Habitat.—Open country (grasslands) near river systems and saline lakes; avoids coastal areas.

Distribution.—Breeds from northwestern Africa, the highlands of Ethiopia, southeastern Europe (Balkans, scarce), and Turkey eastward across central Asia to western China, Mongolia, and southeastern Siberia, and south to northern Iraq, northern Iran, northern Afghanistan and probably northwestern Pakistan, and the Tibetan Plateau.

Winters from Turkey eastward to western Iran, Afghanistan, the Indian Subcontinent, and southern and eastern China, rarely west to Greece, and formerly the Nile River Valley south to Sudan and Ethiopia.

Casual in Kenya, Oman, Sri Lanka, and east to Japan. Casual also to Western Europe but most recent records, and even recent records from Iceland, regarded as suspect (origin).

Accidental in western Greenland (Upernavik, two specimens; Illuissat/Jakobshavn, specimen; and an unknown locality in the southwest, specimen; Winge 1898, Boertmann 1994). All specimens from summer 1892, a massive invasion year in northwestern Europe. Six photographed at East Bay, Southampton Island, Nunavut, on 23 July 2000 (Allard et al. 2001) seem likely to have been wild but were not accepted (origin) by the ABA Checklist Committee. Reports from California and eastern North America probably mostly or entirely pertain to escapes from captivity.

3. [pp. 65–73] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Gonzalez et al. 2009) have shown that the genus Anas as currently constituted is not monophyletic. Their findings result in the following changes:

After the species account for Aix sponsa, insert the following heading, citation, and Notes:

Notes.—Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998) considered part of Anas, but now treated as separate on the basis of genetic data (Gonzalez et al. 2009), which indicate that Anas as previously constituted was paraphyletic, and further that it consisted of four deeply divergent clades, now recognized as the separate genera Sibirionetta, Spatula, Mareca, and Anas (cf. Livezey 1991). Linear sequence of genera and species follows Gonzalez et al. (2009).

Change the generic name of Anas formosa to Sibirionetta, add parentheses around the authority name, and place the account for this species under the heading and Notes for Sibirionetta.

After the species account for Sibirionetta formosa, insert the following heading, citation, and Notes:

Notes.—Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998) considered part of Anas. See comments under Sibirionetta.

Change the generic names of Anas querquedula, A. discors, A. cyanoptera, and A. clypeata to Spatula, add parentheses around the authority name for each species, make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes, and place the accounts for these species in this sequence under the heading and Notes for Spatula.

After the species account for Spatula clypeata, insert the following heading, citation, and Notes:

Notes.—Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998) considered part of Anas. See comments under Sibirionetta.

Change the generic names of Anas strepera, A. falcata, A. penelope, and A. americana to Mareca, add parentheses around the authority name for each species, make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes, delete the last sentences of the Notes under M. strepera, M. falcata, and M. americana, and place the accounts for these species in this sequence under the heading and Notes for Mareca.

Remove the citations for Spatula, Querquedula, Mareca, Chaulelasmus, and Eunetta from the synonymy of Anas. Replace the Notes under Anas with the following: See comments under Sibirionetta. Rearrange the species currently and formerly in Anas in the following new sequence:

4. [p. 81] Before the account for Melanitta americana, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Lakes, bogs, and slow-moving streams during breeding season; coastal bays and inshore marine waters in winter.

Distribution.—Breeds in Iceland, Svalbard, Ireland, Scotland, and Fennoscandia east across Russia to Russian Far East, to about the Olenek River.

Winters in coastal regions of Fennoscandia, the Baltic, the North Sea, and the United Kingdom and south in the North Atlantic to northwest Africa to the Río de Oro. Uncommon in the northwestern Mediterranean. Rare in the Black Sea and interior Europe. Casual in the Middle East.

Migrates along coasts of northern Russia and Europe, uncommonly inland.

Casual in Greenland (one at Qaqortoq/Julianehåb: Nanortalik, February 1902; and pair at Alluitsoq Fjord, 9 May 1950; specimen; sight reports from Germania Land and Ammassalik-area; Boertmann 1994).

Accidental in California (Crescent City, Del Norte County, 25 January–13 February 2015; photos; Bouton and Fowler 2015) and in Oregon (near Lincoln City, Lincoln County, 13 November–6 December 2016; photos; Hertzel 2017).

Notes.—See comments under M. americana.

Replace the Notes under M. americana with the following: Formerly treated as conspecific with M. nigra, but separated on the basis of courtship calls (Sangster 2009) and color, form, and feathering of the bill in adult males and most adult females (Collinson et al. 2006).

5. [p. 305] Eugenes spectabilis is treated as a species separate from E. fulgens. Revise the account for E. fulgens as follows: Change the English name to Rivoli's Hummingbird, remove the Resident paragraph and “[fulgens group]” from the distributional statement, and replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific with E. spectabilis, but treated as separate on the basis of differences in plumage commensurate with those between other sister species of hummingbirds (Renner and Schuchmann 2004) and a lack of explicit rationale by Peters (1945) for originally merging the two; they had been treated as separate species by Ridgway (1911) and Cory (1918); also see Zamudio-Beltrán and Hernández-Baños (2015).

After the account for E. fulgens, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest (1600–3000 m; Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.—Resident in the mountains from central Costa Rica to western Panama.

Notes.—The English name refers to the prominent mountain range that forms a major portion of this species' range; this name was considered preferable to Admirable Hummingbird, a name previously used for this species (Ridgway 1911). See comments under E. fulgens.

6. [p. 295] After the species account for Lepidopyga coeruleogularis, insert the following heading and citations:

Remove the heading Genus DAMOPHILA Reichenbach and move its citation (amended as above) to the synonymy of Juliamyia, change Damophila julie to Juliamyia julie, place the account for this species under the heading for Juliamyia, and insert the following:

Notes.—Previously placed in the genus Damophila Reichenbach, 1854, but this name is preoccupied by Damophila Curtis, 1832, a genus of Lepidoptera (Özdikmen 2008).

7. [p. 131] After the account for Rallus tenuirostris, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Mangroves.

Distribution.—Resident on the Pacific coast along the Gulf of Fonseca in El Salvador (La Unión), Honduras (Valle, Choluteca), and Nicaragua (Chinandega), and along the Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Puntarenas); and locally along both coasts of South America (including Margarita Island and Trinidad) from northeastern Colombia (Guajira) to southeastern Brazil and from southwestern Colombia (Nariño) south to northwestern Peru.

Notes.—Recently discovered populations along the Gulf of Fonseca were described as new subspecies R. l. berryorum; the subspecific identification of populations along the Gulf of Nicoya is unknown (Maley et al. 2016). See comments under R. crepitans.

In the Notes for R. crepitans, change “South American R. longirostris Boddaert, 1783 [Mangrove Rail]” to “R. longirostris”.

8. [p. 132] After the species account for Rallus limicola, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Dense aquatic vegetation in fresh or brackish water.

Distribution.—Breeds from Iceland, British Isles, southern Fennoscandia, and Russia east to western Siberia and south to southwestern Portugal and the Mediterranean, including the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily, northern Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, northern Egypt, Saudi Gulf wetlands, Turkey, Black Sea, Caucasus, Azerbaijan, north Caspian Sea, southern and eastern Iran, western Kazakhstan, southeastern Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, and east and north to northeastern Tibet and central China.

Winters in much of breeding range in Western Europe, Scandinavia, and south and south-central Asia and from the Black and Caspian Sea regions south to northern Sahara, central Egypt, Oman, and Pakistan. Rare to western India.

Casual on Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Azores.

Casual (subspecies hibernans) in fall in western and southeastern Greenland (four records, three extant specimens; Salomonsen 1963, Boertmann 1994).

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific (e.g., AOU 1957, 1998) with R. indicus Blyth, 1849 [Eastern Water-Rail] under the English name Water Rail, but now generally separated (e.g., Sangster et al. 2011) on the basis of differences in vocalizations (Rasmussen and Anderton 2005, de Kroon et al. 2008) and genetics (Tavares et al. 2010). Some sources retain the English name Water Rail for R. aquaticus sensu stricto, in which case R. indicus is known as Brown-cheeked Rail.

9. [p. 148] Before the account for Charadrius montanus, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Dry grassland on plains. In winter and migration similar habitats, but also found on dry mud near water.

Distribution.—Breeds in interior northern China, Mongolia, and extreme southeast Siberia.

Winters mainly in northwestern and north-central Australia, but also elsewhere on the continent, apparently moving with changes in rainfall and temperature.

Migrates through eastern China and Indonesia, rarely Korea, Japan, mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.

Casual on Christmas Island, Lord Howe Island, and New Zealand.

Accidental in Kermadec Islands (Raoul Island), Andaman Islands, Kazakhstan, and Finland.

Accidental in western Greenland (Qaqortoq/Julianehåb: Narsaq, 23 May 1948, specimen; Salomonsen 1963, Boertmann 1994).

10. [pp. 152–180] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (Gibson and Baker 2012) have shown that the current linear sequence of genera and species in the Scolopacidae does not reflect their evolutionary relationships.

After the heading Family SCOLOPACIDAE: Sandpipers, Phalaropes, and Allies, insert the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of genera and species follows Gibson and Baker (2012), except for the poorly resolved Xenus-Actitis-Tringa-Phalaropus clade, which we retain in our current linear sequence.

Rearrange the sequence of genera and species in the Scolopacidae to:

11. [p. 190] Larus thayeri is treated as a subspecies of L. glaucoides, following Macpherson (1961), Weber (1981), Godfrey (1986), Snell (1989, 2002), and Weir et al. (2000). Remove the species account for L. thayeri and modify the existing distributional statement and Notes in the account for L. glaucoides as follows:

In the Breeds paragraph, before “[kumlieni group]” insert: “[thayeri group] from Banks, southern Melville, Cornwallis, Axel Heiberg, and central Ellesmere islands south to southern Victoria Island, northern Kivalliq, northern Southampton and northern Baffin islands, and on northwestern Greenland”; and insert the following at the end of the Breeds paragraph: “Nonbreeding thayeri sometimes summer in the wintering range.” Under the glaucoides group, delete “in the Palaearctic.”

In the Winters paragraph, before “[kumlieni group]” insert the Winters paragraph from the current account for L. thayeri, and change “south to Virginia and Bermuda” to “south to North Carolina and Bermuda, rarely to Florida.”

Change the Casual paragraph to the following two paragraphs: Casual [thayeri group] in western Europe (Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Ireland, England, the Netherlands, and Spain), Japan, and Korea; [kumlieni group] in interior and northwestern North America; and [glaucoides group] in northeastern North America.

Accidental [thayeri group] in Kamchatka; and [glaucoides group] in Ontario, Alaska, California, Florida, and Novaya Zemlya, although extralimital records of individuals are often difficult to identify to group with certainty.

Replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) treated as two species L. glaucoides and L. thayeri Brooks, 1915 [Thayer's Gull], but merged based on evidence of non-assortative mating between thayeri and kumlieni on Baffin and Southampton islands (Weber 1981, Gaston and Decker 1985, Snell 1989), and doubts concerning the validity of the study (Smith 1966) cited by AOU (1973) for treating thayeri as separate from glaucoides (Snell 1989, 1991). The status of kumlieni, the variable form intermediate between thayeri and glaucoides, is poorly known due to the relative inaccessibility of its breeding areas; we retain it here as a separate group within L. glaucoides pending further research.

12. [p. 207] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (Cibois et al. 2016) have shown that the genus Anous is paraphyletic if species currently included in Procelsterna are excluded. Their findings result in the following changes:

Change Procelsterna cerulea to Anous ceruleus, make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing Notes, delete the heading Genus PROCELSTERNA Lafresnaye, place the citations for Procelsterna in the synonymy for Genus ANOUS Stephens, and move the species account for A. ceruleus to follow the account for A. minutus. Add the following to the end of the existing Notes: Formerly placed in the genus Procelsterna, but genetic data indicate that Anous is paraphyletic if Procelsterna is treated as a separate genus (Cibois et al. 2016).

13. [p. 10] After the account for Thalassarche cauta, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Pelagic Waters; breeds on one islet.

Distribution.—Breeds only on Pyramid Islet (‘The Pyramid'), Chatham Islands, off New Zealand.

Ranges at sea in the southern Pacific Ocean as far east as the west coast of South America and west to off southeastern Australia.

Accidental off central California (Bodega Canyon, 31 km west-northwest of Point Reyes, Marin County, 27 July 2001; photos; Garrett and Wilson 2003; diagnostic color photo in Pranty et al. 2016). This probable second-cycle bird was identified as this species by Howell (2012), and the record was accepted by the California Bird Records Committee (Singer et al. 2016) and the ABA Checklist Committee (Pranty et al. 2016). A probable first-cycle bird recorded on several dates the previous year from the same general area has been considered as likely the same individual (Howell 2012), but the CBRC treated these records as only possibly the same bird and accepted the bird only as T. salvini/eremita (Singer et al. 2016).

Notes.—See comments under T. cauta.

14. [p. 41] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (e.g., Sheldon 1987, Chang et al. 2003, Zhou et al. 2014) have shown that the genus Ardea is paraphyletic if Mesophoyx intermedia is excluded. Their findings result in the following changes:

Change Mesophoyx intermedia to Ardea intermedia, remove the parentheses around the authority name for A. intermedia, make the appropriate changes in generic names or abbreviations within the existing distributional statement, delete the heading and Notes for Genus MESOPHOYX Sharpe, place the citation for Mesophoyx in the synonymy for Genus ARDEA Linnaeus, move the species account for A. intermedia to follow the account for A. alba. Add the following to the end of the existing Notes: Formerly placed in the monotypic genus Mesophoyx, but genetic data indicate that Ardea is paraphyletic if Mesophoyx is treated as a separate genus (e.g., Sheldon 1987, Chang et al. 2003, Zhou et al. 2014).

15. [p. 92] Circus hudsonius is treated as a species separate from C. cyaneus. Remove the species account for C. cyaneus and replace it with the following new account:

Habitat.—Primarily grassy marshes and wet prairie with tall grass (breeding); marshes, meadows, grasslands, and cultivated fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution.—[same as hudsonius group in current account for Circus cyaneus]

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific with C. cyaneus Linnaeus, 1766 [Hen Harrier], but treated as separate on the basis of differences in morphology, plumage, and breeding habitat (Grant 1983, Thorpe 1988, Dobson and Clarke 2011, Etherington and Mobley 2016) commensurate with differences between other recognized species of Circus (also see Wink et al. 1998, Wink and Sauer-Gürth 2004, Oatley et al. 2015). A partial salvaged specimen (distal right wing only) from Attu, June 1999, identified by wing chord length as a juvenile male C. cyaneus (Gibson et al. 2013), requires confirmation.

16. [p. 329] Extralimital species Aulacorhynchus albivitta is separated from A. prasinus. In the species account for A. prasinus, change the English name to Northern Emerald-Toucanet and change the distributional statement and Notes to:

Distribution.—Resident in the highlands of Middle America, [wagleri group] in Guerrero and Oaxaca, [prasinus group] from San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Quintana Roo south through Central America to north-central Nicaragua; and [caeruleogularis group] in Costa Rica and Panama (east to Darién).

Notes.—Groups: A. wagleri (Sturm in Gould, 1841) [Wagler's Toucanet], A. prasinus [Northern Emerald-Toucanet], A. caeruleogularis (Gould, 1854) [Blue-throated Toucanet]. Formerly considered conspecific with A. albivitta but treated as separate on the basis of species-level differences in phenotype and genetic results consistent with those differences (Puebla-Olivares et al. 2008, Bonaccorso et al. 2011, Winker 2016).

17. [p. 429] Lanius borealis is treated as a species separate from L. excubitor. Remove the species account for L. excubitor and replace it with the following new account:

Habitat.—Open deciduous or coniferous woodland, taiga, thickets, bogs, and scrub; in migration and winter, also open situations with scattered trees and cultivated lands.

Distribution.—Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Northwest Territories, and southwestern Kivalliq south to southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula), northwestern British Columbia, northern Alberta, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern and central Quebec, and southern Labrador, and in the Old World west to western Siberia and south to extreme northwestern China, the Russian Altai, the Russian Tien Shan, northern Mongolia, and Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Winters in North America from central Alaska and the southern portions of the breeding range in Canada, Minnesota, and northwestern Wisconsin south (irregularly) to northern California, central Nevada, northern Arizona, central New Mexico, northern Texas, northwestern Oklahoma, Kansas, central Missouri, northern Illinois, central Indiana, northern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, casually to the central Aleutians, south to the southern parts of California, Arizona, and New Mexico, to northern Texas, Arkansas, northern Tennessee, North Carolina, and Bermuda, and in Eurasia in the southern parts of the breeding range, northeastern China, uncommonly through Japan to Kyushu, and casually to eastern Europe and Norway.

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific with L. excubitor Linnaeus, 1758 [Great Gray Shrike], but treated as separate on the basis of differences in plumage and mtDNA (Johnsen et al. 2010, Olsson et al. 2010, Peer et al. 2011). Lanius borealis is more closely related to L. ludovicianus, L. meridionalis (Temminck, 1820) [Southern Gray Shrike], and L. sphenocercus (Cabanis, 1873) [Chinese Gray Shrike] than to the nominate excubitor group (Olsson et al. 2010).

18. [p. 449] After the account for Corvus monedula, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Agricultural land, wooded steppe, fragmented woodland, and riverine plains; in winter often also seashores.

Distribution.—Breeds from Great Britain, Ireland, and continental Europe south to central France (isolated population in Leon, Spain), and from Fennoscandia south to the Alps, southern Bulgaria, and east through Turkey to western Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, across northern Mongolia to the Yakutia Valley, and south in China to the Yangtze Valley. Introduced and established in New Zealand. European populations largely resident, Russian and Asian populations mainly migratory.

Winters south to the Mediterranean region, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, southern Afghanistan, Pakistan, northwestern India (Ladakh), southern China, South Korea, and southern Japan, rarely to the Ryukyu Islands, Hainan, and Taiwan.

Casual in Iceland, the Faeroes, northern Sweden, the Azores, Madeira, North Africa, and Novaya Zemlya.

Accidental (subspecies frugilegus) in southeastern Greenland (Ammassalik-area: Kulusuk/Kap Dan, 20 March 1901; specimen; Helms 1926, Salomonsen 1963, Boertmann 1994).

19. [p. 451] After the account for Corvus leucognaphalus, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—A variety of habitats from open woodland and clearings, farmland, and parks to coastal cliffs and moorlands.

Distribution.—Breeds from the Faeroes and northern and western British Isles, continental Europe east of France to Fennoscandia, and western Russia east to the Yenisei and south to Italy, the Mediterranean, including the offshore islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily), northern Egypt (up the Nile to Aswan), the Middle East, Aral Sea, and Lake Balkash, Iraq, Turkmenistan, western Uzbekistan, and extreme northwest Afghanistan. Resident over most of range, but withdraws from northern Fennoscandia and northern Russia in winter. Hybridizes with C. corone along two narrow zones, one across Europe (Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Czech Republic, Austria, northern Italy) and the other in central Siberia.

Winters south to southern Iran, southern Afghanistan, western Pakistan, and western China.

Casual in Iceland, Bear Island, Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya, Tunisia, and Libya.

Casual or accidental (subspecies cornix) in southeastern Greenland (Kulusuk/Kap Dan, Ammassalik-area, 19 March 1897; specimen; and Sermilik Fjord, late May 1907; specimen; Helms 1926, Boertmann 1994).

Other sightings from North America (Staten Island, New York, July 2011; Chicago, Illinois, 2000; New Braunfels, Texas, 2002; Salton Sea, California, 1973; and Whitecount, Alberta, 2006) are of questionable origin.

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) with Corvus corone Linnaeus, 1758 [Carrion Crow], under the English name Carrion Crow. Most global references now separate the two on the basis of assortative mating and differences in plumage, vocalizations, and ecology (Parkin et al. 2003), despite genome-wide introgression that extends beyond the hybrid zone (Poelstra et al. 2014).

20. [p. 491] Before the account for Sylvia curruca, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Open forest with a lush understory; in southern part of range also tall tamarisk thickets and laurel forest (Atlantic Islands). Favors broad-leafed deciduous over coniferous forest. Winters in brushy habitats.

Distribution.—Breeds from the British Isles and continental Europe east to Scandinavia to southwest Siberia and south to the Mediterranean, including the Balearic Islands, and North Africa, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands.

Winters in southern Europe, northwestern Africa, and in central Africa, south of the Sahara. In recent years winters increasingly farther north to the British Isles, even southern Scandinavia.

Migrates in complex patterns. In migration found widely in North Africa and farther south to the wintering range. Rare migrant to the Persian Gulf and to Iceland.

Accidental in Svalbard, Jan Mayen, and Mongolia.

Accidental (subspecies atricapilla) in southeastern Greenland (Ammassalik town, Ammassalik-area, 15 November 1916; specimen; Salomonsen 1963).

21. [p. 490] After the account for Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Dry or slightly damp, open brushy habitats with dense undergrowth and a scattering of trees or tall bushes; not associated with marsh edges. Winters in dry scrub (often favors acacia); also found in town parks and gardens.

Distribution.—Breeds from Sweden and Poland east to eastern Siberia (Lake Baikal and south in the Transcaspian region), Kazakhstan, and northwestern Mongolia; a separate population breeds in the foothills of the western and northern Tian Shan Mountains west to eastern Uzbekistan and south to northern Afghanistan and eastern Iran.

Winters widely on the Indian Subcontinent, from the foothills of the Himalayas south to Sri Lanka and east to western Myanmar.

Casual or accidental in migration to western Europe, including Iceland, the Middle East, Japan, eastern China, and Thailand.

Accidental in western Alaska (Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, 9 September 2010; photos; Lehman and Ake 2011; and 18–21 September 2015; photos; Pranty et al. 2016).

22. [pp. 497–498] Move the heading Genus OENANTHE Vieillot, its citation, and the species account for Oenanthe oenanthe to follow the species account for Saxicola torquatus. This corrects an error in linear sequencing from a previous supplement (Chesser et al. 2011).

23. [p. 490] After the account for Myadestes palmeri, insert the following new heading and species account:

Habitat.—Dense spruce forests, also mixed fir and broad-leafed deciduous forests. Winters in well-vegetated areas, but also more open areas.

Distribution.—Breeds from western Siberia (Urals) east across Russia and northern Mongolia and northeastern China to Russian Far East, Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu).

Winters from southern China (from the Yangtze River and west to Yunnan) south to the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and northern and eastern Myanmar.

Migrates through eastern China and southern Japan.

Casual in Iceland, the Faeroes, the British Isles, Europe, Fennoscandia, peninsular Malaysia, and islets off northern Borneo.

Accidental (subspecies aurea) in northeastern Greenland (Danborg, Wollaston Forland, October 1954; specimen; Salomonsen 1963).

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific with Z. dauma Latham, 1790 [Scaly Thrush] under the English name White's Thrush, which consisted of what are now generally treated as 4–7 species. Circumscription here includes only subspecies aurea and toratugumi, following Dickinson and Christidis (2014).

24. [p. 521] The English name of Toxostoma lecontei is changed to LeConte's Thrasher to conform to the generally accepted spelling of the name of entomologist John Lawrence LeConte, for whom the species was named (Mearns and Mearns 1992, Jobling 2010). Add the following sentence to the beginning of the Notes: Formerly known as Le Conte's Thrasher.

25. [p. 529] After the account for Anthus rubescens, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Mainly open grassy areas (tundra, heathland, meadows, fields, marshes). In winter, in similar habitats including also seashores and lakeshores.

Distribution.—Breeds in eastern Greenland (uncommon), Iceland, the Faeroes, Europe, and northwestern Asia east to River Ob and south to southern (very local) and central Italy, and central Romania.

Winters in western and southern Europe, including the British Isles, and south to North Africa (south to southern Mauritania), northern Arabia, and southwestern Asia east to Iran, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Rare to northeastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan.

Casual in western Greenland, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Jan Mayen, the Azores, Madeira, and Japan.

26. [p. 669] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2007, 2008; Nguembock et al. 2009; Lerner et al. 2011; Zuccon et al. 2012) have shown that the limits and linear sequence of genera in the family Fringillidae do not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships. Their findings result in the following changes:

Replace the Notes under the heading Family FRINGILLIDAE: Fringilline and Cardueline Finches and Allies with the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of genera follows Arnaiz-Villena et al. (2007, 2008), Nguembock et al. (2009), Lerner et al. (2011), and Zuccon et al. (2012). See comments under Peucedramidae.

After the species account for Chloris sinica, insert the following new heading:

Change Serinus mozambicus (Müller) to Crithagra mozambica (Müller), place the account for this species under the heading and citation for Crithagra, and insert the following at the beginning of the existing Notes: Formerly placed in the genus Serinus, but genetic data (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2007, 2008; Nguembock et al. 2009; Lerner et al. 2011; Zuccon et al. 2012) indicate that Serinus is polyphyletic and that C. mozambica is not closely related to true Serinus.

Rearrange the sequence of genera in the Fringillidae to:

27. [p. 664] After the account for Acanthis flammea, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—In the Alps, favors subalpine larch-dominated conifer forests, and edges of alpine meadows and pastures. In the United Kingdom, found in open scrub woodland, often heaths and on hillsides, in hedgerows, streamside woodlands, and young conifer plantations.

Distribution.—Resident in the British Isles and discontinuously east through northern France, Belgium, Germany, southern Scandinavia, east to Slovakia; also the Alps southeast to Slovenia. Although largely resident, populations from the British Isles sometimes move to continental Europe and birds in the Alps move to lower elevations in winter.

Introduced and established in New Zealand.

Casual or accidental in Spain.

Accidental in southeastern Greenland (Kuummitt, Ammassalik-area, 6 September 1933; specimen; Boertmann 1994; identification confirmed by Lars Svensson).

28. [p. 663] Loxia sinesciuris is treated as a species separate from L. curvirostra, following Benkman et al. (2009). After the account for L. curvirostra, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta latifolia) forest.

Distribution.—Resident in the South Hills and Albion Mountains, southern Idaho.

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific with L. curvirostra, but treated as a separate species on the basis of high levels of premating reproductive isolation (Smith and Benkman 2007, Benkman et al. 2009), despite regular and likely long-term sympatric breeding of multiple call types of Red Crossbill, and genomic differences (Parchman et al. 2016). Although the English name South Hills Crossbill was used in the description, Cassia Crossbill more accurately describes the distribution of this species, which is endemic to Cassia County, Idaho, and is more succinct and less confusing (C. W. Benkman, in litt.).

29. [pp. 532–658] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Barker et al. 2013, 2015) have shown that the limits and linear sequence of families of nine-primaried oscines do not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships. Because relationships of some lineages remain unresolved and because the ages of the lineages are roughly equivalent to those of other family-level avian groups, we follow Barker et al. (2013) in recognizing 10 new families in this radiation. Their findings result in the following changes:

After the species account for Saltator striatipectus, remove the heading Genera INCERTAE SEDIS and the Notes under this heading, and place the genera and species formerly under this heading in the appropriate positions as listed below.

After the species account for Plectrophenax hyperboreus, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that Rhodinocichla rosea is not a member of the Thraupidae (e.g., as in AOU 1998) but instead forms a group distinct from other nine-primaried oscines (Barker et al. 2013, 2015).

Move the heading Genus RHODINOCICHLA Hartlaub, its citation, and its included species account to follow this new family heading, and replace the existing Notes for Rhodinocichla with: Formerly placed in the Thraupidae; see comments under Rhodinocichlidae above.

Change Family EMBERIZIDAE: Sparrows and Buntings to Family EMBERIZIDAE: Old World Buntings, move this heading to follow the species account for Rhodinocichla rosea, and insert the following:

Notes.—See comments under Passerellidae.

Move the heading Genus EMBERIZA Linnaeus, its citation, and its included species accounts to follow Family EMBERIZIDAE: Old World Buntings.

After the species account for Emberiza schoeniclus, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that genera placed in this family form a monophyletic group of uncertain relationship to the Emberizidae (Barker et al. 2013), in which they were formerly included (e.g., as in AOU 1998). The family name Arremonidae Lafresnaye, 1842, although published prior to Passerellidae Cabanis, 1851, is here considered a nomen oblitum under Articles 23.9 and 35.5 of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999).

Move the headings and citations for Genus PSELLIOPHORUS Ridgway, Genus PEZOPETES Cabanis, Genus ARREMON Vieillot, Genus ARREMONOPS Ridgway, Genus ATLAPETES Wagler, Genus PIPILO Vieillot, Genus AIMOPHILA Swainson, Genus MELOZONE Reichenbach, Genus PEUCAEA Audubon, Genus ORITURUS Bonaparte, Genus TORREORNIS Barbour and Peters, Genus SPIZELLOIDES Klicka and Slager, Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte, Genus POOECETES Baird, Genus CHONDESTES Swainson, Genus AMPHISPIZA Coues, Genus ARTEMISIOSPIZA Klicka and Banks, Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte, Genus PASSERCULUS Bonaparte, Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson, Genus XENOSPIZA Bangs, Genus PASSERELLA Swainson, Genus MELOSPIZA Baird, Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson, Genus JUNCO Wagler, and Genus CHLOROSPINGUS Cabanis, and their included species accounts, in this sequence, to follow this new family heading.

Under the headings for Oriturus, Torreornis, Spizelloides, Spizella, Pooecetes, and Chondestes, insert the following Notes: Formerly placed in the Emberizidae; see comments under Passerellidae.

Under the heading for Chlorospingus, replace the existing Notes with: Formerly placed in the Thraupidae and, briefly, the Emberizidae; see comments under Passerellidae.

For all other genera listed above, insert the following at the end of the existing Notes: Formerly placed in the Emberizidae; see comments under Passerellidae.

After the species account for Chlorospingus canigularis, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that species in the genus Calyptophilus are not members of the Thraupidae (e.g., as in AOU 1998) but instead form a monophyletic group distinct from other nine-primaried oscines (Barker et al. 2013, 2015).

Move the heading Genus CALYPTOPHILUS Cory, its citation, and its included species accounts to follow this new family heading, and replace the Notes under this heading with the following: Formerly placed in the Thraupidae; see comments under Calyptophilidae above.

After the species account for Calyptophilus frugivorus, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that Phaenicophilus, Xenoligea, and Microligea form a monophyletic group distinct from other nine-primaried oscines (Barker et al. 2013, 2015); Phaenicophilus was formerly placed in the Thraupidae, and Xenoligea and Microligea in the Parulidae (e.g., AOU 1998).

Move the headings Genus PHAENICOPHILUS Strickland, Genus XENOLIGEA Bond, and Genus MICROLIGEA Cory, their citations, and included species accounts to follow this new family heading. Replace the Notes under Phaenicophilus with: Formerly placed in the Thraupidae; see comments under Phaenicophilidae above. Replace the Notes under Xenoligea and Microligea with: Formerly placed in the Parulidae; see comments under Phaenicophilidae above.

After the species account for Microligea palustris, insert the following new heading:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that Nesospingus speculiferus is not a member of the Thraupidae (e.g., as in AOU 1998) but instead represents a lineage distinct from other nine-primaried oscines (Barker et al. 2013, 2015).

Move the heading Genus NESOSPINGUS Sclater, its citation, and its included species account to follow this new family heading, and replace the Notes under Nesospingus with: Formerly placed in the Thraupidae; see comments under Nesospingidae above.

After the species account for Nesospingus speculiferus, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that species in the genus Spindalis are not members of the Thraupidae (e.g., as in AOU 1998) but instead form a monophyletic group distinct from other nine-primaried oscines (Barker et al. 2013, 2015).

Move the heading Genus SPINDALIS Jardine and Selby, its citation, and its included species accounts to follow this new family heading, and replace the Notes under Spindalis with: Formerly placed in the Thraupidae; see comments under Spindalidae above.

After the species account for Spindalis portoricensis, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that Zeledonia coronata is not a member of the Parulidae (e.g., as in AOU 1998) but instead forms a lineage distinct from other nine-primaried oscines (Barker et al. 2013, 2015). This species, originally described as a species of unknown affinities (Ridgway 1889) and later placed in the Turdidae (Ridgway 1907), was removed from that family in an addendum and placed in the monotypic family Zeledoniidae (Ridgway 1907) as a nine-primaried oscine (Pycraft 1905) of uncertain placement. However, the species was later merged into Parulidae on the basis of affinities with the wood-warblers in egg-white proteins and hind-limb myology (Sibley 1968, Raikow 1978).

Move the heading Genus ZELEDONIA Ridgway, its citation, and its included species account to follow this new family heading, and replace the Notes under Zeledonia with: Formerly placed in the Parulidae; see comments under Zeledoniidae above.

After the species account for Zeledonia coronata, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that species in the genus Teretistris are not members of the Parulidae (e.g., as in AOU 1998) but instead form a monophyletic group distinct from other nine-primaried oscines (Barker et al. 2013, 2015).

Move the heading Genus TERETISTRIS Cabanis, its citation, and its included species accounts to follow this new family heading, and replace the Notes under Teretistris with: Formerly placed in the Parulidae; see comments under Teretistridae above.

After the species account for Teretistris fornsi, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that Icteria virens is not a member of the Parulidae (e.g., as in AOU 1998) but instead represents a lineage distinct from other nine-primaried oscines (Barker et al. 2013, 2015).

Move the heading Genus ICTERIA Vieillot, its citation, and its included species account to follow this new family heading, and replace the Notes under Icteria with: Formerly placed in the Parulidae; see comments under Icteriidae above.

After the species account for Myioborus torquatus, insert the following new heading and Notes:

Notes.—Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that Mitrospingus and extralimital genera Lamprospiza and Orthogonys form a monophyletic group that are not members of the Thraupidae (e.g., as in AOU 1998) but instead form a monophyletic group distinct from other nine-primaried oscines (Barker et al. 2013, 2015).

Move the heading Genus MITROSPINGUS Ridgway, its citation, and its included species account to follow this new family heading, and replace the Notes under Mitrospingus with: Formerly placed in the Thraupidae; see comments under Mitrospingidae above.

Rearrange the linear sequence of families following Calcariidae to the following:

30. [p. 604] Melozone cabanisi is treated as a species separate from M. biarcuata, following Sandoval et al. (2014). In the species account for M. biarcuata, change the English name to White-faced Ground-Sparrow and change the distributional statement and Notes to:

Habitat.—Tropical Deciduous Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (250–1800 m; Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.—Resident in the highlands of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, and western Honduras (east to the Sula and Comayagua valleys).

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific with M. cabanisi (as Prevost's Ground-Sparrow), but treated as separate on the basis of differences in plumage and vocalizations (Sandoval et al. 2014) commensurate with those between other closely related species of New World sparrows.

After the account for M. biarcuata, insert the following new species account:

Habitat.—Tropical Decidous Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest, Second-growth Scrub (600–1600 m; Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.—Resident in the highlands of central Costa Rica (Aguacate Mountains east to Turrialba).

Notes.—See comments under M. biarcuata.

31. [p. 618] The English name of Ammodramus leconteii is changed to LeConte's Sparrow to conform to the generally accepted spelling of the name of entomologist John Lawrence LeConte, for whom the species was named (Mearns and Mearns 1992, Jobling 2010). Add the following sentence to the beginning of the Notes: Formerly known as Le Conte's Sparrow.

32. [p. 626] Junco bairdi is treated as a species separate from J. phaeonotus. In the species account for J. phaeonotus, change the distributional statement and Notes to:

Distribution.—[Same except delete mention of bairdi group.]

Notes.—Groups: J. phaeonotus [Mexican Junco], J. fulvescens Nelson, 1897 [Chiapas Junco], and J. alticola Salvin, 1863 [Guatemala Junco]. Formerly considered conspecific with J. bairdi, but treated as separate on the basis of differences in morphology (Miller 1941), vocalizations (Howell and Webb 1995, Pieplow and Francis 2011), and genomics (McCormack et al. 2012, Friis et al. 2016, Milá et al. 2016).

After the account for J. phaeonotus, insert the following new species account:

Junco bairdi Ridgway. Baird's Junco.

Junco bairdi Ridgway (ex Belding MS), 1883, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 6: 155. (Laguna, Baja California.)

Habitat.—Pine Forest, Pine-Oak Forest (1200–1900 m; Temperate Zone).

Distribution.—Resident in the Cape district of Baja California Sur (Sierra Victoria).

Notes.—See comments under J. phaeonotus.

33. [pp. 639–658] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Powell et al. 2014) have shown that the limits and linear sequence of genera in the family Icteridae do not reflect their evolutionary relationships, and these findings were implemented in the classification proposed by Remsen et al. (2016). Their findings result in the following changes:

After the species account for Sturnella neglecta, insert the following new heading:

Remove the citation for Leistes from the synonymy of Sturnella. Under the heading Genus STURNELLA Vieillot, insert the following Notes: Formerly included Leistes, but genetic data (Powell et al. 2014) indicate that Sturnella and Leistes form two deeply divergent groups.

Change Sturnella militaris (Linnaeus) to Leistes militaris (Linnaeus), place the account for this species under the heading and citation for Leistes, and replace the existing Notes with: Formerly placed in the genus Sturnella; see comments under Sturnella.

After the species account for Dives dives, insert the following new heading:

Remove the citation for Ptiloxena from the synonymy of Dives. Under the heading Genus DIVES Deppe, replace the existing Notes with: See comments under Ptiloxena atroviolacea.

Change Dives atroviolaceus (d'Orbigny) to Ptiloxena atroviolacea (d'Orbigny), place the account for this species under the heading and citation for Ptiloxena, and replace the existing Notes with: Formerly placed in the genus Dives, but genetic data (Powell et al. 2013) indicate that Ptiloxena atroviolacea is sister to the Euphagus-Quiscalus clade rather than to Dives.

Rearrange the sequence of genera in Family ICTERIDAE: Blackbirds to:

34. [pp. 639–658] A subfamily classification is adopted for family Icteridae, following Powell et al. (2013):

Under the heading Family ICTERIDAE: Blackbirds, add the following:

Notes.—Subfamily classification and linear sequence of genera follow Remsen et al. (2016).

After the heading and Notes for Family ICTERIDAE: Blackbirds, insert the following new heading:

Move the heading Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte, its citation, and its included species account to follow this heading.

After the species account for Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, insert the following new heading:

Move the heading Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson, its citation, and its included species account to follow this heading.

After the species account for Dolichonyx oryzivorus, insert the following new heading:

Move the headings Genus STURNELLA Vieillot and Genus LEISTES Vigors, their citations and Notes, and their included species accounts to follow this heading.

After the species account for Leistes militaris, insert the following new heading:

Move the heading Genus AMBLYCERCUS Cabanis, its citation, and its included species account to follow this heading.

After the species account for Amblycercus holosericeus, insert the following new heading:

Move the headings Genus CASSICULUS Swainson, Genus PSAROCOLIUS Wagler, and Genus CACICUS Lacépède, their citations and Notes, and their included species accounts to follow this heading.

After the species account for Cacicus cela, insert the following new heading:

Move the heading Genus ICTERUS Brisson, its citation, and its included species accounts to follow this heading.

After the species account for Icterus parisorum, insert the following new heading:

Move the headings Genus NESOPSAR Sclater, Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot, Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson, Genus DIVES Deppe, Genus PTILOXENA Chapman, Genus EUPHAGUS Cassin, Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot, and Genus CHRYSOMUS Swainson, their citations and Notes, and their included species accounts, in this sequence, to follow this heading.

35. [p. 590] A record of Cyanerpes cyaneus (Red-legged Honeycreeper) in the United States is recognized. Add the following new paragraph to the end of the section on Distribution:

Accidental in south Texas (Estero Llano Grande State Park, Hidalgo County, 27–29 November 2014; photos; Gustafson et al. 2015, Pranty et al. 2016). Seven photographed birds from south Florida have not been accepted because of questionable provenance (Greenlaw et al. 2014).

36. [pp. 685–698] Delete the accounts for Thalassarche eremita, Tadorna ferruginea, Rallus aquaticus, Charadrius veredus, Corvus frugilegus, Corvus corone, and Anthus pratensis from the Appendix.

37. [pp. 705 ff.] Make the following changes to the list of French names of North American birds:

Insert the following names in the proper position as indicated by the text of this supplement:

Delete the following names:

in APPENDIX (Part 1)

Change the sequence of species currently and formerly in the genus Anser and the genus Anas as indicated by the text of this supplement.

Change the sequence of species in family SCOLOPACIDAE as indicated by the text of this supplement.

Change the sequence of genera in family MUSCICAPIDAE, family FRINGILLIDAE, and family ICTERIDAE as indicated by the text of this supplement.

Recognize new families RHODINOCICHLIDAE, PASSERELLIDAE, CALYPTOPHILIDAE, PHAENICOPHILIDAE, NESOSPINGIDAE, SPINDALIDAE, ZELEDONIIDAE, TERETISTRIDAE, ICTERIIDAE, and MITROSPINGIDAE, and change the sequence of families following CALCARIIDAE as indicated by the text of this supplement.

Proposals considered but not accepted by the committee included recognition of Eugenes viridiceps as a species distinct from the newly circumscribed E. fulgens (Rivoli's Hummingbird), Tringa inornata as a species distinct from T. semipalmata (Willet), Aulacorhynchus wagleri and A. caeruleogularis as species distinct from the newly circumscribed A. prasinus (Northern Emerald-Toucanet), Colaptes mexicanoides as a species distinct from C. auratus (Northern Flicker), Vireo pusillus as a species distinct from V. bellii (Bell's Vireo), Certhia albescens as a species distinct from C. americana (Brown Creeper), Turdus graysoni as a species distinct from T. rufopalliatus (Rufous-backed Robin), Arremon kuehnerii as a species distinct from A. brunneinucha (Chestnut-capped Brushfinch), Junco alticola as a species distinct from J. phaeonotus (Yellow-eyed Junco), Oreothlypis ridgwayi as a species distinct from O. ruficapilla (Nashville Warbler), and S. auduboni and S. goldmani as species distinct from S. coronata (Yellow-rumped Warbler); merger of Junco hyemalis (Dark-eyed Junco) with J. phaeonotus, and merger of Acanthis flammea (Common Redpoll) with A. hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll); resurrection of the genus Steganopus for Phalaropus tricolor (Wilson's Phalarope); transfer of Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret) to Ardea; and modification of the English name of Aythya collaris (Ring-necked Duck).