Steve K. Windels,^1,*,** David J. Flaspohler<sup>2,***

1</sup>1Voyageurs National Park 360 Hwy 11 E. International Falls, MN 56649
²2School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Houghton, M

^*Corresponding author: steve_windels@nps.gov
^**Steve K. Windels, PhD, is a Research Wildlife Biologist with the U.S. National Park Service at Voyageurs National Park. His research interests include the ecology of birds and mammals, plant-herbivore interactions, and protected areas management in the U.S. and abroad.
^***David J. Flaspohler, PhD, is an avian conservation biologist in the School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science at Michigan Technological University. His research interests include the effects of habitat fragmentation and other human land use on bird demography.