Under the leadership of the World Health Organization (WHO), standard test methods have come into use on a worldwide basis for the detection of resistance in mosquito larvae and adults, and to a slightly lesser extent in body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus L.). WHO also has adopted provisional test methods for fleas, bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) and sandflies (Phlebotomus spp.) and tentative test methods for black fly larvae, tsetse flies and adult triatomid bugs. The U.S. Armed Forces Pest Control Board utilizes the same methods as WHO for mosquito larvae and adults, have slightly different methods for bed bugs and body lice, and also have methods for house flies (Musca domestica L.) and cockroaches for which there are no WHO methods. Other agencies, laboratories and individuals use these methods or variations of them. Although the different methods vary in some details and in types of equipment used, most of them are based on the establishment and comparisons of dosage-mortality curves. Details of the WHO and Armed Forces Pest Control Board methods may be found in the Tenth Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Insecticides (Technical Report Series No. 191) and the AFPCB Technical Information Memorandum No. 3, respectively.