Clutch size is an important determinant of female reproductive success in reptiles. Although female body size explains much variation in clutch size, other important factors include differences in food availability, predation risk, morphology, and demography. Ornate tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus, display extensive variation in life history traits, including clutch size. Tree lizards primarily use 2 distinct habitat types—trees and rock surfaces—which influence both the performance and morphology of this species and may affect life history traits such as clutch size. As food availability, microclimate, and, potentially, predator escape probabilities differ between these 2 habitats, I predicted that tree- and rockdwelling lizards would allocate resources toward clutch size differently. Clutch size variation was compared among 15 populations of U. ornatus sampled from the different habitat types. Urosaurus ornatus individuals living on trees had significantly larger clutches than those living on rocks, even after including the effects of body size and environment. Two potential mechanisms leading to larger clutches in tree-dwelling lizards are (1) differences in food availability and (2) differences in performance (sprint vs. endurance) requirements for predator escape in the 2 habitats. Inconsistent distribution of habitat type across the phylogenetic tree indicates either many cases of independent evolution in the allocation strategies of these lizards or a consistent phenotypically plastic response to similar environmental challenges in different populations.