Insects that evolved in mesic regions may have difficulty establishing in xeric regions. Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was introduced into drier western North America from mesic eastern North America while Rhagoletis indifferens Curran is native to western North America. Here, we predicted that R. indifferens survives water deprivation longer than R. pomonella, as R. indifferens is more abundant than R. pomonella in dry central Washington (WA) State, USA. Sweet and bitter cherry-origin R. indifferens and apple- and hawthorn-origin R. pomonella from xeric central or mesic western WA were provided water throughout or were water-deprived at 2–4 and 14–18 d old and held at 20°C or 30/31°C and daily survival recorded. At 20°C and 30°C, western WA apple-origin R. pomonella provided water survived longer than sweet cherry-origin R. indifferens. When water-deprived, however, 2–4 d old R. indifferens, although smaller, survived significantly longer than western WA apple-origin R. pomonella of the same age. This was also generally true for 14–18 d old flies, although differences were less often significant. Central WA large-thorn hawthorn-origin R. pomonella survived water deprivation significantly longer than western WA apple-origin R. pomonella, and as long as R. indifferens. Water-deprived flies of both species survived longer at 20°C than 30/31°C. Survival analyses suggest that low water availability rather than high temperature contributes to lower R. pomonella than R. indifferens abundances in central WA, with R. pomonella populations in that region differing from western WA R. pomonella with respect to tolerance of xeric climates.