Following colonization, natural enemies undergo some evolution–genetic change over time–in their new biotic and physical environment. Despite the prevalence of evolution, documentation of genetic change in natural enemies following colonization is difficult and rarely attempted. Yet, other types of studies show that natural enemies do have the capacity for rapid genetic change. In addition, several unintended consequences of evolutionary change, such as switching to nontarget hosts or prey and invading natural habitats, suggest that evolutionary change can and does take place following colonization. Finally, many features of biological control introductions are likely to promote evolution or genetic change. These features include small initial population sizes, rapid population growth in new environments, novel and initially abundant resources, and frequently, little competition from native fauna. To date, genetic variation related to postcolonization is not well understood, nor has it been fully exploited to improve biological control efforts. For example, genetic variation may be more effectively managed in laboratory selection regimes or by choosing natural enemies to enhance desirable features such as pesticide resistance or environmental compatibility.
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Postcolonization Evolution of Natural Enemies
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