More than 2,500 sera from approximately 30 wild and domestic species in southern Texas were tested for neutralizing antibodies to Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE). Virus isolations were also attempted from blood and tissue samples of many of the wild specimens. VEE neutralizing substances were present in a variety of species collected prior to the 1971 epizootic, suggesting that VEE was present and perhaps enzootic in this area before the recent epizootic. Serologic results of this study suggest that deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and feral swine (Sus scrofa) may serve as good indicators or sentinels of VEE transmission. The reservoir of VEE was not established, but results of the study suggest that a number of species or a combination of animal host populations including deer, feral swine, and peccaries (Pecari angulatus) may be involved in the epizootiology of VEE in southern Texas.