During his expeditions to the North Pole Robert Peary harvested at least 233 Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) from the northeast (NE) portion of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. To assess the impact of this intensive local harvest we compared historic and contemporary samples. We explored 2 models of repopulation for this region. In the recovery model animals not hunted by Peary were the source of the current population. In the recolonization model animals from adjacent regions contributed to the current population. A genetic assessment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity comparing historic specimens (n  =  12) to contemporary samples from the same region (n  =  22) indicates the loss of 1 major mtDNA haplogroup. In this region historic and contemporary samples were significantly differentiated from one another. Combined mtDNA (n  =  121) and 9 nuclear DNA loci (n  =  151) indicate that the contemporary NE animals are most similar to those in adjacent regions to the south. We interpret this as supporting our recolonization model and suggest that, following Peary, animals dispersed north from central Ellesmere. Animals from the region to the west (NW) of NE showed the greatest differentiation from all other regions, suggesting that although proximate in distance, movement between the NW and NE might always have been limited. The NW region was unique in that it contained 1 predominant mtDNA haplotype at high frequency (0.88), the lowest observed heterozygosity (H_O  =  0.50), and the highest mean relatedness (R  =  0.063). Our combined results highlight the sensitivity of populations at the range limit to stochastic events and the potential limits to recovery following significant perturbations.