We determined the anurofauna composition and variation in a terra-firme forest surveyed during one rainy season. The study was carried out in the Fazenda Experimental of the Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Between November 2008 and May 2009, three samples were taken at night in 41 plots distributed across a 24 km2 grid. Twenty one plots were located away from water bodies (non-riparian plots) and the remaining 20 plots were located alongside the water bodies (riparian plots). Sampling was performed using standardized sampling methods: visual and auditory surveys performed simultaneously. A total of 6,677 individuals belonging to 33 species and nine families (Aromobatidae, Bufonidae, Centrolenidae, Ceratophryidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Microhylidae, Pipidae and Strabomantidae) were recorded. The number of species ranged from 23 species at the beginning of the rainy season to 26 species at the end of the season. Twenty-four species were detected in non-riparian plots, whereas 28 species were recorded in riparian plots. Fifteen species were recorded throughout the three sampling periods. The most abundant and widely distributed species in the study area were those with reproductive specializations. Differences in species richness and abundance between riparian and non-riparian plots were observed during sampling periods: in general, in the riparian plots the number of species and number of individuals were higher than those recorded in the non-riparian plots. These differences were related to the presence of species recorded exclusively in riparian plots, corresponding to species dependent on water bodies for reproduction. Differences in species composition between our study site and other nearby areas in central Amazonia may reflect local characteristics, such as variation in topography and presence of specific sites for anuran reproduction.