Two species new to science, Begonia multiloba Moonlight and B. merendonensis Moonlight & D. L. Kelly, are described, from Guatemala and Honduras, respectively. These species are illustrated and diagnosed against similar species and are assigned provisional IUCN assessments as Critically Endangered because of their small ranges and the severe deforestation within those ranges. Both species are treated as members of Begonia L. sect. Gireoudia (Klotzsch) A. DC.

Se describen dos especies nuevas para la ciencia, Begonia multiloba Moonlight y B. merendonensis Moonlight & D. L. Kelly, provenientes de Guatemala y Honduras respectivamente. Estas especies se ilustran y diagnostican en comparación con especies similares, y se les asigna una evaluación provisional de la UICN como en Peligro Crítico debido a sus zonas de distribución restringidas y a la grave deforestación dentro de dichas zonas. Ambas especies se consideran miembros de Begonia L. sect. Gireoudia (Klotzsch) A. DC.

Eight species of Notopleura (Benth.) Bremek. are newly described here, all but one in Notopleura subg. Notopleura. Notopleura aurantiaca C. M. Taylor is found from Ecuador to Peru and western Brazil; N. bracteata C. M. Taylor in central Peru; N. cajamarcana C. M. Taylor in northern Peru; N. divaricata C. M. Taylor in western Colombia; N. harlingii C. M. Taylor in central Ecuador; N. kosnipatana C. M. Taylor in southern Peru; N. valenzuelae C. M. Taylor in central Peru; and N. stevensonii C. M. Taylor, which belongs to Notopleura subg. Viscagoga (Baill.) C. M. Taylor, in central Colombia. The identities of several published names that apply to species of Notopleura are clarified, new combinations are made for three older names that apply to previously described species, and several other names are newly synonymized here. Notopleura chasaliodes (Kunth) C. M. Taylor is based on Uragoga chasaliodes Kunth and is an older name for N. plagiantha (Standl.) C. M. Taylor; N. paramorum (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria paramorum Standl. and is an older name for N. pithecobia (Standl.) C. M. Taylor; and N. semimetralis (K. Krause) C. M. Taylor is based on P. semimetralis K. Krause and is an older name for N. vargasiana C. M. Taylor. The identities of several other names are also newly clarified: P. albacostata Rusby is a distinct species, treated here as the new combination N. albacostata (Rusby) C. M. Taylor; Hoffmannia striata Rusby is a synonym of N. tolimensis (Wernham) C. M. Taylor; and P. dudleyi Steyerm. is a synonym of N. paramorum. Additionally, eight names are lectotypified and the nomenclatural status of Uragoga Baill. is discussed.

A new combination, Trimeris anceps (L. f.) E. B. Knox, is established for the species previously known as Lobelia anceps L. f. Lobelia L. is the “core” genus of the Lobeliaceae, which has more than 30 segregate genera that have been recognized based on their evolutionarily divergent reproductive morphology. Wimmerella Serra, M. B. Crespo & Lammers is a segregate South African genus with completely fused corollas (which affect pollinator access), yet one of its descendant lineages has somehow reverted to the Lobelia-like condition of the corolla split to the base on the back. Recent discovery that the St. Helena–endemic T. scaevolifolia (Roxb.) Mabb. is sister to L. anceps provides an established segregate genus into which both of these morphologically anomalous species can be placed.

A new species of Anthurium Schott (Araceae) is described, belonging to section Belolonchium (Schott) Engl. Anthurium dairon-cardenasii López-Flor., Croat & Marco Correa is dedicated in honor of the great botanist Dairon Cardenas López, who dedicated his life to the study of the Amazon. The species was recorded in Caquetá, Colombia, in a lower montane wet forest in the framework of the Caquetá BIO project.

The history and typification of the five species belonging in the genus Galtonia Decne. (Hyacinthaceae) are discussed. Lectotypes are designated for the names Hyacinthus candicans Baker and Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker. The new spontaneous hybrid Galtonia ×ceredigionis J. Compton & Schrire, formed from a natural cross between G. candicans (Baker) Decne. and G. princeps (Baker) Decne., is described.

The widespread and variable taxon currently recognized as Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. is said to extend from West Africa through tropical Asia to northern Melanesia, but comparison of material from Madagascar with collections from the region where the type was collected (Southwest India) clearly shows that they represent different species. Examination of material from continental Africa and other parts of the range of D. ferrea s.l. further confirms that the Malagasy populations constitute a distinct entity endemic to this island nation, prompting us to establish the new combination D. madagascariensis (A. DC.) E. Mestre & H. N. Rakouth based on Maba madagascariensis A. DC. We summarize the main characters that distinguish D. madagascariensis from D. ferrea s. str. and provide information on its phenology, local names, and exploitation, primarily as a source of ebony wood. A risk of extinction assessment of D. madagascariensis based on the IUCN Red List criteria indicates that its status is “Least Concern.”

Actuellement, Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. est considéré comme une espèce répandue et variable, dont l'aire s'étendrait de l'Afrique de l'Ouest à la Mélanésie septentrionale en passant par l'Asie tropicale. Cependant, la comparaison du matériel de Madagascar avec les collections de la région d'origine du type (sudouest de l'Inde) montre clairement qu'il s'agit d'espèces différentes. L'examen du matériel provenant d'Afrique continentale et d'autres parties de l'aire de répartition de D. ferrea s. lat. confirme que les populations malgaches constituent une entité distincte endémique de ce pays, ce qui nous incite à établir la nouvelle combinaison D. madagascariensis (A. DC.) E. Mestre & H. N. Rakouth, basée sur Maba madagascariensis A. DC. Nous présentons un résumé des principaux caractères qui distinguent D. madagascariensis de D. ferrea s. str. et fournissons des informations sur sa phénologie, ses noms locaux et son utilisation, principalement comme source de bois d'ébène. Une évaluation du risque d'extinction de D. madagascariensis basée sur les critères de la Liste rouge de l'UICN indique que son statut est “Préoccupation mineure”.

Three species of Anthurium Schott sect. Belolonchium (Schott) Engl. (Araceae) are described and illustrated from the department of Caquetá in Colombia: A. caquetense López-Flor., Edwin Trujillo & Croat, A. florenciense Croat, López-Flor. & Edwin Trujillo, and A. marcocorreae Croat, López-Flor. & Edwin Trujillo.

Four new species of Hiraea Jacq. (Malpighiaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama are proposed: H. hispida C. E. Anderson, H. oligantha C. E. Anderson, H. pleiantha C. E. Anderson, and H. velutinissima C. E. Anderson. A previously misidentified specimen from Panama is the first record of H. brachyptera Triana & Planch. in Central America. All species are described and illustrated. A key to species of Hiraea with multiflowered umbels occurring in Mesoamerica is provided.

A new species, Juncus snowii W. M. Knapp & R. Carter (Juncaceae), is described from two counties of the Altamaha grit, a sandstone formation in the coastal plain physiographic province of Georgia, U.S.A. This new species resembles other members of Juncus L. sect. Ozophyllum Dumort. but is readily distinguished by a combination of characters including its typically annual life history, diminutive habit, and small capsules and tepals. The type locality is an area of geologic interest that supports a unique assemblage of rare and endemic plant species. Color photographs are provided for the new species, as well as preliminary conservation status assessments using NatureServe criteria (Critically Imperiled with extinction [G1]) and IUCN Red List criteria (Vulnerable [VU D2]).

“Ilex chimantaensis T. R. Dudley” (Aquifoliaceae), a replacement name for I. sulcata Edwin, was not validly published because the author failed to supply a full and direct reference to the replaced synonym. Because the name is needed for an endemic Venezuelan species, it is validated here as I. chimantaensis T. R. Dudley ex Kottaim. by citation of the full reference.

Sclerocactus dawsoniae McGlaughlin & Naibauer (Cactaceae), a new species from western Colorado, is described. Sclerocactus dawsoniae is segregated from S. glaucus (K. Schum.) L. D. Benson, differing by having a smaller overall size, fewer spines per areole, an allopatric distribution, and substantial genetic differentiation.

The name Artemisia kabylica Chabert (Asteraceae) is lectotypified here. The lectotype of A. kabylica is stored in FI, and isolectotypes are deposited in FI, MPU, and P.

The name Parablechnum christii (C. Chr.) Gasper & Salino has been applied to a small species with few pairs of short pinnae that is endemic to Costa Rica and Panama. After reviewing type material of this name, we conclude that it has been misapplied and is, in fact, a synonym of P. falciforme (Liebm.) Gasper & Salino, an older name. Because the specimens previously identified as P. christii lack a name, we propose P. talamancanum S. Molino & R. C. Moran for these plants. The species is endemic to the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama, from 1200 to 3350 m.

Parablechnum christii (C. Chr.) Gasper & Salino es un nombre que se ha aplicado a una especie de pequeño tamaño, con pocos pares de pinnas cortas, endémica de Costa Rica y Panamá. Después de revisar el material tipo de este nombre, llegamos a la conclusión de que se ha aplicado erróneamente y es, de hecho, un sinónimo de P. falciforme (Liebm.) Gasper & Salino, un nombre más antiguo. Dado que los especímenes previamente identificados como P. christii carecen de nombre, proponemos P. talamancanum S. Molino & R. C. Moran para estas plantas. La especie es endémica de las montañas de Costa Rica y Panamá, entre 1200–3350 m.

A new species of Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae) from Brazil, Z. planaltense Reynel, is here described based upon morphological characters. It is a small shrub distributed in the Cerrado formations of the state of Bahia, where a predominance of shrubby vegetation can be seen, with scarce trees. It belongs to Zanthoxylum sect. Macqueria Comm. ex Triana & Planch., and within it to the Z. monogynum species group. The new species can be distinguished from the others in its species group by several vegetative and reproductive characters. With this addition, the total number of Neotropical Zanthoxylum reaches 90 species.

Una nueva especie de Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae) de Brasil es aquí descrita, sobre la base de sus caracteres morfológicos, Z. planaltense Reynel. Se trata de un arbusto pequeño, distribuido en las formaciones de Cerrado del Estado de Bahia, las cuales tienen predominancia de vegetación arbustiva, y escasos árboles. Pertenece a Zanthoxylum sect. Macqueria Comm. ex Triana & Planch., y dentro de ésta, al Z. monogynum species group, siendo distinguible por varios caracteres, tanto vegetativos como reproductivos. Con esta adición, las especies neotropicales de Zanthoxylum alcanzan un total de 90.

Four new species of Mapania Aubl. from montane habitats in Guyana are described. A new combination at new rank, Scleria subeggersiana (Kük.) Camelb. & Goetgh., is published for Scleria microcarpa Nees ex Kunth var. subeggersiana Kük. The new combination Cephalocarpus spongiosus (M. T. Strong) M. T. Strong and the replacement name Rhynchospora hollowellii M. T. Strong, replacing the later homonym R. capillifolia W. W. Thomas, are published. Typifications are made for 30 names representing 27 currently accepted names in Cyperaceae occurring in the Guianas, South America: Becquerelia glomerulata Brongn. [var. euglomerulata] f. rubra H. Pfeiff., Calyptrocarya intermedia C. B. Clarke, Cephaloschoenus globosus (Kunth) Nees var. minor Nees, Cyperus cornelii-ostenii Kük., Cyperus jenmanii C. B. Clarke ex Morong, Cyperus oxylepis Nees ex Steud., Cyperus radiatus Vahl var. elongatus Boeckeler, Cyperus traillii C. B. Clarke, Dichromena pubera Vahl, Eleocharis filiculmis Kunth, E. homonyma Steud., E. jelskiana Boeckeler, E. nana Kunth, E. septata Miq., E. subfoliata C. B. Clarke, Haloschoenus emaciatus Nees, Mariscus chlorocephalus C. B. Clarke, Pleurostachys orbignyana Brongn., R. curvula Griseb., R. heterocaulis C. B. Clarke, Schoenus asper Schrad., Schoenus setaceus P. J. Bergius, Scirpus maculosus Vahl, Scleria bracteata Cav., Scleria grandifolia Miq., Scleria kunthii Miq., Scleria liebmannii Steud., Scleria reflexa Kunth var. surinamensis Boeckeler, Scleria stipularis Nees, and Scleria tuberculata Boeckeler. The identity of the holotype of Scleria microcarpa Nees ex Kunth var. longiligula Nees is clarified.

Five new species of Aiouea Aubl. (Lauraceae) are described and illustrated: A. acuminata van der Werff & Penagos, A. acutifolia Penagos & van der Werff, A. intermedia Penagos & van der Werff, A. pelykiflora Penagos & van der Werff, and A. pubescens Penagos & van der Werff. Aiouea acuminata resembles Nectandra hypoleuca Hammel, which differs in having six 2-locular and three 4-locular stamens and in its distribution. Aiouea acutifolia differs from the related A. laevis (Mart.) Kosterm. in having nine fertile stamens (vs. six in A. laevis) and in its broader leaves (4.5–11 vs. 3.5–6 cm). Flowers of A. intermedia are unique in having nine 2-locular stamens, with some stamens retaining one or two upper vestigial sterile locules, and coriaceous leaves with domatia as tufts of hairs in the axils of secondary veins. Aiouea pelykiflora has flowers with tepals incurved, giving flowers a campanulate shape. Aiouea pubescens has flowers with six fertile stamens and domatia as tufts of hairs in the axils of midrib and secondary veins. The different concepts of Aiouea, Aiouea sensu Renner and Aiouea sensu Rohde et al., are discussed.

Two new species of Lauraceae from Ecuador and Peru are described. Andea ferruginea van der Werff resembles A. kolera (van der Werff) van der Werff but differs in the color of the indumenta and the raised tertiary venation on the lower leaf surface. Ocotea pterocaulis van der Werff differs from all other species of Ocotea Aubl. by the combination of hermaphroditic flowers and winged stems.

Se describen dos nuevas especies de Lauraceae de Ecuador y Perú. Andea ferruginea van der Werff, la cual se asemeja a A. kolera (van der Werff) van der Werff, pero difiere por el color del indumento y la venación terciaria prominente en el envés; Ocotea pterocaulis van der Werff difiere de las especies descritas de Ocotea Aubl. por la combinación de flores hermafroditas y tallos alados.

A new species of Lauraceae from Ecuador is described as Persea calva Rohwer & van der Werff. Among the known species of Persea Mill., it is characterized by stubby twigs with apically somewhat aggregated leaves; small, externally glabrous and glaucous flowers; (sub)equal tepals that are adaxially pubescent at or near the tip only; and stamens with comparatively short filaments. In previous phylogenetic analyses, the type collection had been placed as sister to P. sphaerocarpa (H. J. P. Winkl.) Kosterm., from which it differs by smaller, apically obtuse to rounded leaves with shorter petioles.

Una nueva especie de Lauraceae de Ecuador es descrita como Persea calva Rohwer & van der Werff. Entre las especies descritas de Persea Mill., esta se caracteriza por tener ramas cortas con hojas tendiendo a agruparse al final de las ramas, flores pequeñas glabras y glaucas en el exterior, tépalos (sub) iguales pubescentes adaxialmente hacia la punta, y estambres con filamentos relativamente cortos. En análisis filogenéticos previos, la colección tipo ha sido reconocida como hermana de P. sphaerocarpa (H. J. P. Winkl.) Kosterm., de la cual se diferencia por tener hojas con ápice obtuso a redondeado, más pequeñas y con pecíolos más cortos.

The taxonomy of Calyceraceae, a small family of angiosperms endemic to southern South America and sister of Asteraceae, has recently been revised based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and the evolution of flower morphology. Despite the efforts for precision by those authors, some further nomenclatural adjustments to the classification previously provided are needed: Boopis Juss. is applied as the correct name for the “Pilose group,” and Xiphodesma Pozner & Zijlstra is a new genus name published to accommodate B. anthemoides Juss. In addition, lectotypes are designated for four names: Anomocarpus tenuis Miers, B. anthemoides var. subscandens Speg., B. leucanthema Poepp. ex Less., and B. pusilla Phil.

The typification of Aster sedifolius L. (Asteraceae: Astereae) is discussed. Designation of a lectotype is based on consultation of Linnaeus's original material and the literature cited in the protologue. A specimen from the herbarium sheet preserved at UPS [Herb. Burser XV(1): 62 (UPS no. V-174664)] is designated as lectotype.

Ellipanthus conduplicatus T. Scott, Lowry & Randrian. (Connaraceae) is described as a new species from low- to mid-elevation humid forests in eastern Madagascar. It is distinguished from the two other species recognized on the island by leaf features, including the shape, size, and conduplicate nature of the blade (especially in pressed material) as well as the form of the apex, and by inflorescence length. The members of the genus on Madagascar also exhibit distinct geographic distributions. A description, illustration, photographs, and identification key are provided, along with a distribution map. A preliminary risk of extinction assessment following the IUCN Red List Criteria indicates a status of “Least Concern.”

We lectotypify the Linnaean name Passiflora punctata L. (Passifloraceae). An updated description of the species and a distribution map are provided.

Seven species of Besleria Plum. ex L. (Gesneriaceae) are described from the Mesoamerican flora to add to the 27 currently recognized from the region: three from types from Panama (Besleria amicitia L. E. Skog & Barrie, B. darienensis L. E. Skog & Barrie, and B. fruticosa L. E. Skog & Barrie), two from Costa Rica (B. gracilis L. E. Skog & Barrie and B. talamancana L. E. Skog & Barrie), and one each from Honduras (B. hondurensis L. E. Skog & Barrie) and Belize (B. nicolsonii L. E. Skog & Barrie), the latter also found in Guatemala and Honduras.

Se describen siete especies de Besleria Plum. ex L. (Gesneriaceae) para la flora de Mesoamérica, las cuales se añaden a las 27 especies previamente registradas para esta región. Tres especies son de Panamá (Besleria amicitia L. E. Skog & Barrie, B. darienensis L. E. Skog & Barrie y B. fruticosa L. E. Skog & Barrie), dos de Costa Rica (B. gracilis L. E. Skog & Barrie y B. talamancana L. E. Skog & Barrie) y una de Honduras (B. hondurensis L. E. Skog & Barrie) y Belice (B. nicolsonii L. E. Skog & Barrie) respectivamente, esta última también se encuentra en Guatemala y Honduras.

Ranunculus reniformis Wall. ex Wight & Arn. is a rare species endemic to southern India (Western and Eastern Ghats), which is characterized by longpetiolate basal leaves with crenately dentate lamina. This species name is an illegitimate later homonym of R. reniformis Gilib. A new name, R. nilgiricus Sennikov & Val. N. Tikhom., is proposed to replace the later homonym.

Recent field expeditions to the Upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia resulted in the discovery of a new species of Columnea L. (Gesneriaceae). Columnea conopurpurea J. L. Clark, Y. Ramos-Arias & J. L. Peña, sp. nov., is described as a narrow endemic from the Colombian Massif in southern Colombia. The new species is an epiphyte with pendent shoots, shallow bilabiate corolla tubes, and a purple elongate cone-shaped berry. An overview of fruit shapes throughout Columnea is summarized to demonstrate the uniqueness of the purple cone-shaped berry in C. conopurpurea. Description, distribution map, illustration, and field images are provided. Based on IUCN guidelines, a preliminary conservation status of Endangered (EN) is provided for C. conopurpurea.

Recientes expediciones de campo al Alto Magdalena en Colombia dieron como resultado el descubrimiento de una epífita colgante de Columnea L. (Gesneriaceae). Columnea conopurpurea J. L. Clark, Y. Ramos-Arias & J. L. Peña, sp. nov., se describe como una especie endémica limitada al Macizo Colombiano en el sur de Colombia. La nueva especie es una epífita colgante con brotes alargados, tubos de corola bilabiados poco profundos y una baya púrpura alargada en forma de cono. Se resume una descripción general de las formas de los frutos en Columnea para demostrar la singularidad de la baya púrpura en forma de cono en C. conopurpurea. Se proporciona además la descripción, mapa de distribución, ilustración e imágenes de campo. Según las directrices de la UICN, se asigna un estado de conservación preliminar de En Peligro (EN).

Two new species of Bulbophyllum Thouars, B. psittacinum Verlynde & Ramand. and B. vespertilioides Verlynde & Ramand. (Orchidaceae), are recognized and described. Both species are endemic to Madagascar and were found in the Ankerana forest, part of the Ankeniheny-Zahamena corridor (CAZ) protected area in the eastern escarpment forests. These two species belong to section Pantoblepharon Schltr.; B. psittacinum differs from the rest of the section by its conjoined lateral sepals and B. vespertilioides by its larger pseudobulbs, longer inflorescence, and number of flowers. Taxonomic treatments of both species with descriptions, illustrations, distribution, and habitat information as well as preliminary IUCN Red List assessments are provided.

A new name, Primula sinobreviscapa Idrees & J. M. H. Shaw, is proposed for the species P. breviscapa Franch., described by Franchet in 1895 from China, as its name is a later homonym of P. breviscapa Clairv. (1811). A Delavay specimen is designated as lectotype. Notes on Delavay's numbering system are included.

A new combination in Euploca Nutt. (Heliotropiaceae) is proposed in this work: E. reversifera (C. Wright ex Millsp.) J. I. M. Melo, based on Heliotropium reversiferum C. Wright ex Millsp., a neglected endemic species from Cuba.

Two new combinations, Anomospermum prancei (Barneby & Krukoff) R. Ortiz and A. verruculosum (Krukoff & Barneby) R. Ortiz, are made in the Neotropical genus Anomospermum Miers (Anomospermeae–Menispermaceae) to conform with the newly revised classification based on morphology and DNA sequence data.

Se hacen dos nuevas combinaciones, Anomospermum prancei (Barneby & Krukoff) R. Ortiz and A. verruculosum (Krukoff & Barneby) R. Ortiz en el género neotropical Anomospermum Miers (Anomospermeae–Menispermaceae), para ser consistente con la clasificación recientemente revisada basada en datos de morfología y secuencias de ADN.