A taxonomic revision of the family Anatomidae from Brazil led to the discovery of nine species, four of which are new. This contrasts with only two species previously recorded: Anatoma aedonia (Watson, 1886) and Anatoma proxima (Dall, 1927). The lectotype designation for A. aedonia by Geiger (2012) has clarified the identity of this taxon, which is now considered a rare species, mainly from deep waters. The holotype of A. proxima is lost (Geiger, 2012), and some very similar taxa occur sympatrically in the western Atlantic; accordingly, we designate here a neotype for Scissurella proxima and redescribe it, re-evaluating its shell variability and radula morphology. The review of a large amount of shells in malacological collections in Brazil, including material from recent dredging along the southeastern coast, revealed the occurrence of seven additional species: Anatoma americana Bandel, 1998, synonymized under A. proxima by Geiger (2012), is herein considered a valid species; Anatoma atlantica (Bandel, 1998); and Anatoma alternatisculpta Geiger & McLean, 2010. Those three species were only known form the Caribbean region and are now recorded from Brazil. Four new species are described: Anatoma espiritosantense, n. sp., diagnosed by a trochiform to globose shell with irregularly distributed axial ribs over the shoulder, is restricted to the southeastern coast of Brazil; Anatoma campense, n. sp., characterized by a biconical shell, a well projecting keel of the selenizone, and a strong spiral cord on teleoconch I, is rare, restricted to the south-southeastern coast of Brazil; Anatoma brychia, n. sp., the deepest species from Brazil (∼ 1,900 m), is diagnosed by its longer teleoconch I, with 1.25 whorls and tiny sculpture; Anatoma copiosa, n. sp., is abundant, with several records from the southeastern coast of Brazil; it is distinguished from A. atlantica by the very faint axial ribs on the base of the shell. An eleventh likely undescribed taxon, Anatoma sp., is recorded based on a single shell, distinguished by a globose shell, faint spiral sculpture, and long teleoconch I.