As the mean temperature and the duration of the growing season decline with elevation, growth of immature insects should initiate at a lower temperature, but it should also be faster to complete development prior to season's end. Although flightless, Mormon crickets migrate in large aggregations across broad spatial and elevational distances that might limit adaptations to local environments. In addition, selection to be active at cooler temperatures might limit selection to maximize growth rate. I measured growth rate in controlled environments for nymphs from three populations that vary in altitude (87–2,688 m) but are similar in latitude (43.2–45.7°N). Growth rate increased significantly with mean rearing temperature between 22 and 30°C. The intercept of the regression of growth rate on temperature increased with elevation, whereas the slope did not change significantly. For any given rearing temperature, growth rate increased with elevation, which suggests that selection to initiate growth at cooler temperatures did not compromise growth rate. Body mass did not differ between the two lower elevations, whereas the highest elevation population had smaller hatchlings and adults. Critical thermal minimum (base temperature) declined with elevation (0.7°C per 1,000 m), and the degree days were 509 across all elevations. For pest management, a base temperature from midelevation of 15.3°C (60°F) and growing degree days of 509 (equivalent to 916 Fahrenheit-based degree days) are reasonable estimates for applications from sea level to 2,700 m.

Graphical Abstract