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13 October 2023 Natal forest fragment size does not predict fledgling, premigration or apparent annual survival in Wood Thrushes
Sue M. Hayes, Brendan P. Boyd, Alexandra M. Israel, Bridget J. M. Stutchbury
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Determining the drivers and mechanisms for first year survival of migratory songbirds has been an understudied area in population dynamics due to the difficulty in tracking juveniles once they have dispersed from the natal site. With the advancement in miniaturization of radio-tags (battery life ∼400 days) and the development of the Motus Wildlife Tracking System, we tracked 189 Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) nestlings through independence and to fall migration departure, and their return the following spring. Natal forest fragment size and landscape forest cover (at different spatial scales) were not strong predictors of fledgling, pre-migration, or apparent annual survival; and onset of fall migration was best predicted by fledge date but not natal fragment size. Survival probability was lowest the first 16 days post-fledging (70%, or 0.86 weekly survival probability), very high for juveniles as they explored the landscape prior to fall migration (89%, or 0.99 weekly survival probability) and low during their first migration and wintering season (26%, or 0.95 weekly survival probability). To our knowledge, this is the first study to directly estimate annual apparent juvenile survival in a migratory songbird using year-round radio-tracking. Our study suggests that small forest fragments are important for the conservation for forest songbirds because they can support high survival of juveniles.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Understanding the main drivers of survival during the full annual cycle of juvenile songbirds is urgently needed to better predict population growth.

  • A key question for forest songbirds is whether nesting in small forest fragments negatively affects juvenile survival.

  • The advancement in radio-tags (∼400-day battery life for small tags) alongside the Motus Wildlife Tracking System allowed us to estimate apparent juvenile survival at three life stages (fledgling, pre-migration, and migration/wintering) for a declining migratory forest songbird, the Wood Thrush.

  • We show that natal fragment size does not predict survival probability for fledgling or juvenile Wood Thrushes.

  • Weekly survival was lowest for fledglings on their natal territory, high for juveniles as they explore the landscape prior to fall migration, and lower during their first migration and wintering season.

  • Our study suggests that even small forest fragments on the breeding grounds are important as they can support high juvenile survival for a forest songbird and that survival is driven primarily by factors outside of the breeding grounds.

Determinar los factores y mecanismos que afectan la supervivencia del primer año de las aves canoras migratorias ha sido un área poco estudiada en la dinámica de poblaciones debido a la dificultad de rastrear a los juveniles una vez que se han dispersado del sitio natal. Con el avance en la miniaturización de los marcadores de radio (vida útil de la batería ∼400 días) y el desarrollo del Sistema de Seguimiento de Vida Silvestre Motus, seguimos a 189 polluelos de Hylocichla mustelina durante el proceso de independencia hasta la partida de la migración de otoño, y su regreso la primavera siguiente. El tamaño del fragmento de bosque natal y la cobertura forestal del paisaje (a diferentes escalas espaciales) no fueron buenos predictores de la supervivencia de los volantones, la supervivencia previa a la migración o la supervivencia aparente anual; y el inicio de la migración de otoño se predijo mejor por la fecha de emancipación, pero no por el tamaño del fragmento natal. La probabilidad de supervivencia fue más baja en los primeros 16 días después de la emancipación (70%, o una probabilidad de supervivencia semanal de 0.86), muy alta para los juveniles mientras exploraban el paisaje antes de la migración de otoño (89%, o una probabilidad de supervivencia semanal de 0.99) y baja durante su primera migración y temporada de invierno (26%, o una probabilidad de supervivencia semanal de 0.95). Hasta donde sabemos, este es el primer estudio que estima directamente la supervivencia aparente anual de juveniles en un ave canora migratoria utilizando seguimiento por radio durante todo el año. Nuestro estudio sugiere que los pequeños fragmentos de bosque son importantes para la conservación de las aves canoras de bosque porque pueden mantener una alta supervivencia de los juveniles.

Sue M. Hayes, Brendan P. Boyd, Alexandra M. Israel, and Bridget J. M. Stutchbury "Natal forest fragment size does not predict fledgling, premigration or apparent annual survival in Wood Thrushes," Ornithological Applications 126(1), 1-15, (13 October 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad054
Received: 23 May 2023; Accepted: 25 September 2023; Published: 13 October 2023
KEYWORDS
apparent juvenile survival
fall migration timing
fechas de migración de otoño
fledgling survival
fragment size
Hylocichla mustelina
motus
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