We show in the present study that variations in the rates of survival and recruitment of the agile gracile opossum (Gracilinanus agilis) are predominantly influenced by its life history instead of the variation in primary productivity that is common in the Brazilian Cerrado. For 5 years we monitored a population of G. agilis in a riparian forest running through the Cerrado and assessed the relationship between survival and breeding season, as well as the relationship between recruitment and seasons (dry and rainy). We also tested for a relationship between these rates and variations in primary productivity. The survival of males was better predicted by reproductive season than primary productivity and survival decreased after the reproductive season. Females showed a similar pattern. Our data show the reproduction of G. agilis is seasonal, with recruitment in the rainy season. The demographic analysis made in the present study suggests the adoption of a semelparous strategy in this species.