Understanding puberty is important for establishing aquaculture in fish. In this study, we analyzed the timing and completion of pubertal development along with changes in pituitary gonadotropin genes (fshb and lhb) in cultured chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus). At 45 days post-hatching (dph), gonadal sex differentiation was observed. The onset of puberty occurred at 192 dph in females with the start of vitellogenesis, whereas it occurred at 164 dph in males, with the beginning of spermatogenesis (proliferation and differentiation of germ cells). The completion of puberty was at 326 dph in females when vitellogenesis completed, and it was at 338 dph in males during spermiation. All fish sampled during the spawning season completed pubertal development. In the pituitary of female fish, fshb expression was activated during early secondary growth and was maintained high throughout vitellogenesis, whereas lhb expression was highest at the completion of vitellogenesis. In male fish, fshb and lhb expression were activated from the onset of spermatogenesis and further activated during late pubertal development; fshb remained high between late spermatogenesis and spermiation, whereas lhb was highest during spermiation.