The increased annual losses in European honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in North America and some other countries is usually attributed to a range of factors including pathogens, poor nutrition, and insecticides. In this essay, I will argue that the global trade in honey bees and migratory beekeeping practices within countries has enabled pathogens to spread quickly. Beekeepers' management strategies have also contributed to the spread of pathogens as well as the development of resistance to miticides and antibiotics, and exacerbated by hobby beekeepers. The opportunities for arresting honey bee declines rest as strongly with individual beekeepers as they do with the dynamics of disease.
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6 April 2017
Role of Human Action in the Spread of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Pathogens
Robert Owen
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Journal of Economic Entomology
Vol. 110 • No. 3
June 2017
Vol. 110 • No. 3
June 2017
Apis mellifera
beekeeper
global spread
management practice
pathogen