Nobuyuki Yamaguchi,^1,* Carlos A. Driscoll,^1,2,** Lars Werdelin,³ Alexei V. Abramovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9709-4469,⁴ Gabor Csorba,⁵ Jacques Cuisin,⁶ Bo Fernholm,³ Michael Hiermeier,⁷ Daphne Hills,⁸ Luke Hunter,^9,*** Hiroyuki Itakura,¹⁰ Ulf S. Johansson,³ Vitaliy Kascheev,¹¹ Katrin Krohmann,¹² Thomas Martin,^12,**** Malgosia Nowak-Kemp,¹³ Igor Ya. Pavlinov,¹⁴ Francis Renoud,⁷ Louise Tomsett,⁸ Steven van der Mije,¹⁵ Elena Zholnerovskaya,¹⁶ Colin Groves,¹⁷ Andrew C. Kitchener,¹⁸ Vincent Nijman,^19,***** David W. Macdonald<sup>1

1</sup>1 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan
²2 Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
³3 Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
⁴4 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab., 1, 199034 Saint Petersbu
⁵5 Hungarian Natural History Museum, Bacross utca 13, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
⁶6 National Museum of Natural History, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
⁷7 Bavarian State Collection for Zoology, Muenchhausenstrasse 21, 81247 Munich, Germany
⁸8 Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
⁹9 Wildlife Conservation Society, Great Cats Program, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460, USA
¹⁰10 Cat Museum, Omurokogen 7-600, Ito City, Shizuoka Prefecture, 413-0235 Japan
¹¹11 Institute of Zoology, Academgorodok, Almaty, 480060, Kazakhstan
¹²12 Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt
¹³13 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, UK
¹⁴14 Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Ul. Bol'shaya Nikinskaya 6, 125009, Moscow, Russia
¹⁵15 National Museum of Natural History (Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis), P. O. Box 951
¹⁶16 Siberian Zoological Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Street 11, 630091, Novosibirsk, R
¹⁷17 School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT0200, Austra
¹⁸18 National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF UK and Institute of Geography,
¹⁹19 Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, Mauritskade 61, 1092 AD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

^*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Present address: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Qatar, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. E-mail: yamaguchi@qu.edu.qa
^** Present address: WWF Chair in Conservation Genetics at WII, Faculty of Wildlife Sciences, Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
^***Present address: Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018 USA
^****Present address: Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
^*****Present address: Department of Anthropology and Geography, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP UK