As a pioneer demonstration area of tourism development in China, tourism has become the pillar industry of Hainan Province, and tourism activities have become the main disturbance impacting the socio-ecological system in Hainan Province. Analyzing the evolutionary trend of resilience and factors influencing the TSES in Hainan Province is crucial for exploring the local sustainable tourism development path. To achieve that, we first built the resilience evaluation index system for TSES in Hainan Province. Using the entropy weight method-gray correlation-TOPSIS comprehensive analysis model, an obstruction degree model was used to analyze the evolution of resilience and the factors influencing TSES between 2010 and 2020. The results indicate that the resilience of TSES in Hainan Province showed a steady upward trend from 2010 to 2020, and it has remained in the medium stage. Among the subsystems, the resilience of the social subsystem increased steadily from the low stage to the medium stage. The resilience of the economic subsystem was in the middle stage, rising at first and then declining. The overall resilience of the ecological subsystem declined slowly, showing a trend of downward-upward-downward-upward, and was in the medium stage. In terms of influencing factors among the three subsystems, the social subsystem had the highest degree of obstruction during 2010–2018, while the ecological subsystem had the greatest degree of obstruction in 2019–2020. For the degrees of obstruction by individual factors, there were 11 major factors, including the proportion of the added value of tertiary industry in GDP, and among them the factors belonging to the social subsystem appeared most frequently. Therefore, the resilience of TSES in Hainan Province is in the process of continuous development, but there is still much room for improvement. For improving the resilience of TSES, it is important to effectively identify the obstacles and take corresponding measures in a timely manner.