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11 July 2019 Confirmation of S-metolachlor resistance in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)
Chad Brabham, Jason K. Norsworthy, Michael M. Houston, Vijay K Varanasi, Tom Barber
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Abstract

S-Metolachlor is commonly used by soybean and cotton growers, especially with POST treatments for overlapping residuals, to obtain season-long control of glyphosate- and acetolactate synthase (ALS)–resistant Palmer amaranth. In Crittenden County, AR, reports of Palmer amaranth escapes following S-metolachlor treatment were first noted at field sites near Crawfordsville and Marion in 2016. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to confirm S-metolachlor resistance and to test for cross-resistance to other very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)–inhibiting herbicides in Palmer amaranth accessions from Crawfordsville and Marion. Palmer amaranth control in the field (soil <3% organic matter) 14 d after treatment (DAT) was ≥94% with a 1× rate of acetochlor (1,472 g ai ha–1; emulsifiable concentrate formulation) and dimethenamid-P (631 g ai ha–1). However, S-metolachlor at 1,064 g ai ha–1 provided only 76% control, which was not significantly different from the 1/2× and 1/4× rates of dimethenamid-P and acetochlor (66% to 85%). In the greenhouse, Palmer amaranth accessions from Marion and Crawfordsville were 9.8 and 8.3 times more resistant to S-metolachlor compared with two susceptible accessions based on LD50 values obtained from dose–response experiments. Two-thirds and 1.5 times S-metolachlor at 1,064 g ha–1 were the estimated rates required to obtain 90% mortality of the Crawfordsville and Marion accessions, respectively. Data collected from the field and greenhouse confirm that these accessions have evolved a low level of resistance to S-metolachlor. In an agar-based assay, the level of resistance in the Marion accession was significantly reduced in the presence of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitor, suggesting that GSTs are the probable resistance mechanism. With respect to other VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides, Marion and Crawfordsville accessions were not cross-resistant to acetochlor, dimethenamid-P, or pyroxasulfone. However, both accessions, based on LD50 values obtained from greenhouse dose–response experiments, exhibited reduced sensitivity (1.5- to 3.6-fold) to the tested VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides.

Nomenclature: Acetochlor; dimethenamid-P; S-metolachlor; pyroxasulfone; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.

© Weed Science Society of America, 2019. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Chad Brabham, Jason K. Norsworthy, Michael M. Houston, Vijay K Varanasi, and Tom Barber "Confirmation of S-metolachlor resistance in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)," Weed Technology 33(5), 720-726, (11 July 2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.44
Received: 28 January 2019; Accepted: 16 May 2019; Published: 11 July 2019
KEYWORDS
chloroacetamide
metabolic resistance
residual
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