This work provides information on the occurrence of adult trematodes (Aspidogastrea and Digenea) in freshwater fishes from Argentina. To date, a total of 77 trematode species belonging to 21 families have been recorded. Haploporidae, Allocreadiidae and Cryptogonimidae (15, nine and nine species, respectively) showed the highest species richness, whereas the number of species ranged from one to seven species for the other 18 families. Of these, five new species have been recently described in Argentina; nine were cited for the first time; 17 had new host records, and 28 were reported from new localities. The orders Characiformes, Perciformes and Siluriformes harboured the highest richness of trematode species.
INTRODUCTION
The first study of Trematoda of freshwater fishes in Argentina was conducted by Szidat (1951), and since then several new species have been described. Since the study of South-American trematodes by Kohn et al. (2007) and other work of parasites restricted to the middle Paraná River (Chemes & Takemoto, 2011), 15 new species of freshwater fish trematodes have been described and/or recorded for this region, making a total of 199 fully identified species at the adult stage. Recently, an attempt was made to provide a worldwide overview on freshwater fish trematodes (Choudhury et al., 2016; Scholz et al., 2016).
The freshwater fish fauna of Argentina consists of more than 500 species, with new species being constantly described (Menni, 2004; Cussac et al., 2009; Almirón et al., 2008, 2015; Mirande & Koerber, 2015).
The objective of the present checklist is to update the diversity of adult trematodes from freshwater fishes from Argentina. It is based on published papers cited in the references, and records of species cited for the first time or that were found in new hosts and localities, which were obtained by the authors during the last 26 years.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The checklist is based upon published papers between 1951 and 2016. The Trematoda are presented according to families in alphabetical order; each taxon contains information on the species such as authority and year, synonyms, acronyms of museums for the deposited material, host(s) (including type host and country), localities (including type locality and country), site of infection, life cycle (when it is completely known), references and remarks (when justified). A list of fish hosts and their trematodes is also included. The classification for trematodes follows the Keys to the Trematoda (Gibson et al., 2002; Jones et al., 2005; Bray et al., 2008) and the fish classification is according Fishbase (Froese & Pauly, 2016).
Acronyms for the helmintological collections are: BMNH - British Museum of Natural History, London, United Kingdom; CHIOC - Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; IPCAS - Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Ceské Budějovece, Czech Republic; MACN-Pa - Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina; MLP - Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; NHM - Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria; NSMT-PI - National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan [now National Museum of Nature and Science (NMNS)]; NRM - Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stokholm, Sweden; UNC - Parasite Collection of the Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina; USNM - United States National Parasite Collection, Washington, U.S.A [recently transferred to the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH)]. Deposition numbers at MACN are indicated only for new voucher material. The following abbreviations and symbols are used: *new host registered by the present authors; **new locality registered by the present authors; • indicated doubtful fish host; IH1, first intermediate host; IH2, second intermediate host; and FH, final host.
RESULTS
Class Trematoda Rudolphi, 1808
Subclass Aspidogastrea Faust & Tang, 1936
Family Aspidogastridae Poche, 1907
Lobatostoma
Eckmann, 1932
Lobatostoma jungwirthi
Kritscher, 1974
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 582/1-5 (new voucher material), MLP, NHM (type material).
Hosts: Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel) (= Geophagus brachyurus Cope) (type host, Brazil), Australoheros facetus (Jenyns) [= Cichlasoma facetum (Jenyns)] (Perciformes: Cichlidae).
Life cycle: IH1 Heleobia castellanosae Gaillard, Heleobia parchappii (d′Orbigny) (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) (natural hosts); FH A. facetus (natural host), Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba (experimental host).
Localities: Rio dos Sinos (San Leopoldo), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (type locality); Cantera (quarry) (Berisso), Chascomús Lagoon (Chascomús) and Saladita Pond (Avellaneda), Buenos Aires Province; Tres de Febrero Park (artificial pond), Buenos Aires City.
Site of infection: Gonads and digestive gland in the molluscan host, posterior intestine and rectum in the cichlid fishes.
References: Kritscher (1974) Lunaschi (1984a), Zylber & Ostrowski de Núñez (1999), Paola & Damborenea (2001).
Remarks: Some specimens began egg production in the molluscan host. Paola & Damborenea (2001) studied the tegument surface of the species.
Subclass Digenea Carus, 1863
Family Allocreadiidae Looss, 1902
Allocreadium
Looss, 1900
Allocreadium patagonicum Shimazu, Urawa & Coria, 2000
Polylekithum percai Ostrowski de Núñez, Brugni & Viozzi, 2000
Material deposited: BNMH, IPCAS (type material), MACN-Pa, NSMT-PI (type material); UNC.
Hosts: Percichthys colhuapiensis (MacDonagh) (type host), Percichthys trucha (Valenciennes) (Perciformes: Percichthyidae).
Locality: Aluminé Lake (type locality), Neuquén Province; Falkner, Moreno and Escondido Lakes, Rio Negro Province; Rivadavia Lake, Chubut Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2000), Shimazu et al. (2000), Flores et al. (2004).
Remarks: Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2000) described P. percai from P. trucha in Patagonia; posteriorly Flores et al. (2004) considered this species as synonym of A. patagonicum.
Allocreadium pichi Flores, Brugni & Ostrowski de Núñez, 2004
Material deposited: BMNH (type material), MACN-Pa (type material), MLP (type material), UNC (type material).
Hosts: Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) (type host) (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae).
Locality: Moreno Lake, Río Negro Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Flores et al. (2004).
Auriculostoma
Scholz, Aguirre-Macedo
&
Choudhury, 2004
Auriculostoma macrorchis (Szidat, 1954)
Crepidostomum macrorchis Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 583, 584/1-2, 585/1-3, 586/1-2 (type and new voucher material).
Hosts: Pachyurus bonariensis Steindachner (type host) (Perciformes: Scienidae); Ageneiosus inermis (Linnaeus), Ageneiosus militaris* Valenciennes, Auchenipterus nigripinnis (Boulenger), Auchenipterus osteomystax (Miranda Ribeiro) [= Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix and Agassiz)] (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae), Luciopimelodus pati* (Valenciennes) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), Rhinodoras dorbignyi* (Kner) (Siluriformes: Doradidae).
Localities: La Plata River, Buenos Aires City (type locality); Middle Paraná River, Corrientes Province; Colastiné River** (tributary of the Paraná River) (31°40′S, 60°46′W), Santa Fe Province; Paraná-Guazú River** (33°54′S; 58°52′W), Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Anterior, middle and posterior part of intestine.
References: Szidat (1954), Hamann (1988), Scholz et al. (2004), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New hosts and localities records. Hamann (1988) indicated the presence of A. macrorchis in A. nuchalis, but according to Liotta (2005) and to Froese & Pauly (2016), the records of this species probably correspond to A. osteomystax.
Auriculostoma platense (Szidat, 1954)
Crepidostomum platense Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 587, 588/1-2, 589 (type and new voucher material).
Hosts: Iheringichthys labrosus (Lütken), Pimelodus maculatus Lacépède (= Pimelodus clarias Lacépède) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) and Rhinodoras dorbignyi (Siluriformes: Doradidae) (type host not assigned); Pimelodus albicans* (Valenciennes), Pimelodus argenteus* Perugia (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), Rhamphichthys rostratus* (Linnaeus) (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae).
Localities: La Plata River, Buenos Aires City (type locality); Colastiné River** (tributary of the Paraná River), Santa Fe Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Szidat (1954), Scholz et al. (2004), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New hosts and locality records.
Creptotrema
Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928
Creptotrema creptotrema
Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MACN-Pa 590/1-2 (new voucher material), MLP.
Hosts: Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes (type host, Brazil), Leporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes) (Characiformes: Anostomidae); Trachelyopterus striatulus* (Steindachner), Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus) (= Parauchenypterus galeatus Linneaus) (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae).
Localities: Mogi-Guaçu River (Emas, Pirassununga), São Paulo State, Brazil (type locality); Middle Paraná River, Corrientes Province; Colastiné River**, Santa Fe Province; Irigoyen Canal, Talavera Island, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Anterior part of intestine.
References: Kohn (1984), Lunaschi (1985a), Hamann (1988), Lunaschi & Sutton (1995), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New host and locality records.
Creptotrema lynchi Brooks, 1976
Material deposited: MLP, USNM (type material).
Hosts: Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) (type host, Colombia), Leporinus obtusidens.
Localities: 1 km north of San Cristobal, Atlántico, Colombia (type locality); Irigoyen Canal, Talavera Island, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Pyloric caeca (in fish). Reference: Lunaschi & Sutton (1995).
Remarks: The absence of subsequent reports of C. lynchi from anurans suggests that R. marina may have been an accidental host (Curran, 2008).
Creptotrema pati Lunaschi, 1985
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Hosts: Luciopimelodus pati (type host).
Locality: Atalaya (Magdalena), Buenos Aires Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Lunaschi (1985a).
Creptotrematina
Yamaguti, 1974
Creptotrematina dispar
(Freitas, 1941)
Creptotrema dispar Freitas, 1941
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material); not available for Argentinean material.
Host: Triportheus paranensis (Günther) (= Chalcinus paranensis Günther) (type host, Brazil) (Characiformes: Triportheidae).
Locality: Rio Miranda (Salobra), Mato Grosso State, Brazil (type locality); Middle Paraná River, Corrientes Province.
Site of infection: Anterior part of intestine. References: Freitas (1941b), Hamann (1988).
Creptotrematina dissimilis (Freitas, 1941)
Creptotrema dissimilis Freitas, 1941
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MLP.
Host: Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier (type host, Brazil); Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus), Astyanax eigenmanniorum (Cope) (Characiformes: Characidae).
Locality: Rio Miranda (Salobra), Mato Grosso State, Brazil (type locality); Trin Lagoon (Iberá Inlet), Corrientes Province; Boca Cerrada and Miguelín Stream (Ensenada), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Freitas (1941c), Hamann (1983), Lunaschi (1985a).
Alloglossidiidae Hernandez-Mena, Mendoza-Garfias, Ornelas-Garcia & Perez-Ponce de Leon, 2016
Magnivitellinum
Kloss, 1966
Magnivitellinum corvitellinum
Lacerda, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2009
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MACN-Pa 611/1-2 (new voucher material), USNPC (type material).
Host: Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock) (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) (type host, Brazil).
Localities: Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil (type locality); Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Middle and posterior part of intestine.
Remarks: First mention of this species in Argentina.
Magnivitellinum simplex Kloss, 1966
Material deposited: MLP, MACN-Pa 612 (new voucher material).
Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus (type host, Brazil), Astyanax sp., A. eigenmanniorum, A. fasciatus, Oligosarcus jenynsi, Sorubim lima*.
Life cycle: IH1 Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny), IH2 Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (experimental host).
Localities: Mogi-Guaçu River (Emas, Pirassununga) Estado São Paulo State, Brazil (type locality); Tres Palmeras, Salta Province; Colastiné River** (tributary of the Paraná River), Santa Fe Province; Doña Flora Stream (tributary of La Plata River), Miguelín Stream (Ensenada), Cantera (quarry) Aprilito, Chascomús Lagoon (Chascomús) and La Plata River, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Lunaschi (1989b), Arredondo (2013), Davies (2014).
Remarks: New host and locality record.
Family Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942
Crassicutis
Manter, 1936
Crassicutis cichlasomae
Manter, 1936
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 591/1-2, 592 (new voucher material).
Host: Cichlasoma mayorum Hubbs (type host, México), Cichlasoma dimerus* (Heckel), Crenicichla lepidota* Heckel (Perciformes: Cichlidae).
Locality: Cenote, Yucatán, México (type locality); Colastiné River** (tributary of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Remarks: First record of this species in Argentina.
Crassicutis intermedius (Szidat, 1954)
Eocreadium intermedium Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 593/1-2 (type and new voucher material).
Host: Hypostomus commersoni (Valenciennes) [= Plecostomus commersoni (Valenciennes)] (type host) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae).
Localities: La Plata River, Buenos Aires City (type locality); Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Stomach.
Remarks: New locality record. Bray et al. (1996) redescribed this species from Hypostomus cochliodon (Kner) and Hypostomus commersoni, Paraná River (Itapúa Province) and Hypostomus piratatu Weber, Santa Sofía Ranch, Concepción Province, Paraguay.
Homalometron
Stafford, 1904
Homalometron papilliferum
(Szidat, 1956)
Austrocreadium papilliferum Szidat, 1956
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material), NSMT-PI, UNC.
Host: Percichthys trucha (type host).
Localities: Limay River, Río Negro Province (type locality); Araucarian Region of Andean Patagonia (see table 2 in Ostrowski de Núñez et al., 2000), Aluminé Lake, Neuquén Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Szidat (1956b), Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2000), Shimazu et al. (2000).
Homalometron pseudopallidum Martorelli, 1986
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Host: Gymnogeophagus australis (Eigenmann) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) (type host).
Life cycle: IH1 Heleobia parchappii; IH2 Tubificidae.
Locality: small lagoon at Los Talas (Berisso), Buenos Aires Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Martorelli (1986).
Posterotestes
Ostrowski de Núñez, Brugni & Flores, 2003
Posterotestes unelen
Ostrowski de Núñez, Brugni & Flores, 2003
Material deposited: IPCAS (type material), MACN-Pa (type material), MLP (type material), UNC (type material).
Host: Percichthys trucha (type host).
Localities: Epuyén Lake (type locality), Chubut Province; other localities see table 1 in Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2003).
Site of infection: Posterior part of intestine.
Reference: Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2003).
Procaudotestis
Szidat, 1954
Procaudotestis uruguayensis
Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: BMNH; MACN-PA (type material); MHNG.
Host: Paraloricaria vetula (Valenciennes) [= Loricaria vetula (Valenciennes)] (type host) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae).
Locality: Uruguay River, Santo Tomé, Corrientes Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Stomach.
Reference: Szidat (1954).
Remarks: Bray et al. (1996) redescribed this species from Loricaria sp., Paraná River (Itapúa Province), Paraguay.
Family Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912
Plehniella
Szidat, 1951
Plehniella coelomicola
Szidat, 1951
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 614/1-2 (type and new voucher material), MLP.
Hosts: Iheringichthys labrosus (type host), Pimelodus albicans, P. maculatus, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans*, Hoplosternum littorale*.
Localities: La Plata River in front of Buenos Aires City (type locality), Paraná River**, Italia Port, Corrientes City, Corrientes Province, Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina.
Site of infection: Coelomic cavity.
References: Szidat (1951), Lunaschi (1985b), Avendaño de MacIntosh & Ostrowski de Núñez (1998), Arredondo (2013), Orélis-Ribeiro & Bullard (2015).
Remarks: New hosts and localities records. Erroneously referred to as P. coelomica by Lunaschi (1985b) and Avendaño de MacIntosh & Ostrowski de Núñez (1998).
Sanguinicola Plehn, 1905
Janickia Rašín, 1928
Sanguinicola argentinensis Szidat, 1951
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Hosts: Prochilodus lineatus Valenciennes (= Prochilodus platensis Holmberg) (type host) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae).
Localities: La Plata River, Buenos Aires (type locality).
Site of infection: Heart, arteries.
Reference: Szidat (1951).
Family Bucephalidae Poche, 1907
Prosorhynchoides
Dollfus, 1929
Prosorhynchoides cambapuntaensis
Lunaschi, 2004
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Host: Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier) (= Salminus maxillosus Valenciennes) (type host) (Characiformes: Bryconidae).
Locality: Paraná River near Experimental Field CambáPunta, Corrientes Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Lunaschi (2004).
Prosorhynchoides rioplatensis (Szidat, 1970)
Bucephalopsis rioplatensis Szidat, 1970
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther) (= Achirus trichospilus Berg) (type host) (Pleuronectiformes: Achiridae).
Locality: La Plata River, Buenos Aires City (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Rhipidocotyle
Diesing, 1858
Rhipidocotyle santanaensis
Lunaschi, 2004
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Host: Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro Menezes (type host) (Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae).
Locality: Small natural pond at Santa Ana (type locality), Corrientes Province.
Site of infection: Pyloric caeca.
Reference: Lunaschi (2004).
Family Callodistomidae Odhner, 1910
Prosthenhystera
Travassos, 1922
Prosthenhystera obesa
(Diesing, 1850)
Distomum obesum Diesing, 1850
Pseudoprosthenhystera microtesticulata Kloss, 1966
Material deposited: MLP, NHM (type material).
Hosts: Salminus brasiliensis (= S. brevidens Cuvier), Leporinus friderici (Bloch) (type host not assigned, Brazil) (Characiformes: Anostomidae), Luciopimelodus pati*, Pimelodus albicans*.
Localities: Mato Grosso State, Brazil (type locality); Colastiné River** (tributary of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province; Delta of Paraná River, Buenos Aires Province; Irigoyen Canal, Talavera Island, Buenos Aires Province; La Plata River** in front of Buenos Aires City.
Site of infection: Gall bladder.
References: Diesing (1950), Lunaschi & Sutton (1995), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New hosts and locality records. Kohn et al. (1997) redescribed this species from Brazil parasitizing a wide range of hosts.
Family Cladorchiidae Southwell & Kirshner, 1937
Dadaytrema
Travassos, 1931
Dadaytrema gracilis
Lunaschi, 1989
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 594/1-2 (new voucher material), MLP (type material).
Hosts: Pimelodella gracilis (Valenciennes) (type host) (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae), Pterodoras granulosus* (Valenciennes) (Siluriformes: Doradidae).
Localities: Brazo Chico Stream (tributary of Uruguay River), Entre Rios Province (type locality), Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Middle and posterior part of intestine. References: Lunaschi (1989a), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New host and locality records. The present authors also recovered D. gracilis in the type host.
Dadaytrema oxycephala (Diesing, 1836)
Amphistoma oxycephalum Diesing, 1836
Dadayia oxycephala Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 595 (new voucher material), NHM (type material).
Hosts: Salminus brasiliensis (Salmo aurata Larrañaga), Salmo pacu (non valid name), Silurus megacephalus (non valid name) and Myleus rhomboidalis (Cuvier) (Salmo pacupeba Kner) (type host not assigned, Brazil), Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg) (Characiformes: Serrasalminae), Pterodoras granulosus.
Localities: Paraná River, Cuyaba, Araguay River, Brazil (type locality); Paraná and Paraguay rivers confluence and Middle Paraná River near Corrientes City, Corrientes Province; Colastiné River** (tributary of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province; Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Middle and posterior part of intestine.
Remarks: New locality records.
Dadaytremoides
Thatcher, 1979
Dadaytremoides parauchenipteri
Lunaschi, 1989
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Host: Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus) [= Parauchenipteus galeatus (Linnaeus)] (type host) (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae).
Locality: Brazo Chico Stream (tributary of Uruguay River), Entre Ríos Province (type locality); Yrigoyen Canal, Talavera Island, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Microrchis
Daday, 1907
Microrchis oligovitellinum
Lunaschi, 1987
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 596, 597 (new voucher material), MLP (type material).
Hosts: Luciopimelodus pati and Trachelyopterus striatulus [= Trachycoristes striatulus (Steindachner)] (type host not assigned), Ageneiosus inermis*, A. militaris*, Pterodoras granulosus*.
Localities: Atalaya (Magdalena) and Punta Lara (Ensenada), Buenos Aires Province (type locality not assigned); Colastiné River** (tributary of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province.
Site of infection: Anterior, middle and posterior part of intestine.
Remarks: New hosts and locality records.
Travassosinia
Vaz, 1932
Travassosinia dilatata
(Daday, 1907)
Chiorchis dilatatus Daday, 1907
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 598 (new voucher material), information about type material not provided by Daday (1907).
Hosts: Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier) [= Colossoma brachypomus (Cuvier)] (type host, Paraguay), P. mesopotamicus [= Colossoma mitrei (Berg)] (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), P. granulosus, Salminus brasiliensis*.
Localities: Paraguay (type locality); Paraná and Paraguay rivers confluence and Middle Paraná River near Corrientes City, Corrientes Province; Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Daday (1907), Hamann (1982a, b), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New host and locality records. The description of this species was based on one specimen from Paraguay; it was not possible to trace where this specimen was deposited.
Family Cryptogonimidae Ward, 1917
Acanthostomoides
Szidat, 1956
Acanthostomoides apophalliformis
Szidat, 1956
Material deposited: IPCAS, MACN-Pa (type material), NSMT-PI, UNC.
Hosts: Percichthys trucha (type host), P. colhuapiensis, Galaxias maculatus, Oncorhynchus mikiss (Walbaum), Salmo trutta (Linnaeus) (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae), Olivaichthys viedmensis (MacDonagh) (= Diplomystes viedmensis MacDonagh) (Siluriformes: Diplomystidae).
Life cycle: IH1 Heleobia hatcheri (Pilsbry, 1911); IH2 Galaxias maculatus.
Localities: Limay River, Río Negro Province (type locality); Araucarian Region of the Andean Patagonia (see list of lakes and rivers in Ostrowski de Núñez et al., 1999).
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Szidat (1956b), Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (1999), Shimazu et al. (2000), Revenga et al. (2006a, b).
Acanthostomum
Looss, 1899
Acanthostomum gnerii
Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 599 (type and new voucher material).
Hosts: Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) [= Rhamdia sapo (Valenciennes)] (type host), Pimelodella laticeps Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae), Cyphocharax gilbert (Quoy & Gaimard) [= Pseudocurimata gilberti (Quoy & Gaimard)] (Characiformes: Curimatidae).
Life cycle: IH1 Heleobia parchappii (Pilsbry) (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae); IH2 Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns) (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae), Odontesthes bonariensis (Valenciennes) [= Basilichthys bonariensis (Valenciennes)] (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae), Astyanax sp., Jenynsia multidentata (Jenyns) [= Jenynsia lineata (Jenyns)], Oligosarcus sp. (= Acestrorhamphus sp.); FH Rhamdia quelen, Pimelodella laticeps.
Localities: Paraná River near Rosario City (type locality), Santa Fe Province; Chis-Chis and Chascomús Lagoon (Chascomús) and Cantera (quarry) Los Talas (Berisso), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Stomach (Lunaschi, 1986), anterior part of intestine.
References: Szidat (1954), Lunaschi (1986), Ostrowski de Núñez & Gil de Pertierra (1991), Gil de Pertierra & Ostrowski de Núñez (1995).
Neocladocystis
Manter & Pritchard, 1969
Neocladocystis intestinalis
(Vaz, 1932)
Material deposited: CHIOC, MACN-Pa.
Host: Salminus brasiliensis (type host, Brazil).
Life cycle: IH1 Aylacostoma chloroticum Hylton Scott; IH2 Moenckhausia dichroura (Kner), Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner) (natural hosts), Poecilia reticulata Peters, Cnesterodon decemmaculatus, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger), Prochilodus sp. (experimental hosts); FH Salminus brasiliensis.
Localities: Tietê and Mogy-Guaçú rivers, São Paulo State, Brazil (type locality); Yacyretá Dam, Corrientes Province.
Site of infection: Pyloric caeca, intestine.
Reference: Quintana & Ostrowski de Núñez (2016).
Remarks: First record of the species and its life cycle in Argentina.
Palaeocryptogonimus
Szidat, 1954
Palaeocryptogonimus claviformis
Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Hosts: Rhinodoras dorbignyi (type host).
Locality: La Plata River in front of Buenos Aires City (type locality).
Site of infection: Stomach, anterior part of intestine.
Reference: Szidat (1954).
Parspina
Pearse, 1920
Parspina argentinensis
(Szidat, 1954)
Proneochasmus argentinensis Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type and voucher material).
Hosts: Pimelodus maculatus [= Pimelodus clarias (Linnaeus)] (type host), P. albicans, P. argenteus, Iheringichthys labrosus, Pimelodella gracilis, Parapimelodus valenciennis (Lütken) (Siluriformes; Pimelodidae).
Localities: La Plata River in front of Buenos Aires City (type locality); Colastiné River (tributary of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province; Paraná-Guazú River, Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Stomach, anterior, middle and posterior part of intestine.
References: Szidat (1954), Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2011a).
Remarks: Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2011a) redescribed and studied the tegument surface of the species.
Parspina carapo Ostrowski de Núñez, Arredondo & Gil de Pertierra, 2011
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Gymnotus sp. (type host) (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) (see remarks).
Localities: Paraná-Guazú River, Entre Ríos Province (type locality); Colastiné River (tributary of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province.
Site of infection: Middle and posterior part of intestine. Reference: Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2011b).
Remarks: Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2011b) studied the tegument surface of the species, which was compared with that of Parspina argentinensis. Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2011b) indicated the presence of P. carapo in Gymnotus carapo, but according to Froese & Pauly (2016) and Casciotta et al. (2013) this species is not present in continental waters of Argentina.
Parspina pimelodellae Arredondo & Ostrowski de Núñez, 2013
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Pimelodella gracilis (type host).
Locality: Paraná-Guazú River, Entre Ríos Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Anterior part of intestine.
Reference: Arredondo & Ostrowski de Núñez (2013).
Parspina virescens Ostrowski de Núñez, Arredondo & Gil de Pertierra, 2011
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes) (type host) (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae).
Locality: Colastiné River (tributary of Paraná River) (type locality), Santa Fe Province.
Site of infection: Pyloric caeca, anterior and middle part of intestine.
Reference: Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2011b).
Remarks: Ostrowski de Núñez et al. (2011b) studied the tegument surface of the species, which was compared with that of Parspina argentinensis and P. carapo.
Pseudosellacotyla
Yamaguti, 1954
Pseudosellacotyla lutzi
(Freitas, 1941)
Sellacotyle lutzi Freitas, 1941
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MACN-Pa.
Hosts: Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch) (type host, Brazil) (Characiformes: Erythrinidae).
Life cycle: IH1 Aylacostoma chloroticum Hylton Scott (Prosobranchia: Thiaridae); IH2 Moenckhausia dichroura, Hyphessobrycon eques (Characiformes: Characidae) (natural host); Poecilia reticulata, Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poecilidae), Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (experimental hosts) (Characiformes: Characidae).
Localities: Brazil (type locality); Middle Paraná River: Yacyretá Dam, Corrientes Province, and Heller Peninsula and Candelaria, Misiones Province.
Site of infection: Pyloric caeca and intestine.
References: Freitas (1941a), Quintana & Ostrowski de Núñez (2014).
Family Derogenidae Nicoll, 1910
Deropegus
McCauley & Pratt, 1961
Deropegus patagonicus
(Szidat, 1956)
Derogenes patagonicus Torres, 1995
Thometrema patagonica Lunaschi & Drago, 2000 (published in 2001)
Material deposited: IPCAS, MACN-Pa (type material), NSMT-PI.
Hosts: Percichthys trucha (type host), P. colhuapiensis, Salmo trutta, Salvelinus fontinalis.
Localities: Pellegrini Lake and Limay River, Río Negro Province [type locality not assigned by Szidat (1956)]; Aluminé and Huechulafquén Lakes, Neuquén Province.
Site of infection: Stomach.
References: Szidat (1956b), Shimazu et al. (2000), Lunaschi & Drago, 2000 (published in 2001).
Genarchella Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928
Paravitellotrema Watson, 1976
Caballeroiella Lamothe-Argumedo, 1977
Graziatrema Nazir & Velásquez, 1977
Quadripaludus Jiménez, Guajardo & Briseno, 1981
Genarchella fragilis Lunaschi, 1990
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Hosts: Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier), A. abramis (Jenyns) (type host not assigned) (Characiformes: Characidae).
Locality: Doña Flora Stream (Ensenada), Buenos Aires Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Stomach.
Reference: Lunaschi (1990).
Genarchella genarchella (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928)
Halipegus genarchella Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928
Genarchella dubia Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MACN-Pa 600, 601, 602, 603 (new voucher material).
Hosts: Oligosarcus sp. (= Acestrorhamphus sp.) (type host, Brazil); O. jenynsii (Günther), Charax stenopterus (Cope) (= Asiphonichthys stenopterus Cope) (Characidae: Characidae), Salminus brasiliensis, Leporinus friderici (Bloch) (Characidae: Anostomidae); Iheringichthys labrosus*, Luciopimelodus pati*, Pimelodus albicans, P. maculatus (= Pimelodus clarias Linnaeus).
Localities: Emas Pirassununga, São Paulo State, Brazil (type locality); Middle Paraná River, El Dorado, Misiones Province; Colastiné River** (tributary of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province; Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province; Lujan River (Luján), Los Talas (Berisso), and Chascomús Lagoon (Chascomus), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Esophagus, stomach, intestine.
Life cycle: IH1 and IH2 Heleobia australis (d'Orbigny) (see Szidat, 1956); H. parchappii (see Martorelli, 1989).
References: Szidat (1956a), Martorelli (1989), Kohn et al. (1990), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New hosts and locality records. Szidat (1956a) mentioned H. australis as intermediate host, but this is a misidentification (see Martorelli, 1989). The progenetic metacercaria produces viable eggs, which are infective for the snail. The life cycle could be maintained without a vertebrate host for several years (Martorelli, 1989).
Genarchella parva Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928
Genarchella tropica (Manter, 1936) Szidat 1954 nec Derogenes tropicus Manter, 1936
Genarchella szidati (Yamaguti, 1971).
For more synonyms see Lunaschi (1990) and Kohn et al. (2007).
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MACN-Pa 604, 605 (new voucher material).
Hosts: Oligosarcus sp. (= Acestrorhamphus sp.) (type host, Brazil), Oligosarcus jenynsii, O. hepsetus (Cuvier), Charax gibbosus (Linnaeus) (= Cynopotamus gibbosus Valenciennes) (Characidae: Characidae), Salminus brasiliensis, Triportheus paranensis, Astyanax sp., A. bimaculatus [= Poeciloristhys bimaculatus (Linnaeus)], A. eigenmaniorum (Cope), A. fasciatus, Cheirodon interruptus Jenyns, Hyphessobrycon meridionalis Ringuelet, Miquelarena & Menni, Jenynsia multidentata [= J. lineata (Jenyns)] (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae), Ageneiosus militaris*, Auchenipterus nigripinnis, A. osteomystax (= A. nuchalis), Leporinus obtusidens, Loricariichthys anus (Valenciennes) (= Loricaria anus Valenciennes) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), Luciopimelodus pati, Pimelodus albicans, P. argenteus, P. maculatus, P. ornatus Kner, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz)*, Pimelodella gracilis, Pimelodella mucosa Eigenmann & Ward (= Pimelodella howesi Fowler), Rhamdia quelen (= R. sapo).
Localities: Emas Pirassununga, São Paulo State, Brazil (type locality); Paraná River (Puerto Italia), Corrientes City, Corrientes Province; Colastiné River** (tributary of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province; Saladita Lagoon (Avellaneda), Cantera (quarry) Aprilito (Ensenada), Doña Flora Stream (Ensenada), Miguelín Stream (Ensenada), Cantera (quarry) Los Talas (Berisso), Chascomús and Chis-Chis Lagoons (Chascomús) and Luján River (Luján), Buenos Aires Province; La Plata River in front of Buenos Aires City.
Site of infection: Stomach.
References: Szidat (1954), Hamann (1989), Lunaschi (1990), Gil de Pertierra & Ostrowski de Núñez (1995), Drago (1997), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New hosts and locality records. Referred to as Genarchella szidati Yamaguti, 1971 by Hamann (1989). Hamann (1989) indicated that the records of Genarchella parva in Auchenipterus nuchalis, Jenynsia lineata and Pimelodella howesi, in Argentina probably correspond to A. osteomystax, J. multidentata and P. mucosa, respectively (see Liotta, 2005; Aguilera & Azpelicueta, 2015; Froese & Pauly, 2016).
Thometrema
Amato, 1968
Thometrema bonariensis
Lunaschi, 1988
Material deposited: MLP (type and voucher material).
Host: Australoheros facetus (= Cichlasoma facetum) (type host); Odontesthes bonariensis (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae).
Locality: Chascomús Lagoon (Chascomus) (type locality), and Salada Grande Lagoon (General Lavalle), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Stomach, intestine.
Thometrema magnifica (Szidat, 1954)
Gonocercella magnifica Szidat, 1954
Thometrema portoalegrensis Amato, 1968
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 606 (type material and new voucher material), MLP.
Hosts: Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus) [= Plecostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus)], Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes [= Plecostomus commersoni (Valenciennes)] (type host not assigned), (Siluriformes: Loricariidae).
Localities: Uruguay River in front of Santo Tomé, Corrientes Province and La Plata River in front of Buenos Aires City (type locality not assigned); Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Rios Province; Canal Yrigoyen, Isla Talavera, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Stomach, swim bladder.
References: Szidat (1954), Gibson & Bray (1979), Kohn et al. (1983), Lunaschi & Sutton (1995), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New host and locality records. Szidat (1954) indicated the presence of Thometrema magnifica in Plecostomus plecostomus, but according to Froese & Pauly (2016) and Almirón et al. (2015) this species is not present in continental waters of Argentina. Probably, due to similarity among them, the record of Hypostomus plecostomus by Szidat (1954) corresponds to Pterygoplichthys anisitsi which inhabits the Paraná River basin.
Thometrema overstreeti (Brooks, Mayes & Thorson, 1979)
Paravitellotrema overstreeti Brooks, Mayes & Thorson, 1979
Thometrema rioplatense Lunaschi, 1988
For more synonyms see Kohn et al. (2007)
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 607, 608 (new voucher material), MLP, USNM (type material).
Host: Potamotrygon magdalenae (Dumeril) (Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae) (type host); Astyanax fasciatus, A. paraguayensis (Fowler), Leporinus obsutidens, Oligosarcus jenynsii, Salminus brasiliensis, Ageneiosus inermis, Auchenipterus nigripinnis, Luciopimelodus pati, Pimelodus albicans, P. maculatus, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, P. reticulatum Eigenmann & Eigenmann, Sorubim lima Bloch & Schneider, Rhamdia quelen, Zungaro jahu (Ihering) [= Paulicea luetkeni (Steindachner)].
Localities: Magdalena River in northern Colombia (type locality); Middle Paraná River, Puerto Italia, Corrientes Province; Colastiné River** (tributary of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province; Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province; Chis-Chis Lagoon (Chascomús), Doña Flora Stream (Ensenada), Miguelin Stream (Ensenada) and La Plata River, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Stomach.
References: Brooks et al. (1979), Hamann (1986, 1989), Lunaschi (1988a), Gil de Pertierra & Ostrowski de Núñez (1995), Arredondo (2013).
Remarks: New localities records. Referred to as Genarchella genarchella by Hamann (1986, 1989).
Family Faustulidae Poche, 1926
Bacciger
Nicoll, 1914
Bacciger astyanactis
Lunaschi, 1998
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Host: Astyanax fasciatus (type host).
Locality: La Plata River (type locality) and Bagliardi Beach (Ensenada), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Rectum.
Reference: Lunaschi (1988c).
Bacciger delvalleensis Lunaschi, 2001
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Host: Astyanax eigenmanniorum (type host).
Locality: Cuña-pirú Stream, Aristóbulo del Valle, Misiones Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Rectum.
Reference: Lunaschi (2001).
Family Glypthelminthidae Cheng, 1959
Glypthelmins
Stafford, 1905
Glypthelmins pseudium
(Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1967)
Margeana pseudium Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1967
Material deposited: MLP.
Host: Pseudis minuta (Günther) (= Pseudis mantidactylus Boulenger) (type host) (Anura: Hylidae); Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns) (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae).
Locality: Bañados de la Coronilla, Departamento de Rocha and Bañado Tropa Vieja, Canelones, Uruguay (type locality); Villoldo Stream, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Lunaschi (1991).
Remarks: This species parasitizes amphibians and is considered an accidental infection in the fish by Lunaschi (1991).
Family Gorgoderidae Loos, 1901
Phyllodistomum
Braun, 1899
Phyllodistomum mugilis
Knoff & Amato, 1992
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MLP.
Hosts: Mugil liza Valenciennes (= Mugil platanus Günther) (type host, Brazil).
Locality: Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (type locality); Ajo River, Samborombón Bay, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Urinary bladder.
References: Montes et al. (2012), Montes (2013), Montes & Martorelli (2015).
Phyllodistomum spatula Odhner, 1902
Material deposited: Information about type material not provided by Odhner (1902), MLP.
Host: Bagrus bayad (Forsskål) [= B. bayad (Forsskål)] and B. docmak (Forsskål) [= B. docmac (Forsskål)] (Siluriformes: Bragridae) (type host not assigned, Sudan); Pimelodella laticeps, Rhamdia quelen.
Life cycle: IH1: Palaemonetes argentinus Nobili; FH: P. laciteps, R. quelen (natural hosts).
Localities: Nile River, Omdurman, Sudan (type locality); Chascomús Lagoon (Chascomús), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Urinary bladder.
Reference: Lunaschi & Martorelli (1990).
Remarks: The existence of this African species in South America has to be carefully reviewed. The specimens studied by Lunaschi & Martorelli (1990) probably could belong to Phyllodistomun rhamdiae Amato & Amato, 1993 described from the urinary bladder of Rhamdia quelen in Brazil (see Amato & Amato, 1993).
Family Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914
Chalcinotrema
Freitas, 1947
Chalcinotrema platense
(Lunaschi, 1984)
Saccocoelioides platensis Lunaschi, 1984
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Host: Cyphocharax platanus (Günther) [= Curimatorbis platanus (Günther)] (type host) (Characiformes: Curimatidae).
Locality: Boca Cerrada (Ensenada), Buenos Aires Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Chalcinotrema salobrensis Freitas, 1947
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MACN-Pa.
Hosts: Triportheus paranensis (= Chalcinus paranensis) (type host, Brazil); Piaractus mesopotamicus.
Localities: Miranda River (tributary of Paraguay River), Salobra, Mato Grosso State, Brazil (type locality); Middle Paraná River, Corrientes Province.
Site of infection: Anterior and middle part of intestine.
Forticulcita
Overstreet, 1982
Forticulcita platana
Andres, Curran, Fayton, Pulis & Overstreet, 2015
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material), USNM (type material).
Host: Mugil liza (type host) (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae).
Localities: La Plata River, Punta Lara, (type locality); Salado River, Cerro de la Gloria, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Andres et al. (2015).
Megacoelium
Szidat, 1954
Megacoelium plecostomi
Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa 609 (type material and voucher material).
Host: Hypostomus plecostomus (= Plecostomus plecostomus) (type host); Hypostomus commersoni*.
Localities: La Plata River in front to Buenos Aires City, Uruguay River in front of Santo Tomé City, Corrientes Province [type locality not assigned by Szidat (1954)]; Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Stomach, anterior part of intestine.
Remarks: New host and locality record. Szidat (1954) indicated the presence of Megacoelium plecostomi in Plecostomus plecostomus, but according to Froese & Pauly (2016) and Almirón et al. (2015) this species is not present in continental waters of Argentina. Probably, due to similarity among them, the record of Hypostomus plecostomus by Szidat (1954) corresponds to Pterygoplichthys anisitsi which inhabits the Paraná River basin.
Saccocoelioides Szidat, 1954
Lecithobothrioides Thatcher & Dossman, 1974
Saccocoelioides antonioni Lunaschi, 1984
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Host: Cyphocharax platanus (type host).
Locality: Boca Cerrada (Ensenada), Buenos Aires Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Pyloric caeca.
Reference: Lunaschi (1984b).
Saccocoelioides bacilliformis Szidat, 1973
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Astyanax bipunctatus (non valid species) probably A. cf. bimaculatus (Linnaeus) (see Lunaschi, 2002).
Localities: Reconquista River, Buenos Aires Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Pyloric ceca.
Reference: Szidat, 1973.
Remarks: Lunaschi (2002) considered Saccocoelioides bacilliformis junior synonym of Saccocoelioides octavus Szidat, 1970. However, Kohn et al. (2007) considered this species valid (see Discussion).
Saccocoelioides carolae Lunaschi, 1984
Material deposited: MLP (type material).
Host: Australoheros facetus (= Cichlasoma facetum Jenyns) (type host).
Life cycle: IH1 Heleobia parchappii, unencysted metacercaria, without tail, free in water; FH A. facetus.
Localities: Los Talas (Berisso), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Saccocoelioides elongatus Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes) (= Prochilodus platensis Holmberg) (type host).
Localities: La Plata River, in front of Buenos Aires City (type locality), Middle Paraná River, Corrientes Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Remarks: Lunaschi (1996) considered Saccocoelioides elongatus junior synonym of Saccocoelioides nanii Szidat, 1954. However, Kohn et al. (2007) considered this species valid (see Discussion).
Saccocoelioides magniovatus Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Leporinus obtusidens (type host).
Localities: Luján River, Buenos Aires Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Szidat (1954).
Remarks: Lunaschi (1996) considered Saccocoelioides magniovatus junior synonym of S. nanii Szidat, 1954. However, Kohn et al. (2007) considered this species valid (see Discussion).
Saccocoelioides magnus Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Cyphocharax platanus [= Curimata platana (Günther)] (type host).
Localities: Middle Paraná River, in front of Rosario City, Santa Fe Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Szidat (1954).
Saccocoelioides nanii Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material), MLP.
Host: Prochilodus lineatus, Hypostomus commersoni, Hyphessobrycon meridionalis.
Localities: Middle Paraná River, in front of Rosario City, Santa Fe Province (type locality); Irigoyen Canal (Talavera Island) and Saladita Lagoon (Avellaneda), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Remarks: Lunaschi (1996) considered S. elongatus and S. magniovatus junior synonyms of S. nanii Szidat, 1954. However, Kohn et al. (2007) considered these species valid (see Discussion).
Saccocoelioides octavus Szidat, 1970
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Hosts: Astyanax fasciatus (type host).
Life cycle: HI1 Heleobia parchappii, encysted metacercaria with attached tail free swimming in water.
Localities: Artificial small stream connected with Chascomús Lagoon (Chascomús), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Pyloric caeca, intestine.
Saccocoelioides quintus Thatcher, 1978
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Loricariichthys anus (Valenciennes) (= Loricaria anus Valenciennes) (type host) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae).
Localities: Middle Paraná River, in front of Rosario City, Santa Fe Province (type locality); Paraná River, Corrientes Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Remarks: Referred to as Saccocoelioides sp. 5 by Szidat (1954).
Saccocoelioides szidati Travassos, Freitas & Kohn, 1969
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Schizodon fasciatus Spix & Agassiz (Characiformes: Anostomidae) (type host); L. obtusidens.
Localities: Middle Paraná River, in front of Rosario City, Santa Fe Province (type locality); Middle Paraná River, Corrientes Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Szidat (1954), Travassos et al. (1969), Hamann (1983).
Remarks: Referred to as Saccocoelioides sp. 6 by Szidat (1954).
Xiha
Andres, Curran, Fayton, Pulis & Overstreet, 2005
Xiha fastigata
(Thatcher & Sparks, 1958)
Dicrogaster fastigatus Thatcher & Sparks, 1958
Material deposited: MLP, USNM (type material).
Host: Mugil cephalus Linnaeus (type host, USA), Mugil liza (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae).
Life cycle: IH1 Heleobia conexa (Gaillard), cysts of metacercaria free in water.
Localities: Grand Isle (Louisiana), Gulf of México, USA (type locality); Salado River relief canal and Ajo River, Samborombón Bay, Mar Chiquita Lagoon (Mar Chiquita), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Alarcos & Etchegoin (2010), Montes et al. (2012), Montes (2013), Lado et al. (2013), Montes & Martorelli (2015), Andres et al. (2015).
Remarks: Alarcos & Etchegoin (2010), Montes (2012), Montes et al. (2012), and Montes & Martorelli (2015) reported Dicrogaster fastigatus in Argentina. Recently, Andres et al. (2015) transferred the specimens described as Dicrogaster fastigatus by Thatcher & Sparks (1958) to a new genus, as Xiha fastigata. Even thougth Andres et al. (2015) did not comment on the Argentinian records for Dicrogaster fastigatus, these specimens have a spined hermaphroditic duct as it is present in Xiha (Montes, 2013).
Family Haplosplanchnidae Poche, 1926
Hymenocotta
Manter, 1961
Hymenocotta manteri
Overstreet, 1969
Material deposited: MLP, USNM (type material).
Hosts: Mugil cephalus Linnaeus (type host, USA), M. liza.
Locality: Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA (type locality); Salado River relief canal and Ajo River, Samborombón Bay, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
References: Montes et al. (2012), Montes (2013), Montes & Martorelli (2015).
Family Hemiuridae Loos, 1899
Dinurus
Looss, 1907
Dinurus breviductus
Looss, 1907
Dinurus barbatus (Cohn, 1902)
Material deposited: MACN-Pa.
Hosts: Ramnogaster melanostoma (Eigenmann) [= Clupea melanostoma (Eigenmann)] (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) (type host); Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix & Agassiz (Characiformes: Cynodontidae).
Locality: La Plata River, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Free in coelomic cavity.
Reference: Szidat et al. (1950).
Remarks: Szidat et al. (1950) found numerous eggs in the worms inhabiting the coelomic cavity.
Stomachicola
Yamaguti, 1934
Stomachicola lycengraulidis
Tanzola & Seguel, 2012
Material deposited: MLP (type material), MACN-Pa 610/1-2.
Hosts: Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz) (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) (type host).
Locality: Bahía Blanca estuary (type locality) and Paraná River, Buenos Aires Province; Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Stomach.
Remarks: New locality record. Tanzola & Seguel (2012) also recorded this species in the marine fish Conger orbignianus Valenciennes.
Lecithasteridae Odhner, 1905
Lecithaster
Lühe, 1901
Lecithaster confusus
Odhner, 1905
Material deposited: NRM (type material), MLP.
Host: Alosa agone (Scopoli) [= A. finta (Cuvier)] and Clupea harengus Linnaeus (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) (type host not assigned); Jenynsia multidentata.
Locality: Mediterranean and North Sea (type locality not assigned, Europe); Salado River relief canal, Samborombón Bay, Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Montes (2013).
Remarks: Montes (2013) recorded the presence of this Mediterranean and North Sea species in South America. These specimens have to be carefully reviewed, they probably could belong to Lecithaster intermedius Szidat, 1954 (see below).
Lecithaster intermedius Szidat, 1954
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Ramnogaster melanostoma (type host).
Locality: La Plata River in front of Buenos Aires City (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Szidat (1954).
Family Microscaphidiidae Loos, 1900
Curumai
Travassos, 1961
Curumai curumai
Travassos, 1961
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MACN-Pa 613 (new voucher material).
Hosts: Myleus sp. (Characiformes: Serrasalminae) (type host, Brazil); Piaractus mesopotamicus; Pterodoras granulosus*.
Localities: Amazon River (Pará State), Brazil (type locality); Middle Paraná River, Corrientes Province; Colastiné River ** (tributary of the Paraná River), Santa Fe Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Remarks: New host and locality record.
Family Plagiorchiidae (Lühe, 1901)
Kalipharynx
Boeger & Thatcher, 1983
Kalipharynx piramboae
Boeger & Thatcher, 1983
Material deposited: IOC (type material), MLP.
Host: Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger (Dipnoi: Lepidosirenidae) (type host, Brazil).
Localities: Amazon River, Manaos City, Brazil (type locality); Paraná River, Resistencia City, Chaco Province.
Site of infection: Anterior part of intestine.
Remarks: Kalipharynx Boeger & Thatcher, 1983 is considered as genus incertae sedis by Pojmańska et al. (2008).
Family Zonocotylidae Yamaguti, 1963
Zonocotyle
Travassos, 1948
Zonocotyloides Padilha, 1978
Zonocotyle bicaecata Travassos, 1948
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MLP.
Host: Steindachnerina elegans (Steindachner) [= Curimata elegans (Steindachner)] (type host, Brazil), Cyphocharax gilbert (Quoy & Gaimard) [= Pseudocurimata gilberti (Quoy & Gaimard)], Cyphocharax platanus (Günther) [= Curimatorbis platanus (Günther)], Steindachnerina brevipinna (Eigenmann & Eigenmann) [= Pseudocurimata nitens (Holmberg)] (Characiformes: Curimatidae).
Localities: Mogi-Guaçu River, (Emas, Pirassununga), São Paulo State, Brazil (type locality); Los Talas (Berisso), Buenos Aires Province.
Site of infection: Intestine.
Family Zoogonidae Odhner, 1911
Porangatus
Fernandes, Malta & Morias, 2013
Porangatus ceteyus
Fernandes, Malta & Morias, 2013
Material deposited: CHIOC (type material), MACN-Pa 615/1-2 (new voucher material).
Host: Hoplosternum littorale (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) (type host).
Localities: Lake Catalão, Amazonas State, Brazil (type locality); Paraná-Guazú River**, Entre Ríos Province.
Site of infection: Middle and posterior part of intestine.
Remarks: First citation of this species in Argentina.
Steganoderma
Stafford, 1904
Steganoderma macrophallus
Szidat & Nani, 1951
Material deposited: MACN-Pa (type material).
Host: Basilichthys microlepidotus (Jenyns) (= Basilichthys microlepidota Girard) (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) (type host).
Localities: Limay River (Plottier), Neuquén Province (type locality); Quequén River (Buenos Aires Province).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Szidat & Nani (1951).
Steganoderma szidati Viozzi, Flores & Ostrowski de Núñez, 2000
Material deposited: MAC-Pa (type material), UNC (type material).
Host: Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) (type host), Galaxias platei Steindachner, Aplochiton zebra Jenyns (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae).
Localities: Gutiérrez Lake, Rio Negro Province (type locality); Glacial lakes of Andean Patagonia; Moreno and Nahuel Huapi Lakes, Rio Negro Province; Epuyén and Cholila Lakes, Chubut Province.
Site of infection: Posterior part of intestine.
References: Viozzi et al. (2000, 2009), Revenga et al. (2005), Fernández et al. (2012, 2015a, b).
Steganoderma valchetensis Etchegoin, Cremonte & Escalante, 2002
Material deposited: BMNH (type material), MLP (type material).
Host: Gymnocharacinus bergii Steindachner (Characiformes: Characidae) (type host).
Localities: Valcheta Creek (on the Somuncurá Plateau), Rio Negro Province (type locality).
Site of infection: Intestine.
Reference: Etchegoin et al. (2002).
DISCUSSION
This checklist includes 77 species of adult trematodes (Aspidogastrea and Digenea) belonging to 45 genera and 21 families. The highest species richness was recorded for the family Haploporidae with 15 species, followed by Allocreadiidae and Cryptogonimidae, with nine species each. The number of species for the remaining 18 families ranges between one and seven species.
In regard to digeneans from Argentina, five new species were reported (Forticulcita platana, Parspina carapo, P. pimelodellae and P. virescens and Stomachicola lycengraulidis), and 9 were cited for the first time in the country (Crassicutis cichlasomae, Hymenocotta manteri, Lecithaster confusus, Magnivitellinum corvitellinum, Neocladocystis intestinalis, Porangatus ceteyus, Phyllodistomum mugilis, Pseudosellacotyla lutzi and Xiha fastigata) between 2007 and 2016 (Kohn et al., 2007, Ostrowski de Núñez et al., 2011; Montes et al., 2012; Tanzola & Seguel, 2012; Arredondo, 2013; Arredondo & Ostrowski de Núñez, 2013; Montes, 2013; Quintana & Ostrowski de Núñez, 2014; Andres et al., 2015; Montes & Martorelli, 2015; Quintana & Ostrowski de Núñez, 2016). Moreover, new hosts were found for 17 species (Auriculostoma macrorchis, A. platense, Creptotrema creptotrema, Crassicutis cichlasomae, Curumai curumai, Dadaytrema gracilis, Genarchella genarchella, G. parva, Hymenocotta manteri, Lecithaster confusus, Magnivitellinum simplex, Megacoelium plecostomi, Microrchis oligovitellinum, Parspina argentinensis, Plehniella coelomicola, Prostenhystera obesa, and Travassosinia dilatata). On the other hand, 28 digenean species have been recorded in new localities of Argentina (including new host records plus Crassicutis intermedius, Dadaytrema oxycephala, Magnivitellinum corvitellinum, Neocladocystis intestinalis, Phylodistomum mugilis, Porangatus ceteyus, Pseudosellacotyla lutzi, Stomachicola lycengraulidis, Thometrema magnifica, T. overstreeti and Xiha fastigata).
A final comment should be made on some trematode species: 1) The specimen of Steganoderma oviformis Szidat, 1962 reported from Argentina by Kohn et al. (2007) had actually been collected in Valdivia, Chile (see Fernández et al., 2012); 2) there is controversy about the validity of some Saccocoelioides species described by Szidat (see Kohn, 1985; Lunaschi, 1996, 2002; Kohn et al., 2007) because the type material of these species (deposited at the MACN) is poorly fixed and improperly stained, highlighting the need to clarify their taxonomic status by the examination of new material from type hosts and localities; 3) Crassicutis cichlasomae has a wide geographic distribution, as it parasitizes 25 species of cichlids in Mexico and other hosts in Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Cuba) and South America (Brazil) (Razo-Mendivil et al., 2013). Recent genetic studies by Razo-Mendivil et al. (2010, 2013) revealed that C. cichlasomae represents a complex of cryptic species, requiring a thorough morphological characterization for consistent species identification. Razo-Mendivil et al. (2013) suggest that C. cichlasomae specimens from Cuba and Brazil belong to a new species, and a similar line of reasoning may apply to the Argentinean specimens. Molecular studies of South American trematodes would help resolve some of these issues.
In the present checklist 34, 31, and 11 species of digeneans have been recorded in 26, 30 and seven species of Characiformes, Siluriformes and Perciformes, respectively. These orders not only show the highest species richness of freshwater fishes, but also harbour the highest species richness of digeneans in South America, including Argentina. The high diversity of trematodes reported in Characiformes and Siluriformes is probably due to the utmost sampling effort, as they included species of great commercial value, which makes them readily available for parasitologists. Future trematode studies might also include fish hosts used as baits, such as species of the families Characidae (Characiformes) locally called “mojarras”, Cichlidae (Perciformes) and all the families of Gymnotiformes (knifefish), which have been scarcely studied. Indeed, recent parasitological surveys of Gymnotiformes revealed the presence of two new species of the genus Parspina. This highlights the importance of considering fishes of minor commercial value for the discovery of new trematodes.
Few years ago, Reis et al. (2003) listed 4475 valid fish species from South and Central America and assumed that about 1550 remain to be described. Recently, Reis (2013) added new records to the list of Neotropical fishes and estimated a total of 8000 fish species in the region. South America possesses two of the major hydrological basins of the world, namely the Amazon River and the Paraná-La Plata River basins, followed by the Uruguay River, which has been scarcely studied from a parasitological point of view. According to Choudhury et al. (2016), less than 5% of the highly diverse South American ichthyofauna has been examined for parasites, suggesting that the biodiversity of freshwater fish hosts and their adult trematodes in South America is underestimated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank to the reviewers for their comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. Research was supported by Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBACYT – 20020130100617BA) Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 2014-2358).
