Case description

A 7-year-old neutered male Persian cat weighing 4.7 kg and with a body condition score of 5/9 was presented at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse Teaching Hospital (NVST-TH) with a 2 day history of acute vomiting, inappetence and abdominal distension. Abnormal noise while drinking had also been observed for several days without other gastrointestinal signs. The cat had previously been successfully treated for cutaneous dermatophytosis and gingivostomatitis complex. The cat was up to date with vaccinations and worming, and was receiving no medication at the time of presentation. Feline leukaemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) serology had been negative 2 years prior to presentation.

Initial physical examination revealed moderate abdominal distension associated with mild discomfort. Respiratory and cardiac auscultation were normal. Mucous membranes were pink and moist. No myosis or mydriasis was noted, and the pupillary reflex was normal. Thoracic and abdominal radiographs showed megaoesophagus, and generalised intestinal ileus and gastric gaseous distension (Figure 1). No abnormality was noted on radiographs of the pharynx. Plasma biochemistry profile (total proteins, albumin, chloride, potassium, sodium, total CO₂, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, gamma (γ)-glutamyl transferase, ionised calcium, blood pH, creatinine, phosphate) and complete blood count (CBC) were within the respective reference intervals (RIs). Oral treatment with metoclopramide (Primperid; CEVA) 1 mg/kg q12h for 5 days was prescribed and the cat was discharged under surveillance.

Figure 1

Left lateral abdominal radiograph of the cat at presentation, showing gaseous distension of the oesophagus, stomach and intestinal loops

Over 24 h, the abdominal distension worsened, the cat had an episode of syncope and returned to NVST-TH. The owners had been unable to administer the treatment. Tachycardia (190 bpm) and severe abdominal distension associated with tympany and pain were noted on physical examination. Abdominal and thoracic radiographs showed pneumoperitoneum and persistent generalised ileus (Figure 2). Megaoesophagus was no longer visible. Neurological and ophthalmological examinations, including Schirmer’s tests, were normal. A CBC showed increased immature neutrophils (band cells 2.29 × 10⁹/l), toxic neutrophils and basophilia without leukocytosis. A plasma biochemistry profile remained within the RIs. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody titre was negative (<0.3 pmol/l). Exploratory coeliotomy was performed. Intravenous fluid therapy was initiated with NaCl 0.9% 5 ml/kg/h. The cat was premedicated with acepromazine (Calmivet Solution injectable 5 mg/ml; Laboratoire Vetoquinol), 0.05 mg/kg intravenously, and general anaesthesia was induced using intravenous propofol (Propovet 10 mg/ml; Axience), which was slowly injected until induction onset, followed with inhaled isoflurane (Isoflo; Axience) for maintenance of anaesthesia. Intravenous morphine (Morphine 1 mg/ml sol inj; Aguettant), 0.2 mg/kg then 0.1 mg/kg q2h, was used for analgesia and amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin 125 mg; GlaxoSmithKline), 20 mg/kg IV, was administered for prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Surgery revealed severely distended and thickened small and large intestines, with no observable peristalsis. No intestinal perforation or mechanical obstruction was observed. No macroscopic signs of peritonitis were noted; however, cytological and bacteriological peritoneal lavage analysis revealed septic peritonitis due to Pasteurella multocida, sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Abdominal lymph nodes had a normal appearance. Full-thickness biopsies were obtained from the stomach, duodenum and jejunum. Passive drains were placed during surgery. The cat recovered from anaesthesia without any complications.

Figure 2

Left lateral abdominal radiograph of the same cat the day after. Oesophagus dilation was no longer apparent, but pneumoperitoneum was present

During hospitalisation the cat received amoxicillin-calvulanate (20 mg/kg IV q8h), buprenorphine (Vetergesic 0.3 mg/ml, 10 µg/kg IV q8h; Sogeval) and maintenance intravenous fluid therapy. Abdominal lavage with saline, using passive drains placed during surgery, was performed daily for 5 days. The cat remained anorexic and a nasooesophageal tube was placed for enteral feeding. Follow-up CBC on day 5 revealed a significant decrease in the number of band cells (0.56 × 10⁹/l) and toxic neutrophils, lymphopenia (0.58 × 10⁹/l; RI 1.5–7.0 × 10⁹/l) and monocytosis (2.93 × 10⁹/l; RI 0–0.85 × 10⁹/l). Serum biochemistry showed hypoproteinaemia (49.4 g/l; RI 55–71 g/l) and hypoalbuminaemia (17.9 g/l; RI 27–39 g/l).

Biopsies were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processed routinely for histopathology. Histological appearance was similar for the gastric, duodenal and jejunal biopsies, but the severity of the lesions was more marked in the jejunum. At low magnification, the whole architecture was roughly preserved. The tunica muscularis was thicker than the tela submucosa, the lamina muscularis and the mucosa taken as a whole. The inner muscularis was thickened, whereas the intestinal villi were shortened. There was severe glandular atrophy of the upper half of the lamina propria, especially in the jejunum. In that area, the connective tissue appeared dense and brightly eosinophilic. Congo red stain ruled out amyloidosis and Masson’s trichrome confirmed fibrosis. In most of the plexus, neuronal density was low to very low and severe neuronal degeneration was present. Furthermore, a mild lymphocytic infiltrate (with a few neutrophils) was focused on the myenteric plexus. These findings were consistent with an intestinal glandular atrophy presumably secondary to chronic ganglioneuritis of myenteric plexus (Figure 3a,b).

Figure 3

(a) Jejunum (haematoxylin and eosin, × 100): severe glandular atrophy of the lamina propria. V = villi; LP = lamina propria; G = intestinal glands; LM = lamina muscularis; TS = tela submucosa; TM = tunica muscularis. (b) Jejunum, myenteric plexus in the tela submucosa (haematoxylin and eosin, × 400) showing reduced density of myenteric cells (neuronal degeneration [n]) and mild lymphocytic infiltrate (*)

By day 5 (3 days after the surgery) the cat had not improved and abdominal distension was unchanged. Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon 60 mg; Meda Pharma), 0.5 mg/kg q12h PO, was initiated. After 3 days of therapy, the cat was much brighter, began to eat and the abdominal distension improved progressively. Repeat abdominal radiography showed significant decrease of the intestinal ileus and resolution of the pneumoperitoneum.

The cat was discharged with amoxicillin-clavulanate (20 mg/kg q12h PO) for 15 days and pyridostigmine bromide (0.5 mg/kg q12h PO) to be continued.

Over the next month the cat remained bright, without vomiting or diarrhoea, and had gained weight. However, tympany and mild abdominal distension were still observed. Abdominal radiography revealed marked dilation of the stomach and colon. The pyridostigmine dosage was gradually increased to 1 mg/kg q12h and was well tolerated, but mild intestinal dilation was still present after dosage adjustment. Thirty months after admission, the cat is still asymptomatic and receives 1 mg/kg q12h pyridostigmine.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first report of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) due to ganglioneuritis in a cat and complicated with pneumoperitoneum, as well as the first report of a case of CIPO treated with pyridostigmine in animals.

The pneumoperitoneum may have been the cause of the syncope observed by the owner. Collapse has been infrequently reported in a retrospective study of 54 cases of non-traumatic pneumoperitoneum in dogs and cats.¹ Other clinical signs included lethargy (44%), vomiting (42%), abdominal discomfort and distension (37%), anorexia (35%) and retching (13%), as in our case. In veterinary medicine, as in human medicine, non-traumatic pneumoperitoneum is, in most cases (74%), due to digestive tract perforation.¹ Such a perforation was excluded, in our case, by coeliotomy. The pneumoperitoneum was considered to be a consequence of gas migration through damaged digestive wall during major digestive tract dilation, as it is supposed to occur in 7% of spontaneous pneumoperitoneum cases without digestive tract rupture.¹ Other causes of non-traumatic spontaneous pneumoperitoneum without intestinal rupture (septic peritonitis due to Clostridium species, splenic or hepatic abscess, and rupture of the urinary bladder)^1,2 were excluded. In our case, septic peritonitis due to P multocida was observed on day 2. We suppose that these bacteria migrated through the intestinal wall together with the gas, as no clinical or biological signs of inflammation were observed on day 1, whereas band cells appeared on blood smears on day 2. In the dog, experimental pneumoperitoneum induces intraluminal bacterial colonisation of the caecum and lymphatic changes compatible with bacterial drainage as soon as 30 mins post-insufflation.³

CIPO is a syndrome characterised by chronic intestinal dilation without mechanical obstruction, caused by dysmotility of the intestinal loops.⁴ It is well recognised in people, and has been described in the veterinary literature, mostly in dogs,^{56789101112131415–16} and also in three horses,^1718–19 two cats^20,21 and a cow.²²

One of the two cats reported with primary CIPO had visceral myopathy, with marked atrophy of the longitudinal muscle of the jejunal muscularis externa and replacement by fibroblasts in some portions of the jejunum. Myenteric plexus were normal.²⁰ The second cat reported had an intestinal leiomyopathy characterised by smooth muscle alpha(α)-actin deficiency.²¹ In our case, the inner muscularis was hypertrophic, but there were no degenerative or inflammatory lesions in this tunica. A mild lymphocytic inflammation (with a few neutrophils) centred on the myenteric plexus and severe lesions of neuronal degeneration in the myenteric plexus were observed. No immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle α-actin was performed.

Most lesions associated with CIPO in the literature have been described in dogs. Most often, they are fibrosis and inflammatory infiltration of the tunica muscularis.^{67891011–12,15,16} Some other cases described an autonomous nervous system ganglioneuritis with inflammatory parietal lesions in a dog and two horses.^13,18,19 In the canine cases diagnosed with visceral myopathy,^6,8,9,11,12 leiomyositis^7,10,15,16 or sclerosing enteropathy,¹⁴ the myenteric plexi were either normal^6,7,9,12,14 or exhibited some degree of lymphocytic inflammation,^8,10,15 considered less significant than the other lesions.

By comparison, in our case, the paucity of the mucosal infiltrate did not support the diagnosis of primary enteritis with secondary involvement of the plexus as the density of the infiltration was not significantly different from what is observed in the mucosa of asymptomatic cats. The severity of glandular atrophy and fibrosis without major mucosal lesions did not support this hypothesis either. Furthermore, the marked glandular atrophy combined with severe degenerative lesions of the myenteric plexus, and residual inflammation centred on the plexus, were consistent with chronic primary ganglionitis with secondary glandular atrophy; the intensity of neuronal degeneration exceeding by far that of the leukocytic infiltrate fits with the chronicity of the lesions. Finally, the cat had no history of vomiting and diarrhoea and is free of clinical signs 6.5 years later without any change in diet or immunosuppressive treatment, making inflammatory bowel disease very unlikely.

In human medicine, ganglioneuritis is either idiopathic or associated with neoplasia (pulmonary carcinoma in particular), Chagas disease or infection with cytomegalovirus 5.⁴ In animals, infection by simian immunodeficiency virus resulted in enteric ganglionitis in Macaques,²³ whereas equine herpesvirus-1 has recently been associated with ganglionitis and pseudo-obstruction in a horse.¹⁹ No neoplasia was found in our cat and Chagas disease and infection with cytomegalovirus are very unlikely. The ganglionitis was supposed to be idiopathic in our case. However, it would have been interesting to search for FIV or herpesvirus within the lesions by PCR or immunohistopathology. Other neuropathies such as atypical dysautonomia or myasthenia gravis were considered, but the clinical signs were not consistent with dysautonomia and the cat was seronegative for antibodies against acetylcholine receptors. Amyloidosis was excluded by Congo red stain.

Treatment of primary CIPO is often disappointing in people, dogs and horses, and the prognosis is guarded to poor. Beside nutritional support, which can be long-term parenteral nutrition in human beings, prokinetic agents such as cisapride, neostigmine, ranitidine and bethanechol are the most commonly used.^{456789101112131415161718192021–22} In the case of ganglioneuritis in a dog, treatment with an immunosuppressive dose of prednisolone and cisapride led to a partial and transient improvement of the dog for a period of 2.5 months.¹³ In another case, an immunosuppressive dosage of corticosteroids was successful and the dog remained free of clinical signs after discontinuation of the treatment.¹⁶ Cisapride showed some positive effects in people and was successfully used to treat the cat with CIPO due to visceral myopathy. This cat was still alive 20 months later, receiving only cisapride (0.15 mg/kg PO q8h).²⁰ As cisapride was no longer available in our case, we chose to start treatment with pyridostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Two trials in human medicine have studied the effect of pyridostigmine in people with CIPO.^23,24 The first one was a pilot study on 10 people with chronic constipation related to autonomic neuropathy. They received placebo for 2 weeks followed by an increasing dose of pyridostigmine for 6 weeks. Intestinal transit was accelerated in three patients, and four patients showed clinical improvement.²³ The second study tested the effect of pyridostigmine on seven patients with CIPO, and clinical improvement was observed in all patients.²⁴ This drug has never been used in small animal neurogenic CIPO before but was apparently effective in our case.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this case is the third CIPO described in the cat, and the first due to enteric ganglionitis. Two cats had a good response to parasympathomimetic agents, in contrast to what is observed in people or others animals. More clinical observations are warranted to confirm this trend.