Betacixius Matsumura 1914: 412; Chou et al. 1985: 23; Tsaur et al. 1991: 27.

Type species: Betacixius ocellatus Matsumura 1914, by original designation.

Description. This is a redescription incorporating the descriptions previously published by Chou et al. (1985) and Tsaur et al. (1991) as follows.

Body Size and Coloration. Small to medium-size cixiids (4.3–7.3 mm). Body coloration varying from green, brown to fulvous, mostly bearing special markings on anteclypeus; lateroapical parts of frons, otherwise unicolorous throughout.

Head and Thorax. Head including eyes slightly narrower than pronotum. Vertex much wider than long in midline, widest basally or apically, lateral carinae moderately elevated, disc shallowly hollowed on each side of median carina. Frons rounded at base, usually with incomplete median carina not reaching anterior margin of vertex, lateral carinae slightly elevated below level of eyes, with small median ocellus and semicircular frontoclypeal suture. Clypeus tricarinate, convex to midline. Pronotum small, with distinct median carina, intermedian carinae curving laterad, angularly rounded posteriorly. Mesonotum tricarinate, convex between lateral carinae, flattened posteromedially Forewings broadest at apical third, rounded at apex, with 4–5 subapical cells and 8–9 apical cells, hyaline, sometimes with an oblique band or ocellated stripe. Hind tibia with 2–4 lateral spines and 6 apical spines. Chaetotaxy of hind tarsus 7/7.

Male Genitalia. Pygofer symmetrical, U-shaped, with thumb-shaped dorsolateral angles in ventral view. Medioventral process triangular or subtriangular in ventral view, generally wider at base than long in midline. Anal segment tubular. Genital styles symmetrical in ventral view. Aedeagus slender in lateral view.

Distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic regions.

Remarks. This genus may be easily distinguished from other genera of Cixiini by the presence of 4–5 subapical cells and 8–9 apical cells on the forewing, vertex much wider than long in midline, frons with incomplete median carina distinct near frontoclypeal suture, and chaetotaxy of hind tarsus 7/7. The 2 new species, B. bispinus Zhang and Chen sp. nov. (China: Guizhou) and B. flagellihamus Zhang and Chen sp. nov. (China: Guizhou), fit into the genus by the presence of features as above.

Description. Body length (from apex of vertex to tip of forewings): male 5.0–6.1mm (n = 2), female 5.5–6.8mm (n = 7); forewing length: male 4.0–4.9mm (n = 2), female 4.5–5.7mm (n = 7).

Coloration. General color brown. Body slightly covered with powdery wax. Eyes yellowish brown to blackish brown; ocelli reddish yellow. Vertex yellowish brown. Pronotum blackish brown except median carina yellowish brown. Mesonotum blackish brown, with yellowish brown area posteromedially, carinae concolorous. Frons yellowish brown except lateral carinae blackish brown. Postclypeus yellowish brown, anteclypeus blackish brown. Rostrum generally yellowish brown, blackish brown near tip. Forewings pale brown, hyaline; veins brown, tubercles dark brown; stigma black; clavus with a short transversal brown band, just distad of fork PCu+A₁. Hind-tibiae yellowish brown, lateral- and apical- spines yellowish brown basally, black apically; platellae of tarsi dark brown. Abdomen black ventrally.

Head and Thorax. Vertex narrowing to apex as shown in Figs. 1 and 24, wider than distance between eyes, 2.5 times wider than long in midline; anterior margin arched convex, with small emargination at midpoint, posterior margin arched concave; median carina indistinct, lateral carinae without branches, subapical carina absent. Median ocellus very small, located the centre of the frontoclypeal suture. Pedicel of antenna 1.6 times longer than wide. Frons broad, with small spots on middle area, widest at level of lateral ocelli, narrowing to both ends, 1.25 times longer than wide in midline; median carina indistinct, extending from slightly above level of lateral ocelli to median ocellus, lateral carinae distinct and ridged, arched convex; anterior margin arched concave. Clypeus with median carina distinct and elevated throughout, widest at level of endpoints of frontoclypeal suture; lateral carinae distinct and elevated. Rostrum relatively short, reaching hind coxae, apical and subapical segments equally long. Pronotum short and narrow, collar-like, twice as long as vertex in midline; median carina distinct and complete; intermedian carinae corrugated and curving into posterior margin which is concave in obtuse angle. Mesonotum 1.89 times longer than pronotum and vertex combined; 3 longitudinal carinae all reaching anterior and posterior margins, median carina indistinct on posteromedian area, which bears transverse striations. Forewings 2.22 times longer than wide, with sparse setae on surface, tubercles along veins, claval veins without tubercles; 2 indistinct subapical lines of cross veins; fork Sc+RP distad of fork CuA1+CuA2; r-m crossvein slightly distad of fork MA+MP; RP apically bifid, MA apically bifid, MP apically bifid; fork PCu+A1 slightly basad of centre of clavus; Sc+R and M fused at superior-outside angle of basal cell; fork MA1+MA2 distad of fork MP1+MP2. 2nd hind-tarsus with 5 platellae; hind-tibia with 4 lateral spines, 6 apical spines: 2 large, 1 medium, 3 small, divided into 2 groups.

Male Genitalia. In ventral view, pygofer stout, slightly concave medially, widening laterally; dorsal margin caudad obliquely raised in lateral view, inferior part with bristles; lateral lobes symmetrical, medium-inferior part arched convexly in lateral view. Medioventral process right-angled triangular in ventral view, relatively broad, 1.5 times wider than long, distance between tips of 2 lateral lobes 3.06 times as long as width of medioventral process; narrow triangular in lateral view, covered basally. Anal segment short and stout as shown in Figs 4, 6 and 7; 2.13 times longer than wide in dorsal view; incompactly connected with pygofer, freely movable; anal style, finger-like apically, not beyond anal segment; anal opening nearly subelliptical in dorsal view. Genital styles as shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 9, in ventral view, widening to apex, apical margin truncated, with sharp angle outside, internal processes broad, touching each other; in lateral view, ventral margin curving upward, outside slightly corrugated, dorsal margin smooth and bent forming a right angle approximately; incompactly connected with connective, freely movable; apical margin with bristles in ventral view. Aedeagus broad, short, connected with anal segment by 2 points; each side with broad spine arising at apex of aedeagal shaft, curving upward; periandrium ventrally with lobate processes, basally 2 broad processes, bending forward, directed ventrocephalad. Connective anchor-like, relatively long, the width of aedeagal shaft 1.65 times as wide as width of connective plus ventral arm. Flagellum semi-sclerotised, structure simple, generally curving left, with several serrated processes near apex.

Type Material. Holotype: ♂, Mayanghe National Natural Reserve (600m), Yanhe County, Guizhou Province, China, 5–12 June 2007, X.-S. Chen. Paratypes: 1♂, 7♀ ♀, same data as holotype.

Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin words bi- (double) and spinus (spine), which refers to the 2 spines on ventral margin of periandrium.

Distribution: Southwest China (Guizhou Province).

Remarks. This new species is similar in appearance to B. rinkihonis, but differs from the latter in the shape of the medioventral process and the anal segment and by having 2 spines on the ventral margin of the periandrium and several serrated processes near apex of flagellum.

Description. Body length (from apex of vertex to tip of forewings): male 5.0–5.8mm (n = 13), female 5.4–6.2mm (n = 15); forewing length: male 4.5–5.0mm (n = 13), female 4.6–5.1mm (n = 15).

Coloration. General color brown. Body covered with powdery wax. Median area of eyes black, ventral margin yellow, other part reddish brown to blackish brown. Median ocellus pale yellow, semihyaline; lateral ocelli red. Vertex pale yellow. Pronotum pale yellow. Mesonotum brown. Frons generally brown, bright yellow above frontoclypeal suture; postclypeus yellow to brown, with oblique streaks; anteclypeus black. Apical segment of rostrum brown, subapical segment yellow. Forewings pale brown, semihyaline, with ocellated marking as shown in Figs. 16 and 25; veins and tubercles brown; stigma brown to dark brown; clavus with dark brown stain on apical third, sometimes extending to end of clavus; clavus suture brown. Hind-tibia brown, lateral- and apical-spines brown at base, black apically; membranous tooth of tarsi dark yellow. Abdomen black ventrally.

Head and Thorax. Vertex narrowing towards apex as shown in Figs. 14 and 25, wider than distance between eyes, 2.3 times wider than long in midline, separated into 2 hollow areolets by median carina; anterior margin generally arched convex slightly, slightly concave at midpoint, posterior margin concave in obtuse angle; median carina distinct and complete, subapical carina absent. Median ocellus indistinct, in the centre of frontoclypeal suture. Frons with well-distributed small spots, widest at level of antennae, narrowing to both ends, length equal to width; median carina distinct and elevated near frontoclypeal suture; lateral carinae slightly S-shaped, elevated; apex of frons elevated and lobate; anterior margin semicircle concave. Median carina of clypeus distinct and elevated; lateral carinae of postclypeus elevated. Rostrum reaching hind-femora, apical and subapical segments equally long. Pronotum short and narrow, collar-shaped, 2.25 times longer than vertex in midline; median carina distinct and elevated; posterior margin concave in obtuse angle. Mesonotum 1.44 times longer than pronotum and vertex combined; three longitudinal carinae elevated except for median carina weakly elevated at base, all reaching anterior and posterior margins. Forewings 2.2 times longer than wide; surface of Forewings with setae, basal part less, apical part more; veins with distinct tubercles, C vein with 34 tubercles, claval apically vein with tubercles; 2 indistinct subapical lines of cross veins; fork Sc+RP distad of fork CuA1+CuA2; r-m crossvein distad of fork MA+MP; RP apically bifid, MA apically bifid, MP apically bifid; fork PCu+A1 slightly basad of centre of clavus; Sc+R and M fused at superior-outside angle of basal cell; fork MA1+MA2 distad of fork MP1+MP2. 2nd hindtarsus with 3 platellae; hind-tibia with 3 lateral spines, 6 apical spines, being divided into 2 groups by a relatively wide gap, one group with 3 equal spines, arranged closely, the other group with 1 large and 2 small, arranged sparsely.

Male Genitalia. In ventral view, pygofer stout, shallowly U-shaped, slightly widening from base to end, ventral margin slightly concave; dorsal margin caudad obliquely upward in lateral view; lateral lobes symmetrical, inferior half slightly arched concave in lateral view. Medioventral process mastoid in ventral view, with bristles, 1.25 times wider than long, distance between tips of 2 lateral lobes 2.4 times as long as width of medioventral process; tongue-shaped in lateral view. Anal segment short and stout as shown in Figs 17, 19 and 20; in dorsal view 2 times longer than wide; compactly connected with pygofer, immovable; anal styles, not beyond anal segment; anal opening pear-like in dorsal view. Genital styles as shown in Figs 17, 18 and 21, in ventral view, widening to apex, internal processes broad, not touching each other; in lateral view, ventral margin curving upward, dorsal margin strongly bending upward; compactly connected with connective, immovable. Aedeagus stout, structure simple; each side with a broad spine at apex of aedeagal shaft, right one curving dorsad, left one relatively straight, directed up-cephalad. Connective relatively slender, the width of aedeagal shaft 1.33 times as wide as width of connective plus ventral arm. Flagellum strongly sclerotised, freely movable, structure simple, with a barbshaped spine at apex.

Type Material. Holotype: ♂, Leigongshan National Natural Reserve, Leishan County, Guizhou Province, China, 13 May 1985, Z.-Z. Li. Paratypes: 7♂♂, 9♀♀, same data as holotype; 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China, June 1983, Students of Grade 79, Major Plant-protecting; 2♂♂, 1♀, Huaxi (1000m), Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 20 May 2007, Q.-Z. Song; 1♂, 2♀♀, Forest Park (1000m), Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China, 20 May 2007, X.-S. Chen.

Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin words flagell (flagellate) and hamus (hook), which refers to the hook-like spine of flagellum.

Distribution: Southwest China (Guizhou Province).

Remarks. This new species is similar in appearance to B. ocellatus, but differs from the latter in the shape of the anal segment and the number of spines on the flagellum.