Understanding the determinants of species rarity is a perennial challenge for ecologists and conservation biologists. In addition to resource specialization, competitive interactions may limit the abundance and distribution of species, thereby accentuating rarity. However, resource partitioning can reduce or altogether offset such competitive effects, and thus permit species to thrive alongside more common, widespread competitors within a narrow range of environmental conditions. In south-central Wyoming, the Wyoming Pocket Gopher (Thomomys clusius) is restricted to areas dominated by Gardner's Saltbush (Atriplex gardneri); it inhabits a geographic range that is entirely encompassed by a relatively abundant and widespread congener (T. talpoides, the Northern Pocket Gopher). However, the consumer–resource dynamics underlying the relationships among Wyoming pocket gophers, northern pocket gophers, and Gardner's Saltbush are poorly understood. We assessed one dimension of consumer–resource interactions—diet selection—between Wyoming pocket gophers, northern pocket gophers, and Gardner's Saltbush, using a combination of path analysis, DNA metabarcoding, and cafeteria-style feeding experiments. We rejected the null hypothesis that Wyoming pocket gophers and Gardner's Saltbush co-occur solely because they require similar soil conditions. Although we could not distinguish between obligate and facultative specialization by Wyoming pocket gophers, the checkerboard-like distributions of these two Thomomys likely reflect the outcome of selection and avoidance of Gardner's Saltbush. We suggest that Wyoming pocket gophers can persist within their small geographic range by capitalizing on Gardner's Saltbush, a halophyte that probably requires some combination of physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations to exploit. Low abundances, restricted geographic ranges, or both are hallmarks of rarity, each of which are shaped by diet selection and other consumer–resource interactions. Quantifying consumer–resource interactions can therefore provide a mechanistic basis for the further refinement and testing of hypotheses on the abundance and distribution of closely related species.