Adrien von Virag,^1,*,** Matthieu Guichardhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7614-6776,^1,2,*,** Markus Neuditschko,² Vincent Dietemann,^1,3 Benjamin Dainathttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1740-7136<sup>1

1</sup>Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
²Agroscope, Animal GenoPhenomics, Posieux, Switzerland
³Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

^*Corresponding authors, e-mail: adrien.vonvirag@agroscope.admin.ch; matthieu.guichard@agroscope.admin.ch
^**These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.