Extensive surveys of recent occurrences of Pseudemys gorzugi and its likely historical distribution in the Rio Grande Basin reveal a low population density and a paucity of juveniles. Genetic analyses of the mitochondrial ND4 gene and five microsatellite DNA markers indicate the population may be relatively homogeneous throughout its range. In addition, research shows evidence of multiple threats common to chelonian populations, including habitat degradation, introduction of fire ants, and commercial collection for the pet trade. This research provides state management authorities with essential data to determine if additional conservation efforts are necessary to protect this unique species.