings was low, associated with women’s education, parity, antenatal care attendance, and family size. Key players should focus on awareness creation and ANC follow-up to reduce illness during pregnancy, particularly in rural, hard-to-reach settings.

Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a key malaria prevention method, but their consistent use in Ethiopia, particularly among rural mothers, remains challenging. Information on ITN usage among pregnant women in resource-limited settings is especially scarce. This study investigated ITN utilization and the factors influencing its use among pregnant women (PW) in the Gechi district, Southwest Ethiopia, in 2024. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2024, including 422 randomly selected PW. Data collection employed a pretested questionnaire, and logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify factors influencing insecticide-treated net (ITN) usage. Variables with a p-value < 0.25 in univariable analysis were incorporated into the multivariate logistic regression model. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed, and statistical significance was set at p ⩽ 0.05. The model’s performance was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The finding of this study revealed that 93.9% of the respondents had ITN, and the current utilization status of PW was 46.5% [41.7%-51.3%]. The low level of utilization was significantly associated with women’ education, parity, antenatal care (ANC) attendance, and family size. Accordingly, women without formal education were 52% less likely [AOR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28-0.81]; those with primipara were 1.98 times more likely [AOR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.30-3.03]; a family size of less than five was 2.53 times [AOR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.61-3.87] more likely, and women who attended at least one ANC visit were 2.08 times more likely [AOR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.21-2.58] to use ITN. The pregnant women’s ITN utilization in settings was low, associated with women’s education, parity, antenatal care attendance, and family size. Key players should focus on awareness creation and ANC follow-up to reduce illness during pregnancy.

Water and sanitation facilities in schools are directly linked to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6; however, these facilities are often grossly inadequate in both quality and quantity in public primary schools (PPS) in developing countries. This study examined the existing water and sanitation facilities in PPS in Oyo State, Nigeria, to identify disparities. Using ANOVA, variables extracted from the 2020 Oyo State Annual School Census report were analyzed and mapped to reveal spatial distribution at the local government level. Five water sources and 4 types of sanitation facilities were identified. Significant variations were observed across local government types (urban, semi-urban & rural, and rural) with respect to enrollment (P = .000), total number of toilets (P = .033), PPS with wells (P = .002), PPS with no water source (P = .001), PPS with flush toilets (P = .001), and PPS with other toilet types (P = .011). With sanitation facility availability below 20%, open defecation is likely to be prevalent in these schools. For the well-being of the pupils and the entire population of the state, the government needs to prioritize the provision of potable drinking water and improved sanitation facilities in PPS, while considering the need for facilities to be gender sensitive.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of predicted particulates with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM_2.5) using the satellite data on Years of Life Lost (YLL) as a health burden of air pollution. A 2-stage methodology was used in order to predict PM_2.5 using Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). The predicted PM was corrected for its bias through Bland-Altman method and observed data. Relative Risk (RR), Attributable Fraction (AF), and Attributable Number (AN) of YLL were estimated as the effect of PM_2.5 on health. Based on the minimum value as the optimum value of PM, statistically a significant cumulative dose-response association was found. The significant association was mainly observed between lags 4 and 13. Also, based on the scenario, the total estimated YLL attributable to air pollution was 74227 years, with an AF of 0.45 which was statistically significant (95% CI: 0.14, 0.65). Based on the median value as the second scenario, there was not cumulative significant dose-response association. The subgroup analysis revealed that females and the elderly exhibited higher PM_2.5-related YLL compared to males and younger, respectively. Totally, the study revealed that impact of the predicted PM on YLL was significant when we selected the minimum value as reference. While, the impact was insignificant when we changed it to median value. This result highlights the important effect of reference value selection on the interpretation of dose-response and lag-response associations between PM_2.5 and YLL which should be addressed in next studies.

Background: The problem of toxic industrial waste impacting soil and water quality remains a significant environmental threat, yet comprehensive solutions are lacking. This review addresses this gap by exploring the effects of industrial waste on ecosystems and proposing strategies for remediation. Its aim is to provide a thorough understanding of the issue and suggest actionable solutions to minimize environmental damage.

Methods: A comprehensive scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data were sourced from major academic databases, including Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Academic Search Premier, Springer Link, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. A total of 105 relevant articles were included based on strict eligibility criteria. The review process encompassed identification, screening, and eligibility checks, followed by data abstraction and analysis.

Results: The scoping review highlights the severe impact of toxic industrial waste on soil and water quality, emphasizing pollutants such as heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium), organic contaminants, and excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). These pollutants degrade aquatic ecosystems, causing acidification, eutrophication, and oxygen depletion, leading to biodiversity loss and the mobilization of toxic metals. Soil health is similarly compromised, with heavy metal contamination reducing fertility and disrupting microbial communities essential for nutrient cycling. Mitigation strategies, including cleaner production technologies, effluent treatment, bioremediation, and phytoremediation, offer promising solutions. These eco-friendly approaches effectively reduce pollutants, restore ecosystems, and enhance environmental sustainability, thus mitigating the long-term risks posed by industrial waste on soil and water quality.

Conclusions and recommendations: The findings confirm that toxic industrial waste is a critical environmental threat that impacts both aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial soils. Immediate action is necessary to address ecological degradation. Recommended strategies include banning harmful raw materials, pre-treatment of waste, riparian buffering, bioremediation, and stricter regulations to control pollution and safeguard ecosystems.

Aim: This study aimed to characterize ESBL-producing E. coli isolates obtained from apparently healthy captive wild birds from selected zoological gardens in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A total of 121 freshly deposited faecal samples were collected from captive wild birds in seven major zoological gardens and pooled into 50 samples. The samples were screened for the presence of E. coli. The isolates obtained were tested against a panel of antibiotics and screened for ESBL production using the double disc synergy test (DDST). Primer-specific PCR was used to detect the carriage of ESBL genes (bla_CTX-M, bla_TEM and bla_SHV) by the isolates.

Results: A total of 26 ESBL-producing E. coli isolates (52%, n = 26/50) were obtained from the pooled faecal samples of captive wild birds. The highest resistance rate to antibiotics was observed with amoxicillin-clavulanate (88.5%), while the lowest resistance rate was observed with fosfomycin (3.8%). The isolates had Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) values ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 across the tested antibiotics. Approximately 65.4% of the isolates carried bla_CTX-M, while bla_TEM and bla_SHV were detected in 15.4% and 34.6% of the isolates, respectively.

Conclusion: This study revealed a significant prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in captive wild birds in Nigeria and highlighted the need to institute control measures in zoological gardens to prevent the transmission of antibiotic resistance.

Background: The public health risk of microbial contamination of fomites is evident from the numerous fomite-associated outbreaks that have occurred in several countries. Despite the high-touch nature of door handles across various settings, no comprehensive synthesis of contamination rates and microbial profiles has been performed.

Aim: The aim of this work was to assess the prevalence and types of microbial contamination on door handles in public and healthcare settings.

Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published up to July 2024. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated via a random-effects model, and subgroup analyses were performed to assess differences on the basis of pathogen type, handle location, and setting.

Results: A total of 27 studies met the eligibility criteria. The overall estimation of microbial contamination of door handles revealed a prevalence of 9.96% (95% CI: 5.87‒14.11). Compared with viral contamination which was observed to be 17.73% (95% CI: 9.24‒27.81), bacterial contamination was less common at 6.20% (95% CI: 2.90‒10.42). The most predominant bacterial agent was Bacillus spp. (55.74%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (25.00%); the most prevalent virus was rotavirus (62.50%). The rate of contamination was higher for toilet door handles (23.04%) than for other public and healthcare handles (7.75%). Hospitals presented slightly higher contamination rates (10.82%) than did public settings (8.97%).

Conclusion: This systematic review highlights the widespread microbial contamination of door handles, particularly in public and healthcare environments. While bacterial contamination is predominant, the finding of viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus and even SARS-CoV-2 highlights the stringency of cleaning that has to be applied. These findings emphasise the need for targeted hygiene interventions to reduce the risk of pathogen transmission via door handles, particularly in high-traffic areas.

Background: Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are vital for pollination, plant survival, and crop production. Poor disclosure of farmers’ perceptions of bee health and mortality limits interventions for risk reduction. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of beekeepers on pesticide risk mitigation and bee mortality in Southwest Ethiopia.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 420 randomly selected beekeepers. The data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire. Factors associated with their intention and action to mitigate the risks were analyzed using logistic regression. Explanatory variables with a P-value of .05 or less were included in the multivariable model, and variables with a P-value less than .05 were reported as factors associated with the outcome variable. The Hosmer and Lemeshow tests were used to check model fit.

Results: The study found that overall 54.3% of beekeepers practice safe beekeeping and adopt risk mitigation measures. The study found that beekeeping training [AOR: 3.85; 95% C.I. 2.19-6.76], knowledge of pesticide risks on bee health [AOR: 4.18; C.I. 2.44-7.16], and attitudes toward risks of pesticides on bee health [AOR: 2.41; 95% C.I. 1.51-3.84] significantly influenced bee mortality risk mitigation practices. Those with training were 3.85 times more likely to practice risk mitigation, while those with good knowledge were 4.18 times more likely, and those with positive attitudes toward risks of pesticides on bee health were 2.41 times more likely to practice.

Conclusion and recommendations: The study reveals that half of beekeepers practice safe beekeeping and adopt risk mitigation measures, influenced by training, knowledge of pesticide risks, and attitudes. Key apiculture players can benefit from behavioral interventions to improve knowledge and attitudes, thereby mitigating bee mortality risks.

Ponds in Kathmandu Valley reflect its rich history with water resources, but increasing pollution threatens public health and the environment. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbial quality of pond water and further analyze the factors influencing E. coli contamination. In 2023, water samples from 27 out of a total of 35 ponds were examined for physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, TSS, turbidity, iron (Fe²⁺), nitrite (NO₂⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), ammonia (NH₃), DO, BOD, and COD) and microbial parameters (total coliforms and E. coli). Results revealed that all ponds exceeded WHO limits for TSS and turbidity for drinking water. Furthermore 67% surpassed the iron limit, while 96% exceeded USEPA’s BOD and COD levels for supporting aquatic life. Coliforms were present in all ponds, with E. coli detected in 67%, indicating the water was unfit for drinking under EU guidelines. Logistic regression revealed a significant association of COD and temperature (P-values 0.001 and 0.023 respectively) with E. coli presence. A 3D visualization of the data further supports the association and illustrates these relationships, COD having a greater impact. These findings underscore public health risks and environmental concerns, urging sewage and runoff management and recommending expanded seasonal studies to establish comprehensive water quality guidelines.

Acrylamide is a contaminant prevalent in many commonly consumed foods, contributing to unavoidable human exposure. It is recognized as likely to be carcinogenic to humans as well, provoking global concerns. Numerous studies have investigated the impacts of acrylamide formation on food and drink, nutrition, and health. The intent of this analysis is to quantify global acrylamide research, evaluate recent developments, and recognize emerging trends, along with assessing research dynamics as an indicator of innovation among the scientific community. The Scopus database was used to perform an in-depth investigation of scientific publications on acrylamide from 1949 to 2023. Exploring prominent topics and the knowledge network related to the topic was conducted via VOSviewer version 1.6.20. Additionally, using SciMAT software, intellectual analysis was conducted to identify both driving and emerging themes in acrylamide-related research. A total of 11 880 publications on acrylamide were identified, with 10 720 (90.24%) being original articles. The leading contributors in terms of publication output were China (n = 2452; 20.64%), followed by the USA (n = 1564; 13.16%), and India (n = 952; 8.01%). The predominant themes were associated with (a) the functionalization of acrylamide polymers and (b) the formation and mitigation of acrylamide in food and drinks. Driving themes that will continue to shape the future of acrylamide research involve unraveling the synthesis of acrylamide; deploying acrylamide in nanocomposites to increase contaminant removal; investigating the genotoxicity of acrylamide, as well as its carcinogenic, reproductive, and neurotoxic effects; and researching the adsorption characteristics of acrylamide in aqueous solutions. In particular, an increased focus has been placed on understanding the formation and mitigation of acrylamide in recent years, signifying increased attention and alignment with the latest scientific advancements in this field. The creation of research plans in this way is significant, particularly in shaping future health policies.

Paternal lead exposure has emerged as a potential contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet its impact remains underexplored compared to maternal exposure. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesize evidence on the association between paternal lead exposure and pregnancy outcomes to inform public health interventions and future research. To evaluate the association between paternal lead exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age, and congenital anomalies. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted up to August 2024. Observational studies examining paternal lead exposure (⩾15 µg/dL) and its effects on pregnancy outcomes were included. Data synthesis adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to compute pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Eleven studies were included in the systematic review, with 7 contributing to the meta-analysis. The pooled OR for congenital anomalies associated with paternal lead exposure was statistically significant (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 2.09-3.35; P < .01), indicating a strong association. However, no significant associations were observed for other outcomes: spontaneous abortion (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.75-1.64), low birth weight (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.68-1.39), preterm birth (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.61-4.05), and small-for-gestational-age infants (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.78-1.09). Heterogeneity was low for most outcomes, except for spontaneous abortion (I² = 39%) and preterm birth (I² = 52%). This study highlights a significant association between paternal lead exposure and congenital anomalies, emphasizing the need for occupational and environmental regulations targeting lead exposure among men of reproductive age.

Graphical Abstract

Plain Language Summary

Paternal lead may be of reproductive health concern

BACKGROUND: An edible oil factory is a labor-intensive and technologically complex industry, with workers potentially exposed to a variety of dangers associated with such industries. Personal protective equipment is a universal, legal requirement, and an important strategy for preventing occupational injuries and illnesses caused by workplace hazards. However, such industries receive little attention, especially in Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess personal protective equipment utilization and its associated factors among workers in the PhiBela edible oil factory in Burie, Ethiopia, in 2022.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was employed among the PhiBela edible oil factory workers in Burie. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 389 PhiBela edible oil factory workers. Face-to-face interviews and self-administered structured questionnaires were used to collect data on workers’ protective equipment utilization practice, socio-demographic, work-related, environmental, and organizational factors. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. The logistic regression method was used to see factors associated with workers’ protective equipment utilization. The strength of the association was calculated using an odds ratio at 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS: Of the total workers, 216, 55.52% (48.33-57.78) workers utilize personal protective equipment in the factory. The study showed safety training [AOR (4.68, 95%CI (2.76-7.45)], availability of personal protective equipment [AOR = 4.86; 95%CI: 2.23-6.98], regular health and safety supervision [AOR = 2.751; 95%CI: 1.806-3.801], availability of safety guideline at workplace [AOR = 3.798; 95%CI: 1.248-6.173], having work experience 3 years and above [AOR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.06-2.18], not using alcohol [AOR = 3.07; 95%CI: 2.11-4.76], and not smoking cigarette [AOR = 1.88; 95%CI: 1.55-3.11] were predictors of personal protective equipment utilization.

CONCLUSION: The level of personal protective equipment utilization among Phibela edible oil factory workers is 55.52%, which is moderate when compared to other studies done in developing countries. The presence of Safety training, availability of personal protective equipment, regular health and safety supervision, availability of guidelines at workplaces, having work experiences, not using alcohol, and cigarrete smoking were factors found to be a significant predictors of personal protective equipment utilization. As a result, close workplace supervision, safety training, and availing guidelines are the recommendations to be in place.

Climate change-induced flooding has caused public health crises in Borno State, Nigeria, which influence the increase of waterborne diseases and malnutrition. Flooding disrupts water and sanitation systems, creating breeding grounds for waterborne diseases such as cholera, malaria, and diarrheal illnesses. The displacement of communities and destruction of agricultural infrastructure due to flooding further increase food insecurity, leading to malnutrition. This paper examines the interplay between flooding, waterborne diseases, and malnutrition in Borno State, highlighting the urgent need for climate adaptation strategies and strengthened healthcare systems to mitigate these public health challenges. Additionally, it highlights the double burden of conflict and climate change where ongoing conflicts impede efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Finally, this paper outlines the socio-economic impacts of flooding and proposes interventions to mitigate the effects of flooding.

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are among the most common parasitic infections worldwide but remain underappreciated in certain regions, including Laos PDR. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a 1-year health education intervention on improving knowledge and practices related to STH prevention among grades 4 and 5 primary school pupils in Xay District, Udomxay Province, Laos in 2023.

METHODS: We conducted a health education intervention study and pre-post intervention surveys using a pre-tested and validated questionnaire. A 2-stage sampling approach selected 363 pupils from Bankhat and Namgan primary schools in Xay District. Pupils’ knowledge and practices were assessed and compared before and after the intervention using the McNemar test. Statistical significance was determined at P < .05.

RESULTS: The intervention led to a significant improvement in pupils’ knowledge and practices regarding STH prevention. The proportion of pupils with good knowledge increased from 38.3% at baseline to 96.4% at endline, while those demonstrating good practices rose from 34.7% to 91.1%.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The health education intervention played a critical role in reducing the risk of STH infections among school-aged children. National health policies in Lao PDR should incorporate comprehensive STH prevention strategies, including school-based health education, improved sanitation, and community engagement, to achieve sustainable impacts.

This study, utilizing data from the 2020 Somaliland Demographic and Health Survey, investigates the prevalence of household solid fuel use in Somaliland and the factors associated with this practice. Our analysis reveals that a staggering 97.2% of households rely on solid fuels like wood and charcoal for cooking, with only 2.8% utilizing clean energy sources. We employed multilevel logistic regression to examine the influence of individual and community-level variables on fuel choice. Results highlight the significant roles of education level, gender of the household head, wealth status, and location of cooking in shaping fuel selection. The study, aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, emphasizes the urgency of promoting clean energy alternatives, improving cooking practices, and addressing the health and environmental impacts of solid fuel usage to foster a more sustainable energy landscape in Somaliland.

Biomass smoke exposure represents a critical health concern, especially for those in occupational settings such as fish smoking. While substantial research has addressed indoor air pollution from domestic cooking, the specific risks faced by fish smokers have received insufficient attention. This study sheds light on the alarming relationship between smoke exposure and health issues among commercial fish smokers in Abuesi, Ghana. Through a comprehensive cross-sectional analysis involving 302 participants, we utilized structured questionnaires and expert eye assessments to gather vital data. Our statistical evaluation, including descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and chi-square tests, revealed a troubling prevalence of respiratory symptoms such as cough, asthma, and breathlessness, all significantly linked to prolonged smoke exposure. Eye health findings were equally concerning, with distant vision impairment affecting 26.37%, eye discomfort reported at 53.02%, and notable rates of cataracts (28.6%) and refractive errors (17.9%). For those suffering from breathlessness, asthma, and pneumonia, the data indicated that longer exposure durations correlated with more severe health outcomes. Specifically, subjects without breathlessness had an average smoking duration of 14.84 years (SD = 12.29) compared to just 10.26 years (SD = 11.15) for those with the symptom—a statistically significant P-value of .014. Asthma and pneumonia exhibited similar trends, highlighting a distressing reality: shorter smoking histories align with more severe health conditions, suggesting that such symptoms might drive smokers to abandon their practices prematurely. Given the serious health risks tied to traditional fish smoking practices, this study strongly advocates for the implementation of improved smoking technologies, better ventilation systems, and comprehensive health education initiatives. These measures are essential to safeguard the health of those involved in this vital industry and reduce exposure to hazardous smoke.

INTRODUCTION: Access to safe drinking water is crucial for health and survival, yet many developing countries face significant challenges in this regard. In West Africa, rapid urbanisation has outpaced efforts to improve access to potable water, compelling households to rely on private vendors for solutions, particularly through the growing market for sachet water. Widely consumed in Ghana, sachet water has become a convenient and affordable option, with over 37% of the population depending on it. However, concerns about its microbial safety persist, as studies indicate that sachet water often fails to meet necessary safety standards. This review consolidated existing research on microbial contaminants in sachet water, aiming to provide a representative overview of the microbial quality of sachet water in Ghana.

METHOD: The systematic review followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A thorough literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus and the search engine Google Scholar, using relevant search terms. Eligible studies were identified based on established criteria, and data were subsequently extracted and analysed.

RESULTS: A total of 28 studies published from 2003 to 2024 were selected for inclusion in this review. Notably, 96% of these studies reported bacteria from 17 different genera, while 11% examined parasites from 5 genera. Some studies (7%) investigated both types of contaminants. Overall, 2,276 sachet water samples were analysed, with 1,727 (76%) showing microbial contamination. Escherichia coli was the most identified bacteria, while Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium parvum were the most identified parasites.

CONCLUSION: This study highlighted critical public health risks associated with sachet water in Ghana, particularly the presence of harmful bacteria and parasites. It is important to implement stricter manufacturing and sanitation standards and encourage safe handling practices to ensure the safety and quality of sachet water. Additionally, future research should focus on bridging existing gaps by investigating parasitic, viral, and fungal contaminants, to provide a holistic overview of the microbial contaminants in sachet water in Ghana.

Exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM_2.5) pollution presents a significant public health and economic challenge in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This thesis used the Environmental benefits mapping and analysis program-community edition (BenMAP-CE) software tool to estimate health and economic impact of ambient air PM_2.5 pollution. The study evaluated the impact of decreasing the annual average PM_2.5 concentration in 2019 (32.8 µg/m³) to different international and national air quality standards, including World health Organization’s guidelines and the Ethiopian National Ambient Air Quality standard (NAAQS). Results showed that Addis Ababa exceeded both WHO’s and Ethiopia’s ambient air quality standards in 2019. The study estimated the attributable deaths from cardiovascular, ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lower respiratory infection (LRI) due to PM_2.5 exposure across 3 reduction scenarios. Additionally, economic benefits associated with avoided deaths were quantified using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Value of Statistical Life (VSL) methodology. The finding demonstrated that reducing PM_2.5 pollution levels led to a notable decrease in mortality rates from various health conditions in Addis Ababa. Moreover substantial economic benefits, amounting to millions of dollars, were observed across all health endpoints, indicating significant societal savings. This study underscores the importance of implementing interventions to mitigate PM_2.5 pollution for improved public health and economic well-being in Addis Ababa and similar urban settings.

Background: Wastewater treatment is crucial to protecting public health and the environment by removing Biohazards. In Ethiopia, however, significant research gaps limit progress, especially regarding the efficiency of Biohazard removal in existing treatment facilities. This review evaluates the effectiveness of current treatment methods for Biohazard removal, highlights key challenges, and offers recommendations.

Methods: This scoping review followed PRISMA guidelines, systematically searching databases like NLM. Science Direct, HINARI and Scopus for Biohazard removal studies in Ethiopia, with independent reviewers screening and analyzing relevant data to identify key challenges.

Results: Out of 1218 studies initially recorded by title and abstract, only 11 articles were selected for analysis. The Activated Sludge Process emerged as a highly effective system, achieving 85% to 95% removal of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and total coliforms. Other methods, such as the Conventional Activated Sludge, and Anaerobic-Aerobic Reactors, demonstrated promising results but were found only in select locations. However, the widely adopted Oxidation Ponds, Ethiopia’s most common wastewater treatment system, showed the lowest AMR removal efficiency, at just 30% to 50%. Significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, high operational costs, and weak regulatory enforcement.

Conclusions and recommendations: The review underscores the need for affordable wastewater treatment in Ethiopia, highlighting challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and high costs. To enhance effectiveness and reduce public health risks from Biohazards like AMR, recommendations include adopting cost-effective treatment technologies, strengthening regulatory frameworks, increasing public awareness, promoting corporate responsibility, and investing in infrastructure for sustainable wastewater management.

This scoping review highlights the Activated Sludge Process and Anaerobic-Aerobic Reactors as effective methods, achieving 85% to 95% AMR removal. In contrast, Oxidation Ponds, commonly used in Ethiopia, show only 30% to 50% efficiency. Addressing challenges like inadequate infrastructure and costs is crucial, necessitating low-cost technologies for sustainable wastewater management.

Graphical Abstract

Due to the remoteness of rural areas, the impact of environmental pollution on residents’ health has not received adequate attention. This study examined the relationship between coal consumption and residents’ health status in rural areas in China between 2005 and 2021. We explored the impact of air pollution caused by coal combustion on the health of rural residents in China and provided associated countermeasures. The annual number of medical visits of rural residents was evaluated via multiple regression, and the Pearson correlation and Granger causality tests were used to evaluate the relationships between coal consumption and the changes in mortality rates of various diseases in rural areas. The results revealed that coal consumption for domestic use had a significant (P < .001) positive effect on the frequency of medical treatment, whereas this effect was not significant at the production end. Significant positive correlations existed between coal consumption in rural areas and increased mortality rates for 7 out of the 10 main diseases. Causal relationships were identified between coal consumption and increased mortality rates due to urogenital system diseases and nervous system diseases. The empirical results of this study suggest that the gradual promotion of clean energy replacement of coal with electricity and natural gas in rural areas should reduce the probability of exposure to gas emitted from coal combustion for rural residents. Related diseases in coal-consuming areas should be screened regularly to effectively protect the health and safety of rural residents.

BACKGROUND: School-based interventions are crucial for promoting healthy behaviors in children and preventing the spread of diseases. This study aimed to enhance hygiene knowledge and practices (K&P) among school children through a school-based intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To improve personal and environmental hygiene K&P amongst primary and middle-grade students in urban squatter settlement schools in Karachi, Pakistan using school-based intervention.

DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study conducted in three schools over 2 years.

SETTING: Urban squatter settlement schools in Karachi, Pakistan, serving primary, and middle-grade students.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 156 students participated in the study, with a majority of 55.77% being girls (n = 87). Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted to evaluate the impact of the intervention.

INTERVENTION: Behavioral Change Communication (BCC) strategies aimed at improving school children’s hygiene K&P.

PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measures included changes in hygiene K&P pre- and post-intervention, specifically focusing on personal hygiene and environmental hygiene.

RESULTS: Significant improvements observed post-intervention. Mean knowledge score differences were 20.33 (SD = 5.85) for personal hygiene and 10.08 (SD = 7.72) for environmental hygiene. Practice scores also increased, with mean differences of 2.52 (SD = 1.98) and 2.47 (SD = 2.08) for personal and environmental hygiene, respectively. Statistically significant improvements (P < .05) were noted across most of the hygiene domains.

CONCLUSIONS: The school-based intervention effectively improved personal and environmental hygiene K&P among primary and middle-grade children in urban squatter settlement schools. Key recommendations include integrating hygiene education into the curriculum, providing enabling environment to children and capacity building of school teachers to teach hygiene education.

This study evaluated the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the carcinogenic risks of cattle and goat meats singed with either firewood, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) or tyres from five cities in Ghana. The meat samples, before and after singeing, as well as after scraping and washing, were collected from abattoirs and sent to Clinical Analysis Laboratory (Can-Lab) of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) for PAH analysis. Tyre-singed meats exhibit significantly higher PAHs concentrations (P = .01304) compared to those singed with firewood and LPG. Benzo[a]pyrene was the predominant PAH in tyre-singed cattle and goat meats, with concentrations of 23.1 mg/kg and 12.16 mg/kg, respectively. Washing singed meats reduced PAH levels, yet tyre-singed samples retained higher and dangerous concentrations than those singed with other fuels. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed a significant effect of fuel type on PAH16 concentrations (P = .01304). The Tukey HSD test indicated a significant difference between LPG and tyre (P = .0105). Estimated daily intake (EDI) calculations highlighted potential health risks, particularly from tyre-singed meats, which exceeded regulatory limits set by health authorities. The findings emphasize the health hazards associated with consuming meats singed with tyres in Ghana and underscore the need for stringent regulatory measures and public awareness to mitigate PAH exposure.

This paper highlights the health risk concern associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meat.

Background: The decline in wheat output in Ethiopia is widely attributed to pests, which has led to a rise in the usage of pesticides to boost productivity. The degree of pesticides sorption and degradation which influence the likelihood of environmental contamination from pesticides seeping into water bodies from soil has not yet been published for Ethiopian soils. The study aimed at to quantify the levels of pesticide residues, assess glyphosate’s adsorption capabilities and degradation rate in the soils.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: QuEChERS method of extraction was employed to determine the concentration of the respective pesticides. The adsorption capacities of glyphosate in agricultural soils of Cheha and Dinsho districts were measured using batch adsorption techniques.

RESULTS: Six pesticide residues were found in 12 soil samples at varied quantities. Glyphosate (24.00-219.31 µg kg⁻¹), s-metolachlor (23.67-220.67 µg kg⁻¹), chlorpyrifos (27.74 202.67 µg kg⁻¹), pyroxulam (14.67-50.65 µg kg⁻¹), florasulam (78.00-250.67 µg kg⁻¹), malathion (15.00-49.67 µg kg⁻¹). The experimental results showed that glyphosate was slightly sorbed at SD10 soil (18.91 µg⁻¹⁻ⁿ mLⁿ g⁻¹) in comparison to SC1 soil (114.66 µg⁻¹⁻ⁿ mLⁿ g⁻¹). Organic matter and clay content proving to be the principal factors influencing the process. According to adsorption experimental data, chemisorption is the major process in glyphosate adsorption, with the pseudo-second order kinetic model providing the best fit (R² = .99). The soils in the study area exhibit notable variations in glyphosate rate of degradation (0.0076-0.0221 week⁻¹). The findings show that the main soil variables affecting the half-life (glyphosate degradation) were clay concentrations (R² = .48; P = .013), pH (R² = .55; P = .0055), Organic matter (R² = .74; P = .00027), Fe_ox (R² = .50; P = .0105), and Al_ox (R² = .73; P = .00046).

CONCLUSION: The weak glyphosate adsorption capabilities of soils can be a good indicator that the pesticide residues in the soil are poised to endanger soil organisms and contaminate nearby water bodies through runoff and leaching.