Research concerning ecological relationships between corticolous lichens and substrate factors in Cuba is limited. This study aims to determine the variation of composition, richness, frequency and cover area of corticolous lichens of the montane rainforest of Gran Piedra in Cuba related to physical and chemical substrate factors, including diameter of the trunk, roughness, per cent moisture, pH, and concentration of bark phenols. In addition, lichen-phorophyte specificity of the tree species Gomidesia lindeniana, Coccoloba wrightii, Clusia tetrastigma, Dendropanax arboreus and Brunellia comocladifolia was determined. On 51 sampled phorophyte trees, 53 lichen species were found, 19 of which are new records to Cuba. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed a segregation pattern in the species composition due to diameter of the trunk, pH and phenol concentration of the bark. Lichen-phorophyte specificity was almost absent, with only two lichen species, Ocellularia terebrata and Chapsa neei, showing a significant association with Brunellia comocladifolia.