Botrychiopsis is an important biostratigraphic index taxon for Carboniferous–early Permian plant fossil successions of Gondwana. Its species have wide geographic distributions, restricted chronostratigraphic ranges, and are associated with diverse groups of plant associations. They have been described from sedimentary sequences of Australia, India, South Africa, Brazil, and Argentina. A whole-frond reconstruction of Botrychiopsis plantiana is presented based on a study of very well preserved specimens from the Gangamopteris flora (Ghzelian–Asselian) of the Bajo de Véliz Formation (Paganzo Basin, Argentina). The material consists of impressions of complete fronds and basal fragments, which are rarely represented in the Gondwanan upper Paleozoic fossil record.

New pollen grains are described from diverse palynological assemblages recorded from the Quebrada de los Fósiles Formation, lower unit of the Puesto Viejo Group, San Rafael Basin (Mendoza, Argentina), southwestern Gondwana. Two new pollen genera, Mendozapollenites gen. nov. and Crackipollenites gen. nov., are proposed. Also, three new species, Mendozapollenites variabilis sp. nov., Angustisulcites hexagonalis sp. nov. and Crackipollenites polygonalis sp. nov., as well as Crackipollenites sp. A and an indeterminate monosaccate pollen (Form A), are fully described and illustrated. The microflora contains: high proportions of sphenophyte and lycophyte spores; true ferns and bryophyte spores as minor components; non-taeniate pteridosperm bisaccate pollen grains; taeniate monosaccate and bisaccate pollen, scarce monosulcate and inaperturate grains, among other less frequent gymnosperm pollen; and the co-occurrence of chlorococcalean algae and fungal spores. The sedimentation of the Quebrada de los Fósiles Formation took place during the Ladinian (Middle Triassic), as was confirmed by recent radiometric dating of ignimbrites from the base and the top of the main profile of the unit. Thus, this is the first unequivocal and unique microflora recorded at present for the Ladinian in South America.

The titanosaur sauropod record of Patagonia, mainly recovered from Upper Cretaceous strata, is probably the richest worldwide. Here we present a new sauropod dinosaur, Ninjatitan zapatai gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Cretaceous Bajada Colorada Formation (Berriasian–Valanginian) of north Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina), from which postcranial remains are preserved. The anatomical analysis and comparisons performed in this specimen evidence strong affinity with titanosaur sauropods. This assumption is corroborated with the inclusion of the new taxon in an updated phylogenetic data matrix. The cladistic analyses indicate that Ninjatitan could be considered the earliest known titanosaur sauropod. The combination of features such as the presence of procoelous anterior caudal centra, the pneumatized neural arch of anterior caudal vertebrae, and the posterodorsal border of the scapular acromion near the glenoid level supports its titanosaur affinities. The presence of a basal titanosaurian sauropod in the lowermost Cretaceous of Patagonia supports the hypothesis that the group was established in the Southern Hemisphere and reinforces the idea of a Gondwanan origin for Titanosauria. The Bajada Colorada sauropod fauna represents one of the most diverse and unique associations from the lowermost Cretaceous worldwide recorded.

The presence of fossil camelids in Tucumán, northwestern Argentina, has been recognized for many years but its relevance has not been fully evaluated so far. Here, we review previous mentions of fossil camelids for this province, present new material, and compare it with fossil and extant specimens of South American camelids, clarifying its taxonomic context and discussing its paleobiogeographic significance. For Tucumán we recognize Vicugna vicugna (Tafí del Valle Formation, late Pleistocene–early Holocene) and Palaeolama sp. (Tucumán Formation, late Pleistocene), mainly based on size and dental features. The current distribution of V. vicugna is restricted to the Central Andes, in the Puna and High Andean environments over 3200 m altitude; there is no mention, neither current nor historical, for Tucumán. Its presence at around 2200 m in the Tafí valley during the Quaternary indicates cooler and drier conditions than those currently established. The observations made in the context of this contribution allow us to establish that the species V. provicugna is a synonym of V. vicugna. In turn, we consider that the validity of the species Palaeolama hoffstetteri, only based on postcranial remains, should be properly evaluated in the future.