Hymenoxys subg. Rydbergia comprises H. brandegeei, H. grandiflora, and H. insignis. The treatment includes a discussion of the original circumscription of the taxa, the description of the genus Rydbergia to accommodate H. brandegeei and H. grandiflora, the eventual placement of Rydbergia within Hymenoxys as a subgenus, and relationships of the three taxa to one another and to other taxa of Hymenoxys. The treatment also includes synonymies, descriptions, and range maps for each of the species, and lectotypification of Actinella brandegeei.
Hymenoxys Cass. subg. Rydbergia (Greene) Bierner comprises H. grandiftora (Torr. & A. Gray) K. L. Parker, originally described as Actinella grandiftora (Torrey and Gray, 1845), H. brandegeei (Porter ex A. Gray) K. L. Parker, originally described at the varietal level as Actinella grandiftora var. glabrata (Porter, 1874) and later at the specific level as Actinella brandegeei Porter ex A. Gray (Gray, 1878), and H. insignis (A. Gray) Cockerell, originally described as Actinella insignis (Gray, 1883). Actinella Pers. was the generic name commonly used at that time (e.g., Torrey and Gray, 1842; Gray, 1883) for taxa now placed in Hymenoxys and Tetraneuris Greene.
When Gray (1883) described Actinella insignis, he placed it along with A. brandegeei and A. grandiftora in Actinella sect. Euactinella rather than in sect. Hymenoxys, based mainly on the morphology of the involucre. The phyllaries of taxa in sect. Euactinella are in two or three subequal series; those of taxa in sect. Hymenoxys are in two unequal series. Actinella brandegeei, A. grandiftora, and A. insignis were thereby placed next to A. chrysanthemoides ( = Hymenoxys chrysanthemoides) of subg. Phileozera (Bierner, 2001) and species now separated from Hymenoxys into Tetraneuris Greene (Bierner and Turner, 2003).
Greene (1898) was clearly dissatisfied with this arrangement. He placed most of the taxa of Gray's sect. Euactinella in Tetraneuris, and most of the taxa of Gray's sect. Hymenoxys in Picradenia Hook. Tetraneuris is now recognized as a genus separate from Hymenoxys (Bierner and Turner, 2003), and Picradenia is now recognized as a subgenus of Hymenoxys (Bierner, 2001). Greene (1898) then described Rydbergia to accommodate Actinella brandegeei and A. grandiftora (Mexican species were not treated), a circumscription followed by Cockerell (1904), Rydberg (1906, 1915), Coulter and Nelson (1909), and Robinson (1981). Other workers, such as Blake (1925), Parker (1950), Turner and Powell (1977), and Karis and Ryding (1994), felt there was no clear basis on morphological grounds for maintaining Rydbergia as a separate genus.
The submersion of Rydbergia in Hymenoxys is supported by cytological and chemical evidence. All three taxa have chromosome numbers of 2n = 30 (Turner et al., 1961; Speese and Baldwin, 1963), which is the predominant chromosome number among the diverse taxa of Hymenoxys (e.g., Speese and Baldwin, 1952; Beaman and Turner, 1962; Strother 1966; Sanderson, 1973; Turner et al., 1973).
Hymenoxys grandiflora produces a group of flavonoid compounds (notably flavone aglycones that are methoxylated at the 6-position of the A-ring but not at the 8-position) that are identical to ones produced by other species of Hymenoxys (Sanderson, 1975). In contrast, taxa that have been separated into Tetraneuris (Bierner and Turner, 2003) have a different flavonoid profile and produce flavone aglycones that are methoxylated at both the 6- and 8-positions of the A-ring (e.g., Bierner, 1978; Bierner and Turner, 2003).
Studies of sesquiterpene lactones and monoterpene glycosides of Hymenoxys and related genera by Spring et al. (1994) also support the notion that Rydbergia is congeneric with Hymenoxys. Hymenoxys brandegeei, H. grandiflora, and H. insignis, like the other taxa of Hymenoxys examined (except H. texana), were found to produce seco-pseudoguaianolides; these compounds are not produced by taxa of Tetraneuris. Furthermore, like the other taxa of Hymenoxys examined (except H. texana), they did not produce monoterpene glycosides; these compounds are produced by all of the Tetraneuris taxa examined. In 2001, Bierner formally recognized Rydbergia as a subgenus of Hymenoxys.
Hymenoxys insignis is geographically distant from the other two taxa (Fig. 1); yet, the morphological similarities are striking. All three have phyllaries in two or three subequal series and leaves that are usually dissected to some extent. The disc and ray florets are very similar, differing mainly in size (although the pappus scales of H. insignis are very small compared to those of the other two taxa). At the macro-morphological level, H. insignis looks something like a taller, branched version of H. grandiflora with heads about the size of those of H. brandegeei. The three taxa clearly form a morphological trio similar to one another and different from other taxa of Hymenoxys.
The close relationship of Hymenoxys brandegeei, H. grandiflora, and H. insignis to one another is supported by chemical data presented by Spring et al. (1994). Chemical similarity indices (the proportion of shared to total compounds expressed as percentage) among the species pairs of H. brandegeei— H. grandiflora, H. brandegeei—H. insignis, and H. grandiflora—H. insignis were 72%, 90%, and 63%, respectively. The highest similarity index of any subg. Rydbergia species to any other taxon of Hymenoxys was 44% for H. grandiflora and H. bigelovii. In addition, the phenogram prepared by Spring et al. (1994) from sesquiterpene lactone data placed these three species in the same clade with an infragroup average chemical similarity index of 75%. The reliability of this analysis is supported by other groupings in the phenogram. For example, the species of subgenera Hymenoxys, Phileozera, and Plummera were grouped into separate clades with infragroup average chemical similarity indices of 76%, 80%, and 82%, respectively. The similarity index of 90% for the H. brandegeei—H. insignis pair suggests that the connection of H. insignis of Mexico is probably to the more southern H. brandegeei. This contention is supported by work documenting floristic similarities between the northern Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico, where H. insignis is found, and the White Mountains of New Mexico, the southernmost edge of the distribution of H. brandegeei (McDonald, 1993).
The relationship of Hymenoxys brandegeei, H. grandiflora, and H. insignis to other taxa of Hymenoxys is not at all clear. Morphologically, they are somewhat similar to the taxa of subgenus Dugaldia, all having phyllaries in subequal series rather than in two unequal series (Bierner, 2001). The average chemical similarity index (Spring et al,, 1994) of H. brandegeei, H. grandiflora, and H. insignis to H. hoopesii was relatively high at 32.7%, but their average chemical similarity indices to the other two taxa of subg. Dugaldia, H. integrifolia and H. pinetorum, were relatively low at 24% and 23.3%, respectively. Hymenoxys brandegeei, H. grandiflora, and H. insignis had relatively high average chemical similarity indices of 34% and 35% to H. odorata and H. chrysanthernoides, respectively, of SlJbg. Phileozera, but they had similar average chemical similarity indices to H. cooperi, H, rusbyi, and H. subintegra of subg. Picradenia (30.7%, 33.7%, and 36%, respectively). The highest average chemical similarity index of H. brandegeei, H. gran4iflora, and H. insignis to any other Hymenoxys taxon was 39% to H. bigelovii, the lone species of subg. Macdougalia. In fact, the similarity index between H. grandiflora and H. bigelovii was 44%, the highest of any subg. Rydbergia species to any other taxon of Hymenoxys.
Taxonomic Treatment
Hymenoxys subg. Rydbergia (Greene) Bierner, Lundellia 4: 37–63. 2001.
Rydbergia Greene, Pittonia 3: 270. 1898. Type Species: Actinella grandiflora Torr. & A. Gray, Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 109, 1845. (= Hymenoxys grandiflora)
Polycarpic Perennials. Caudices unbranched or ± branched, Aerial Stems 1–10, erect, unbranched or branched distally, green throughout to purple-red-tinted proximally or distally to purple-red-tinted throughout, 8–80 cm, sparsely to densely pubescent, eglandular or sparsely dotted with sessile glands. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, blades simple and entire or pinnately or bipinnately divided into 3–41 + segments, glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, sparsdy to densely dotted with impressed glands; basal leaf bases expanded, clasping, usually persistent. Heads 1–35 per plant, borne singly or.in paniculiform to corymbiform arrays. Peduncles 1–10 cm, expanded apically, moderately to densely pubescent, often densely tomentose distally beneath the involucres, sparsely to moderately dotted with sessile glands. Involucres hemispheric to subglobose, 10–25 × 15–30 mm. Phyllaries in 2 or 3 subequal series, herbaceous; outer phyllaries 10–24, free or basally connate 1/5 to 1/3 their lengths, green throughout or yellow to yellow-green pro::rimally and green distally, sometimes purple-red tinted on margins, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 7–15 × 1–4 mm, apict::s rounded to acute to acuminate, abaxial faces sparsely to densely pubescent, sparsely to moderately dotted with sessile and impressed glands, adaxial faces sparsely to 4ensely pubescent, eglandular or sparsely to moderately dotted with sessile glands; inner phyllaries 12–24+, free, usually yellow to yellow-green proximally and green distally, sometimes green throughout, lanceolate to elliptic to obovate to oblanceolate, 5.2–12 × 0.8–3 mm, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces sparsely to densely pubescent, eglandular or sparsely to moderately dotted with sessile and impressed glands, adaxial faces sparsely to moderately pubescent, eglandl,llar or sparsely dotted with sessile glands. Ray Florets 14–44, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, 14–30 × 3.5–8 mm, lobes 3, abaxial faces glabrous or sparsely pubescent, sparsely to moderatdy dotted with sessile glands, adaxial faces glabrous, eghindular. Disc Florets 150–400 +, bi:;ex:ual, fertile; corolla tubes yellow to yellow-brown, 1/4–1/3 the total length, limbs yellow, cylindric to cylindric- campanulate, 2.3–l6× 0.6–1 mm, lobes 5, glabrous or sparsely pubescept, eglandular. Receptacles hemispheric to globoid, palei;e none. Cypselae obpyra:rnidal to narrowly obpyra:rnidal, 2.3–3.7 × 0.7–1.1 mrn, densely pubescent, hairs straight, forked, antrorse, eglcindular or sparsely dotted with sessile glands; pappi of 5–7 obovate- to lanceolate-aristate scales, 0.8–5.3 × 0.4–0.8 mm.
Chromosome Number. All three species of Hymenoxys subg. Rydbergia have 2n = 30.
Distribution. Mexico, the northern Sierra Madre Oriental in southeastern Coahuila and mid-western Nuevo Leon; United. States from Arizona and New Mexico to Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana (Fig. 1)
Key to the Species of Hymenoxys Subg. Rydbergia
1. Aerial stems 8–30 cm tall, usually not branched distally; heads 1–10 per plant, usually borne singly; pappi of lanceolate-aristate scales (2.7-)4.1–5.3 mm long, nearly as long as the disc corollas; United States, widespread, Arizona and New Mexico to Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana.
2. Caudices :±: branched; aerial stems arising singly from branches of caudices; basal leaf blades simple or pinnnately divided into 3–5(-7) segments, mid leaf blades simple or divided into 3 segments, distal leaf blades simple; involucres 13–16 × 19–23 mm; outer phyllaries 2–3.5 mm wide; pappi (2.7-)4.1–4.3 mm long; east-central Arizona, south-central New Mexico, north-central New Mexico, and south-central Colorado mainly along the Sangre de Cristo range 1. H. brandegeei
2. Caudices not branched or only moderately branched; aerial stems arising multiply from caudices; basal leaf blades pinnately or bipinnately divided into 3–15 segments, mid leaf blades simple or divided into 3–7 segments, distal leaf blades simple or divided into 3 segments; involucres 15–25 × 18–30 mm; outer phyllaries 1–2 mm wide; pappi 4.5–5.3 mm long; western and central Colorado (not in Sangre de Cristo range) to Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana 2. H. grandiflora
1. Aerial stems 30–80 cm tall, usually branched distally; heads 5–35 per plant, usually borne in paniculiform to corymbiform arrays; pappi of ovate-aristate scales, 0.8–1.3 mm long, shorter than disc corollas; Mexico, known only from northern Sierra Madre Oriental in southeastern Coahuila and mid-western Nuevo León 3. H. insignis
1. Hymenoxys Brandegeei (Porter ex A. Gray) K. L. Parker, Madroño 10: 159. 1950.
Actinella brandegeei Porter ex A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 13: 373. 1878, as brandegei. Type: UNITED STATES. Colorado: Huerfano Co.: “Sierra Blanca” (lectotype label), 1877, J. D. Hooker & A. Gray s.n. (Lectotype here designated: GH!)
Actinea brandegeei (Porter ex A. Gray) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 1: 303. 1891.
Rydbergia brandegeei (Porter ex A. Gray) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 156. 1906.
Tetraneuris brandegeei (Porter ex A. Gray) K. L. Parker, Phytologia 45: 467. 1980.
Actinella grandiflora Torr. & A. Gray var. glabrata Porter, Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado (Misc. Puhl. No. 4, U. S. Geol. & Geog. Survey of the Territories). 1874. Type: UNITED STATES. Colorado: Costilla Co.: “Alpine. Sangre de Cristo Pass.” (protologue and holotype label), Aug 1873, T. S. Brandegee 722 (Holotype: PH!; Isotype: MO-208046!; probable Isotype: PH!; possible Isotypes: GHtwo collections on same sheet!, NY-two collections!, US-1415883!).
Rydbergia glabrata (Porter) Greene, Pittonia 3: 270. 1898.
Caudices ± branched. Aerial Stems 1–3 (-10) arising singly from branches of caudices, not branched distally, 8–24 cm. Leaves: blades simple or pinnately divided into 3–5(-7) segments; basal leaf blades simple or divided into 3–5(-7) segments; mid leaf blades simple or sometimes divided into 3 segments; distal leaf blades simple. Heads 1–3(-10) per plant, borne singly. Peduncles 2–5 cm, usually densely tomentose distally beneath the involucres. Involucres 13–16 × 19–23 mm. Phyllaries: outer phyllaries 10–20, usually basally connate 1/5–1/3 their lengths, sometimes free, rarely purple-red-tinted on margins, 10–13.5 × 2–3.5 mm, apices rounded to acute, abaxial faces usually densely to sometimes moderately pubescent, adaxial faces sparsely to moderately pubescent, eglandular or sparsely to moderately dotted with sessile glands; inner phyllaries 12–20+, lanceolate to elliptic to obovate to oblanceolate, 6–10 × 1.5–3 mm, apices acuminate, abaxial faces sparsely to moderately dotted with sessile and impressed glands, adaxial faces sparsely pubescent, eglandular or sparsely dotted with sessile glands. Ray Florets 14–23; corollas 14–23 × 3.5–7.5 mm. Disc Florets 150–250+; corollas 4.1–5.2 × 0.8–1 mm. Cypselae 2.8–3.1 × 1–1.1 mm; pappi of 5–6 lanceolate-aristate scales, (2.7-)4.1–4.3 × 0.4–0.8 mm.
Distribution (Fig. 1) And Habitat . Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico; in north-central New Mexico and south-central Colorado, mainly along the Sangre de Cristo range. Meadows, often above timberline, 3612 :±: 225 m (range 2800-4115 m; N = 52).
Flowering and Fruiting . June through September, mainly July and August.
Representative Specimens (of 75 Specimens Examined). United States. Arizona . Apache Co.: Summit of Thomas Peak, White Mts, 3500 m, 18 Aug 1935, Peebles & Smith 12546 (ARIZ, US); Exposed summit of Mt Baldy, White Mts, 3505 m, 3 Sep 1949, Phillips & Phillips 3341 (ARIZ, NY, TEX, US). Colorado . Alamosa Co.: Rio Grande National Forest, Sangre de Cristo Range, vicinity of S Zapata Lake, ca 3660 m, 15 Jul 1998, Hogan 3427 (COLO). Costillo Co.: On divide of Culebra Range, head of N fork of Whiskey Creek, ca 1/4 mi W of Las Animas Co, 3935 m, 14 Aug 1987, Neely 4684 (COLO, CS). Custer Co.: San Isabel National Forest, Sangre de Cristo Range, North Colony Lakes basin, ca 3505 m, 30 Jul 1995, Hogan 2790 (COLO, RM, UNM). Fremont Co.: 1874, Brandegee s.n. (MO). Huerfano Co.: W Spanish Peak, 3000–3800 m, 9 Jul 1900, Rydberg & Vreeland 5487 (NY). Las Animas Co.: Rocky S facing slopes on W Spanish Peak, 3720 m, 19 Jul 1995, Scott 9317 (RM). Saguache Co.: Sangre de Cristo Range, 7.5 mi N of Crestone Peak, 3720 m, 25 Jul 1985, Yeatts 2093 (COLO). New Mexico . Colfax Co.: Ridges just S of Baldy Mt, 3600 m, 1 Jul 1968, Hartman 2226 (RM, TEX). Lincoln Co.: White Mts, 3050 m, 16 Aug 1897, Wooton 492 (MO, NY, US). Otero Co.: White Mts, ca 0.5 mi N of top of Sierra Blanca, 3355 m, 5 Jul 1981, Worthington 7217 (COLO). Rio Arriba Co.: Truchas Peak, 3810 m; 8 Aug 1908, Standley 4791 (NY). San Miguel Co.: Top of Las Vegas Range, 3355 m, Jun 1901, Cockerell 24 (RM). Santa Fe Co.: Santa Fe Baldy, 3780 m, 17 Jul 1954, Hoff et al. 10417 (UNM). Taos Co.: Wheeler Peak, 3810 m, 8 Jul 1967, Mackay 5T-328 (UNM); Carson National Forest, Goose Lake, 8 mi from Red River town, 3550 m, 23 Aug 1968, Correll & Correll 36228 (LL).
2. Hymenoxys Grandiflora (Torr. & A. Gray) K. L. Parker, Madroño 10: 159. 1950. Actinella grandiflora Torr. & A. Gray, Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 109. 1845. Type: UNITED STATES. Wyoming: Fremont or Sublette Co.: “Wind River Chain of the Rocky Mts near snow line” (holotype label), J. C. Fremont s.n. (holotype: NY!).
Actinea grandiflora (Torr. & A. Gray) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 1: 303. 1891.
Ptilepida grandiflora (Torr. & A. Gray) Rose, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 3: 570. 1896.
Rydbergia grandiflora (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene, Pittonia 3: 270. 1898.
Tetraneuris grandiflora (Torr. & A. Gray) K. L. Parker, Phytologia 45: 467. 1980.
Caudices not branched or only moderately branched. Aerial Stems 1–10 arising multiply from caudices, usually not branched distally, 8–30 cm. Leaves: blades simple or pinnately or bipinnately divided into 3–15 segments; basal leaf blades divided into 3–15 segments; mid leaf blades simple or divided into 3–7 segments; distal leaf blades simple or divided into 3 segments. Heads 1–10 per plant, usually borne singly. Peduncles 1–10 cm, usually densely tomentose distally beneath the involucres. Involucres 15–25 × 18–30 mm. Phyllaries: outer phyllaries 16–24, free or basally connate 1/5–1/4 their lengths, 9–15 × 1–2 mm, apices acute, abaxial faces sparsely to densely pubescent, adaxial faces sparsely pubescent, eglandular or sparsely dotted with sessile glands; inner phyllaries 16–24+, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 8–12 × 0.8–1.2 mm, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces eglandular or sparsely to moderately dotted with sessile and impressed glands, adaxial faces sparsely pubescent, eglandular or sparsely dotted with sessile glands. Ray Florets 15–34(-44); corollas 16–30 × 4–8 mm. Disc Florets 150–400+; corollas 5–6 × 0.6–1 mm. Cypselae 3.3–3.7 × 0.8–1 mm; pappi of 5–7 lanceolate-aristate scales, 4.5–5.3 × 0.4–0.8 mm.
Distribution (Fig. 1) And Habitat . Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. Meadows, often above timberline, 3541 ± 279 m (range 2620–4270 m; N = 330).
Flowering and Fruiting . June through September, mainly July and August.
Representative Specimens (of 519 Specimens Examined). United States. Colorado . Archuleta Co,: S San Juans, ridge N of Green Lake, divide between the Navajo and S Conejos, ;3750 m, 24 Aug 1972,. Willard 7284 (COLO). Boulder Co.: Niwot Ridge, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, ca 8 mi N of Nederland, ;3660 m, n = 15, 16 Jun 1961, Wiens 2872 (COLO). Chaffee Co.: Mt Princeton, 4115 m, 21 Jul 1940, Livingston s.n. (MO). Clear Creek Co.: Loveland Pass, 2n = 15II, 24 Jul 1988, Bierner 88–68 (TEX). Conejos Co.: San Juan National Forest, just W of Continental Divide along trail to Crater Lake, 3720 m, 26 Jul 1998, Heil 12374 (CS), Dolores Co.: San Juan National Forest, ca 2.5 air mi E of Rico, along the Colorado Trail at Black Hawk Basin, ca 3810 m, 15 Aug 1995, Moore 8669 (RM). Eagle Co.: Gore Range, Eagles Nest Wilderness Area, S facing slopes near Deluge Lake, 3500 m, 17 Jun 1987, Hrgan & Arapkiles 188 (COLO). El Paso Co.: Pike's Peak, Glen Cove, 25 Jul 1935, Christ 1211 (CS). Garfield Co.: Causeway Lake Basin, ca 36 air mi NNE of Glenwood Springs, ca 5 air mi NE of Trappers Lake, ca 3260 m, 12 Jul 1990, Vanderhorst 1020 (RM); Mt Baxter, q1 7 air mi N of Glenwood Springs, ca 3385 m, 22 Jul 1990, Vanderhorst 1249 (RM). Gilpin Co.: Rollins Pass, 3355 m, 17 Jul 1975, Asplund 75–4 (RM). Grand Co.: Halfway up Ptarmigan Peak, FR 160.2 to FR 111 to unmarked trail off to the right just before the Bryer's Peak trailhead, 3476 m, 4 Jul 1999, Owens & Ackerfield 389 (CS); Along SE ridge of Parkview Mt, 3500 m, 7 Aug 1995, Tear 1823 (CS); Peak above Fall River Pass, Rocky Mt National Park, 3660 m, 30 Aug 1950, Parker & Parker 7323 (TEX). Gunnison Co.: Vicinity of Cumberland Pass, 3690 m, 23 Jul 1964, Gierisch 2867 (COLO, CS, RM); Southern Gunnison Basin, from level area on E side of saddle S of Sheep Mt to the top of Sheep Mt, 3780–4020 m, 29 Jul 1999, Arnett & Taylor 5982 (RM); Robinson Basin, 30 mi N of Gunnison, 8 mi W of Crested Butte, 2 mi N of Kehler Pass, 3598 m, 9 Jul 1967, Bathke 381 (CS). Hinsdale Co.: Ca 1 mi S of Slumgullion Pass and the head of Mill Creek, 3660 m, 28 Jun 1961, Barrell 128–61 (US); Southern Gunnison Basin, San Juan Mts, along E Fork Alpine Gulch, ca 1.1–1.2 air mi WSW of Red Mt, ca 0.5–1.4 air mi NNW of Grassy Mt, 3230–3720 m, 30 Aug 1999, Arnett 7917 (RM). Jackson Co.: Park Range, ca 23 air mi WSW of Walden, Mt Ethel and proximity, 3520 m, 25 Jul 1989, Kastning et al. 2450 (RM); Medicine Bow Mts, to summit of Clark Peak, ca 6 air mi NE of Gould, 3870–3950 m, 21 Jul 2000, Hartman & Nunn 68602 (RM), Lake Co.: Hwy 82, 0.8 mi E of Independence Pass, 19 Aug 1975, Bierner 51398 (TEX). La Plata Co.: Little Kate Mine, La Plata Mts, 3505 m, 14 Jul 1893, Baker at al. 516 (COLO, GH, NY, RM, US). Larimer Co.: Rocky Mts National Park, Ute Trail on Tombstone Ridge, ca 8–9 air mi W of Estes park, 3535 m, 26 Jul 1986, Williams 342 (RM); Medicine Bow Mts, Clark Peak from Ruby Jewel Trailhead, ca 21 air mi SE of W?lden, 3780–3935 m, 5 Aug 200l, Nμnn 4234 (RM). Mesa Co.: Mosquito Mt, 3810 m, Jul–Aug 1877, McCosh & Greene s.n. (NY); Side of highest spine of Crag Crest Trail, 17 Jul 1982, Young JO (COLO), Mineral Co.: ESE exposure above timberline on saddle between Sawtooth Mt and Table Mt, 3780 m, 23 Jun 1984, Mooers & Berg 166 (CS, NY). Montezqma Co.: Mt Hesperus, W ridge, 6 Aug 1995, Cyndie 726 (COLO). Ouray Co.: San Juan Mts, W slope of Engineer Mt, 3965 m, 26 Jun 1996, Scott 10374 (RM). Park Co.: Pike National Forest, along rd 659, in tundra ca 10 mi N of Fairplay, 3665 m, 6 Aug 2002, King & Garvey 12285 (NY); Summit of Georgia Pass, N of Jefferson, 3450 m, 20 Jul 1984, Weber & Randolph 17359 (COLO). :Pitkin Co.: Ca 13 mi ESE of Aspen, Independence Pass vicinity, 4035 m, 23 Jul 1990, Brooks 20447 (RM). Rio Blanco Co.: Between Killarny Res” ervoir and old Jeep Trail on Little Flat Tops, ca 45 air mi ENE of Meeker, ca 9.5 air mi W of Yampa, 3295 m, 26 Jun 1990, Nelson 19096 (RM); Big Marvin Peak, ca 30 air mi ESE of Meeker, 3565 m, 16 Aug 1990, Vanderhorst 1833 (RM). Rio Grande Co.: Greyback Mt, summit and upper rocky slopes, 3840 m, 20 Aug 1978, Hartmr:m & Coffee 8029 (RM). Routt Co.: Park Range, 21 air mi WNW of Walden, at Red Dirt Pass and Mt Zirkel, 3565 m, 20 Jul 1989, Kastning & Fraser 2352 (RM). Saguache Co.: La Garita Wilderness Area, head of Cochetopa Creek, 11– 13 Aug 1971, Willard 6882 (COLO). San Juan Co.: Peak above Red Mt Pass, San Juan Forest, 3963 m, 26 Aug 1946, Parker et al. 6404 (GH, MO, NY, OKLA, US). San Miguel Co.: Near Trout Lake, 3505 m, 18 Aug 1924, Payson & Payson 4166 (RM). Summit Co.: Gore Range, Eagles Nest Wilderness Area, head of S Willow Creek between Eccles Pass and Red Buffalo Pass, 3500 m, 8 Jul 1986, Hogan & Arapkiles 85 (COLO); Loveland Pass, 3655 m, 25 Jun 1962, Gillett & Taylor 11504 (US). Teller Co.: N-facing slope, 3750 m, 10 Sep 1979, Creel & Mijer 74 (CS). Idaho. Custer Co.: Lost River Mts, E fork Pahsimeroi River, 3140 m, 14 Aug 1944, Hitchcock & Muhlick 11104 (GH, NY, UTC). Fremont Co.: Mts NE of Henry Lake, 2805 m, 11 Jul 1920, Payson & Payson 1969 (GH, MO, NY). Lemhi Co.: E slope of Lemhi Range, Salmon National Forest, ca 1 mi NW of Meadow Lake, 5 mi W of Gilmore, 3020 m, 4 Jul 1973, Henderson & J11ckson 964 (ASU, NY). Montana. Beaverhead Co.: High limestone ridge connecting Sheep Mt and Black Lion Mt, Pioneer Range, 2835 m, 30 Jul 1945, Hitchcock & Muhlick 12984 (GH, NY, UTC); Ridge 0.75 mi NW of Garfield Peak, 2775 m, 2 Avg 1981, Thompson 1938 (MONTU). Gallatin Co.: Lone Mt, S of Bozeman, 1906, Chesnut 36 (US). Granite Co.: Flint Creek Mts, SE flank of Racetrack Peak, 2835 m, 22 Jul 1959, Bamberg 433 (COLO). Madison Co.: Talus Mt 0.5 mi N of Koch Peak, Taylor Mts, 2 Aug 1946, Hitchcock & Muhlick 15169 (NY); Top of Gravelly Range 13 mi S of Crockett Lake, 25 Jul 1947, Hitchcock 16813 (NY). Silver Bow Co.: Red Mt, 2850 m, 21 Jul 1981, Lackschewitz 9721 (NY). Utah. Daggett Co.: Santiago Peak, Uinta Mts, 3355 m, Sep 1878, Cosh s.n. (NY). Duchesne Co.: Uintll Mts, head of Wedge Hollow, 2.9 mi due SW of Upper Stillwater Reservior, 3385 m, 22 Jun 1994, Huber 1126 (MO, NY, RM). Grand Co.: Lower SSW ridge of Mans Peak, ca 18 mi ESE of Moab, 3535 m, 27 Jul 1984, Tuhy 1823 (NY, UTC). Piute Co.: Grassy tundra, above timberline, Delano Peak, above Puffer Lake, Tushar Mts, 3505 m, 22 Aug 1946, P11rker et al. 6354 (ARIZ, TEX, US). Salt Lake Co.: Wasatch Range, Little Cottonwood Canyon, above Albion Basin, Devil's Castle Peak, 3340 m, 16 Aug 1981, Arnow 5833 (NY, UT, UTC). San Juan Co.: La Sal Mts, 3300–3600 m, 7 Jul 1911, Rydberg & Garrett 8682 (NY, RM, US, UT). Summit Co.: Divide between E fork of Bear River and Black's Fork, 3355 m, 9–13 Jul 1930, Goodman & Hitchcock 1541 (GH, MO, NY, RM). Utah Co.: Lone Peak Wilderness Area, along ridge E of Mt Pfeifferhorn, above Red Pine Fork & Maybird Gulch, ca 3320 m, 30 Jul 1983, Franklin & Chandfor 325 (NY). Wyoming. Albany Co.: Medicine Bow National Forest, in tundra along hwy 130, ca 35 mi E of Saratoga, ca 3318 m, 18 Jul 2000, King & Garvey 11425 (MO, NY). Big Horn Co.: Big Horn Mts, SE of Hunt Mt, ca 33.5 air mi ESE of Lovell, ca 19 air mi WSW of Burgess Junction Meadow, 2990 m, 13 Jul 1980, Nelson 6352 (NY). Carbon Co.: Open mesic alpine meadow along hwy 130, high in the Medicine Bow Mts, 10 Jul 2000, McNeilus 00-833 (TEX). Fremont Co.: Popo Agie Primitive Area, Wind River Mts, W of Lander, tundra area in cirque above Cathedral Lake, 3280 m, 6 Aug 1975, Albee 2748 (UT). Park Co.: Top of Carter Mt, at headwaters of N fork of Meeteetse Creek, ca 24–25 mi SW of Cody, ca 3200 m, 3 Jul 1987, Evert 12890 (NY); Beartooth Plateau, 3050–3325 m, 26 Aug 1959, Bamberg 483 (COLO). Sheridan Co.: Dome Lake, Elk Mt, 3505 m, 28 Jun 1897, Pammel & Stanton s.n. (NY). Sublette Co.: W Slope Wind River Range, W flank of Temple Peak, 4 air mi E of Big Sandy Lodge, ca 36.5 air mi ESE of Pinedale, ca 3350 m, 12 Jul 1991, Fertig 9136 (RM). Teton Co.: Teton Range, Grand Teton National Park, on talus just below the summit of Table Mt, ca 2.5 air mi WNW of the Grand Teton, 3300 m, 9 Aug 1988, Halse 3739 (ARIZ).
3. Hymenoxys Insignis (A. Gray) Cockerell, Torreya 4: 170. 1904.
Actinella insignis A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 19: 31. 1883. Type: MEXICO. Coahuila: “Coahuila, Mexico, at Lerios, in the mountains east of Saltillo, at 10,000 feet, July, 1880” (protologue), “Lerios, 15 leagues E. of Saltillo, 10,000 feet, July, 1880” (holotype label), “Lerios E. of Saltillo, 10,000 ft., February to October, 1880” (K isotype label), “Lerios, Mexico, a mountain section 15 leagues east of Saltillo, supposed to be 10,000 feet above the level of the sea; July 10 to 13–1880” (NY and PH isotype labels), E. Palmer 632 (Holotype: GH!; Isotypes: Kl [photograph of K isotype at Fl, NY!], NY!, PH!, US-47375!).
Actinea insignis (A. Gray) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 303. 1891.
Caudices ± branched. Aerial Stems 1–10 arising singly or multiply from branches of caudices, usually branched distally, 30–80 cm. Leaves: blades simple or pinnately or bipinnately divided into 3–41 + segments; basal leaf blades divided into 11–41 + segments; mid leaf blades divided into 9–25 segments; distal leaf blades simple or usually divided into 3–13 segments. Heads 5–35 per plant, usually borne in paniculiform to corymbiform arrays. Peduncles 3–10 cm, densely pubescent to tomen tose distally beneath the involucres. Involucres 10–15 × 15–20(-25) mm. Phyllaries: outer phyllaries 14–23, free or only slightly basally connate, 7–12 × 1.5–4 mm, apices acute, abaxial faces moderately to · densely pubescent, adaxial faces sparsely to moderately pubescent, eglandular or sparsely dotted with sessile glands; inner phyllaries 14–25+, lanceolate to elliptic to oblanceolate, 5.2–9 × 2–3 mm, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces eglandular, adaxial faces sparsely to moderately pubescent, eglandular. Ray Florets 15–33(-40); corollas 15–22 × 4–7 mm. Disc FLORETS 150–400+'; corollas 2.3–3 × 0.7–1 mm. Cypselae 2.3–3 × 0.7–1 mm; pappi of 5–7 ovate-aristate scales, 0.8–1.3 × 0.4–0.7 mm.
Distribution (Fig. 1) And Habitat. Mexico, known only from northern Sierra Madre Oriental in southeastern Coahuila and mid-western Nuevo León. Meadows and woodlands, sometimes above timberline, 3123 :±:: 427 m (range 2440–3650 m; N = 23).
Flowering And Fruiting. May to October, mainly June to August.
Representative Specimens (of 36 Specimens Examined) . MEXICO. Coahuila. Rd past San Antonio, ca 30 mi E of jct with hwy 57, Douglas fir and oak hillsides, 2650 m, 2n = 1511, 21 Jun 1976, Pinkava P13573 (ASU); Sierra El Coahuilon, 3040 m, 14 May 2000, Hinton 27534 (TEX); Cerro de la Viga, ca 4 mi E of Jamé on logging rd, 3050 m, 15 May 1981, Poole & Nixon 2275 (TEX). Nuevo León. Las Joyas, 2700 m, 30 Sep 1989, Hinton 19840 (TEX); Cerro Potosí, top of mt, ca 3650 m, n = 15, 1 Jul 1959, Beaman 2649 (GH, NY).
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to the following institutions for loans of specimens: ARIZ, ASU, COLO, CS, GH, LL, MO, MONTU, NY, RM, TEX, UNM, US, UT, UTC. I also thank John Strother for his help with the descriptions and synonymy, and Jose Panero for his help with preparation of the Spanish abstract.
