Visual census surveys utilizing a distance sampling approach were undertaken in Saipan Lagoon to determine the density of humphead wrasse (HHW) in four shallow water habitats, and compared to observations in the Saipan nighttime commercial spear fishery. Fish observed from the survey ranged in total length from 6.5 to 35 cm total length, generally smaller than the range of fish sampled from the commercial fishery of 16 to 47 cm total length. The majority of survey observations occurred in the central and northern part of Saipan Lagoon, which correlated with capture locations documented in the commercial fishery landings. Analysis of contemporary and historical commercial fishery data showed that HHW could not be considered primary fishery target species. Distance sampling results indicated that coral/hard bottom and Enhalus acroroides seagrass were the habitats most important to HHW, as reflected by higher density estimates. The use of distance sampling was useful in estimating the spatial distribution and density of HHW, and should be considered when assessing other rare marine finfish species.