Five new genera and 13 new species of Neotropical synchitine zopherids are described, and two new combinations are proposed. Globotrichus Lord and Ivie, new genus (type species Globotrichus harti Lord and Ivie, new species) is described from Central and South America. Helonoton Lord and Ivie, new genus (type species Helonoton costaricense Lord and Ivie, new species) is described from Central America for Helonoton pascoei (Sharp, 1894), new combination (from Bitoma Herbst) and 11 new species: Helonoton amistad Lord and Ivie, new species; Helonoton ashei Lord and Ivie, new species; Helonoton bituberculatum Lord and Ivie, new species; Helonoton chiriqui Lord and Ivie, new species; H. costaricense; Helonoton foleyi Lord and Ivie, new species; Helonoton mexicanum Lord and Ivie, new species; Helonoton pustulosum Lord and Ivie, new species; Helonoton tatumbla Lord and Ivie, new species; Helonoton tico Lord and Ivie, new species; and Helonoton tripartum Lord and Ivie, new species. Paxillobitoma Lord and Ivie, new genus (type species Paxillobitoma clinei Lord and Ivie, new species) is described from South America. Rapthius Lord and Ivie, new genus (type species Tarphius peruvianus Franz, 1969, new combination) is described from Peru. Slipinskius Lord and Ivie, new genus (type species Tarphius chilensis Franz, 1969, new combination) is described from Chile. Distribution maps, illustrations, redescriptions, and keys are provided.