The tadpole and vocalizations of Phyllomedusa centralis are described based on individuals from the type locality, Chapada dos Guimarães, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. An opaque abdomen, upper jaw sheath medially higher, and an abundance of oral disc papillae characterize the tadpole of P. centralis. Phyllomedusa centralis, P. ayeaye, P. oreades, and P. megacephala are similar in inhabiting small streams, larvae with medially high upper jaws sheaths, spiracle opening free from body, and a ventral fin about three times deeper than the dorsal fin. The vocal repertoire of P. centralis consists of three different calls (“single call”, “compound call”, and ”response call”). These calls differ from those of other species of the hypochondrialis group by their low dominant frequency, short note duration, and broad frequency range with minimum (fundamental) and maximum frequencies coincident with the dominant frequency.