Successful augmentative biological control depends on efficient production of high-quality organisms and their application within the framework of an ecologically based integrated pest management (IPM) system. This chapter reviews scientific, technological, and informational needs and other considerations associated with the successful production and use of natural enemies. Science-related needs include availability of taxonomic expertise; increased knowledge of biology, ecology, and behavior; procedures for selection of the appropriate organisms; field trial evaluation methodology; and design of IPM systems to support the use of natural enemies. Technological needs include improved methods for mass-rearing, storage, transport, and release of natural enemies, as well as for identifying and optimizing suitable habitats. Technological needs also include development and extensive use of improved procedures specifically adapted to determination of performance and economic feasibility of natural enemies. Sources of information for users of mass-reared natural enemies include industry staff and industrial trade journals, growers, extension services, and—perhaps most important—pest-management advisors and field scouts. Increased use of electronic and mass media in disseminating information would accelerate the adoption of augmentation with natural enemies. Other important considerations include development of insecticide-use patterns that are compatible with natural enemies and a shift from a pesticide-based paradigm to a more ecologically based one. Finally, there is a need to develop a unified national strategy and to establish priorities according to that strategy. Major differences in research priorities appear to exist among state and Federal agencies, as indicated by markedly different trends in resource allocations. Therefore, adoption of common goals by both the public and private sectors, including increased efforts toward the development of augmentative biological control is needed.