Rhizomes of wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) extend horizontally, creating spatial dependency when fertilization trials are performed. Knowing this spatial dependency would help researchers to better design field studies. Here, we used labelled nitrogen (N) fertilizer (15N-(NH4)2SO4) to measure N translocation among blueberry stems for one old (56year) and one younger (15year) commercial field. Leaf 15N concentrations at the tip-dieback stage were used to monitor N acquisition. No difference between sites suggests no field age effect on N translocation. Spatial dependency and independency were reached for distances of ≤0.75 and ≥1.75m from the fertilizer application point, respectively.
Introduction
Wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton and Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux) is an ericaceous shrub species that germinates from seeds and spreads underground through extensive rhizomatic networks (Beers et al. 2019). These reproductive and colonization strategies create both high genetic heterogeneity and strong connectivity among clones. Rhizomes are known to be slow-growing organs that colonize the upper organic soil horizons, namely the leaf litter, folic material, and the humic material. The rhizome network connects clones together, which facilitates nutrient translocation among individuals and helps wild blueberry to colonize new soil areas. The translocation of nutrients through this rhizomatic network may create strong spatial dependency between plants in commercial fields.
Fertilization trials are often performed under managed field conditions since fertilizers such as N considerably improve fruit yields (Penney and McRae 2000). In most of them, study plots are separated by buffer distances to limit underground rhizome connections. On small scales (≤1m2), polyethylene sheets can be inserted into the soil profile to a depth of 30–40cm to physically isolate rhizomes (Marty et al. 2019). On larger scales, buffer distances between plots have encompassed 1m (Penney and McRae 2000), 1.5m (Lafond 2009), and 3m (Fournier et al. 2020), with no clear consensus on which distance should be used. Moreover, there is no mention of an inner plot buffer zone (a no-sample strip inside the plot to minimize contamination from outside the plot) in the literature. Since wild blueberry can extend their rhizomes over several metres over time (Morin 2008), it remains unknown whether a buffer strip of 1m within research plots is sufficient to maintain spatial independency among the plots.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the distance at which N spatial independency is reached. More particularly, the study evaluates the N translocation distances in an old and a younger lowbush blueberry field using labelled N fertilizer. We hypothesized that the spatial dependency distances would differ between sites, with the older field offering more mobility for the labelled N due to its extended and well-established rhizome network as compared with the younger site.
Materials and methods
Experimental set-up
The experiment was conducted in two wild lowbush blueberry (V. angustifolium and V. myrtilloides) commercial fields in June 2020, in Normandin, Lac Saint-Jean, QC, Canada. Site 1 (48°46′73″N, 72°33′91″W) was a blueberry field established in 1964 (56years old), whereas site 2 (48°50′67″N, 72°39′57″W) was established in 2005 (15 years old).
A complete randomized block design experiment was established at both sites with the site and the distance from the labelled fertilizer application point as main fixed factors. The distance factor corresponded to nine leaf sampling distances from 0 to 100m from the fertilizer application point (see below). At each site, 15N labelling and sampling were done in five blocks or replicates with a distance of at least 100m from each other to ensure their spatial independency. For each block, 5.6g of labelled N ((NH4)2SO4, 5% 15N (Sigma–Aldrich Inc.)) was diluted in 300mL of water and then a single application was done with a manual garden pressure sprayer (Rampro, Nova Scotia, Canada) within a 50cm diameter circular application template. This amount of labelled N represents an equivalent of 60kg of Nha−1. The labelled fertilizer applications were done in spring (3 June 2020), on a stem-free soil (beginning of the pruning year). A 46cm long wooden stick was installed in the middle of the application circle to guide leaf sampling. Seven days after the beginning of the experiment, the whole fields received 30 and 50kg of Nha−1 on 10 June 2020, at sites 1 and 2, respectively. This second fertilization was made by the growers, with non-labelled nitrogen sulfate completed with phosphorus (P) as triple superphosphate and potassium (K) sulfate to improve plant growth and fruit yields. For site 1, 200kg of fertilizer was applied per hectare following a N–P–K ratio of 15:10:10 as site 2 received 300kgha−1 with a 16.8:6.7:6.7 ratio.
Sample collection and analysis
Wild blueberry leaves were sampled for foliar analysis at the tip-dieback stage (third week of July 2020), as this sampling time is well established in the industry to monitor plant nutrient status (Lafond 2009). For each block or replicate, a 100m marked rope was attached to the wooden stick to guide leaf sampling at nine pre-established sampling distances relative to the centre; 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.75, 2.75, 4.75, 9.75, and 100m outside the application zone. A 360° rotation was done around the central wooden stick to sample leaves at the corresponding distance. Leaves from about 15 stems for each distance and replicate were randomly selected indiscriminately of their age and their position on the stems. The sampled leaves were placed in paper bags and then dried at 60°C for 72h. One subsample (i.e., ∼10g of dry weight) was randomly taken from each bag, put into a 20mL scintillation vial, and independently ground to powder using stainless steel balls and rotatory tumbler (75RT, Diamond Pacific, Barstow, CA, USA). About 3.8 (±0.5)mg of ground leaf material was then wrapped in tin capsules and sent to the Centre de recherche en géochimie et géodynamique (UQÀM, Montréal, QC, Canada) for 15N analyses. Nitrogen isotopic ratios were measured using an elemental analyzer in continuous flow mode, coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Micromass Isoprime 100, Cheadle, UK). Values of δ15N are expressed in ‰ versus air (±0.2‰ at 1σ).
Statistical analysis
A linear mixed model (mixed model procedure) was used for variance analysis with the distance and site as fixed factors, and the block as a random factor. Data were log10-transformed to improve normality and homoscedasticity. Tukey's post-hoc test was used with a significant level of α = 0.05 to compare significance among sampling distances from fertilizer application point. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software, version 24.
Results and discussion
A distance effect was found (F = 56.68; df = 8; P < 0.001), whereas the site (F = 0.10; df = 1; P = 0.758) and the site × distance interaction term effects (F = 1.18; df = 8; P = 0.324) were not statistically significant. This lack of significance among sites suggests that the age of these sites has no effect on N translocation distances. However, these results should be interpreted cautiously since the site—or—age was not fully replicated with more sites. The leaf 15N concentrations strongly decreased from 0 to 0.75m (Fig. 1). Moreover, no significant difference in leaf 15N concentration was found between 1.75 and 100m (Fig. 1), which suggests that leaf 15N concentrations reached independence (i.e., natural 15N abundance) at or after 1.75m. Therefore, our results clearly show that spatial dependency was significant for distances of 0.75m and less from the N fertilizer application point. Inversely, our results show that complete spatial independency was obtained at a distance of between 0.75 and 1.75m from the fertilizer application point. Nevertheless, we suggest 1.75m as a conservative minimal distance to meet spatial independency in wild blueberry commercial fields.
Fig. 1.
Lowbush blueberry leaf 15N content (δ15N) according to distance from 15N-NH4+ fertilizer application point (m) for both sites combined (n = 10). Values are mean ± standard error for non-transformed data. Values not sharing the same letters are significantly different at P < 0.05.
Even though we did not directly quantify N translocation within plants, rhizome structures remain the most probable explanation for this N spatial dependency. These results support our hypothesis that labelled N is transferred spatially within the field, up to a distance of between 0.75 and 1.75m from the application point. To ensure spatial independency between research plots when N fertilizer trials are performed, buffer distances of 1.75m outside and inside the plots should be used to avoid potential contamination. If not, some concerns might appear in the conclusions since independence of observations is an important assumption for many statistical models and analyses. However, it is important to keep in mind that conclusions from studies that used 1m as buffer distance are not necessarily wrong. In fact, despite N still significantly translocating at 0.75m from the application point (Fig. 1), the great majority of leaf N was not derived from the fertilizer. Indeed, based on our 15N values (Fig. 1), approximately 99% of the N at 0.75m was not derived from the fertilizer. Nitrogen recovery can also be influenced by fertilizer's solubility. Ammonium sulfate dissolves in the soil solution and can therefore be absorbed by plants away from the application zone. Nevertheless, we suggest 1.75m as a conservative distance to maintain N spatial independency when fertilizer trials are performed in wild blueberry commercial fields.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Syndicat des Producteurs de Bleuets du Québec (SPBQ) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (grant RDCPJ-503182-16) for their financial support. The authors would also like to acknowledge Jean-Marc Bernard (Bleuetière Coopérative de Normandin) and Joël Lacasse (Corporation d'Aménagement Forêt Normandin) for providing access to their blueberry fields. Authors also thank Dr. Charles Marty for reviewing and editing the final version of the manuscript.
Author contribution
Conceptualization: MCP
Data curation: AJP
Formal analysis: AJP
Funding acquisition: MCP
Investigation: AJP
Methodology: AJP
Project administration: MCP
Supervision: JL, MCP
Validation: JL, MCP
Writing – original draft: AJP
Writing – review & editing: AJP, JL, MCP
