Recent authors have considered there to be just one species of Chaptalia in central, southern, and western Texas and have called it C. nutans, C. nutans var. texana, or C. texana. Field studies in Travis and Hays counties indicate the existence in that area of two populations with morphological, phenological, and behavioral differences, and revision of herbarium material shows that they correspond to two distinct taxa that occupy different but partially overlapping ranges in Texas and northern Mexico. Evidence is provided in support of their recognition as distinct species that correspond to C. texana and C. carduacea, both described by E. L. Greene. Descriptions of the two species and a revised key for Chaptalia in Texas are provided.