Cardamine xinfenii, a new species from southern Sichuan Province, is described and illustrated. It does not seem to be closely related to any of the known Asian species of the genus. It is easily distinguished by the scapose habit and by having slender stolons, 7–9-foliolate, strongly toothed basal leaves, spreading floral parts, and filiform, non-auriculate cauline leaves (bracts) subtending the base of lowermost 1 or 2 pedicels of the raceme.