We present the palynoflora recovered from the Pescado Formation in the Subandean Range, Salta Province, Argentina. The palynological assemblage comprises well-preserved marine and terrestrial palynomorphs, including cryptospores (one species), trilete spores (16 species), acritarchs (six species), prasinophytes (three species), and chlorophytes (three species). Based on the quantitative analysis and stratigraphic distribution of palynomorphs, two palynological associations are recognized (RC1, RC2). The presence of Dictyotriletes emsiensis morphon and Acinosporites apiculatus, together with Duvernaysphaera angelae and D. tenuicingulata, suggests a late Emsian–Eifelian age for RC1 and RC2. The studied assemblages contain many taxa in common with other coeval assemblages of Gondwana that confirm the paleogeographical relationships among the Argentine Precordillera, the Tarija Basin, and the southern Chacoparaná Basin in Uruguay. The relative abundance of the palynomorphs encountered suggests a marine depositional environment close to the paleo-shoreline for the RC1, and a more distal marine setting for the RC2, possibly nearshore, reflecting the Eifelian transgression. This event, already documented by different authors, is also recognized in the southern portion of the Tarija Basin.

The age of the Talchir Formation corresponding to the lower part of the Gondwana (Permo–Carboniferous) Sequence in India is revised in the light of palynostratigraphic data associated with radiometric dating generated in Gondwana. New data was generated from seven samples of the Talchir Formation obtained from Well 131, located in the Penganga area of Wardha Valley Coalfield (Maharashtra State, central India). Two assemblages were demarcated based on the stratigraphic distribution of 63 species of spores (23 taxa), pollen grains (35 taxa), and phytoplankton. Palynoassociation I recognized in the two basal samples yielded few Punctatisporites spores and monosaccate pollen grains. Palynoassociation II is demarcated in the overlying three samples characterized by spores and pollen grains that are more diversified and abundant than in the other two samples. Several taxa (Concavissimisporites grumulus, Converrucosisporites confluens, Cyclogranisporites gondwanensis, Verrucosisporites andersonii, Latusipollenites quadrisaccatus, Marsupipollenites striatus, Pakhapites fusus, Striatoabieites multistriatus, Vittatina subsaccata, Vittatina vittifera) are shared with palynozones radiometrically constrained to the latest Pennsylvanian–early Cisuralian in Argentina, Brazil, Africa, and Australia. Therefore, we propose a Kasimovian to Ghezelian–Asselian age for the palynoassociations I and II of the Talchir Formation and a correlation with the Potonieisporites neglectus and Plicatipollenites gondwanensis Zones of Tiwari & Tripathi, respectively. This approach significantly improves the stratigraphic correlations of the Indian palynozones in Gondwana.

Despite being one of the richest Neogene deposits of marine fossil vertebrates along the Pacific coast of South America, no detailed study of bony fishes from the Bahía Inglesa Formation has been carried out. Through the revision of historical collections of the Caldera Paleontological Museum, we describe 27 fossil remains of bony fishes. Fossils described here are distributed in 13 taxa. Among these, Sardinops sp. cf. S. sagax (Clupeidae) represents the first fossil record of the genus for Chile, Labrodon sp. (Labridae) and Stelliferinae (Sciaenidae) are the first respective records for the southeast Pacific Ocean, Sarda sp. (Scombridae) represents the first fossil record for South America, Semicossyphus sp. (Labridae) and Anisotremus sp. (Haemulidae) are the first respective records for the Southern Hemisphere. Gymnosarda sp. (Scombridae) is described for the first time for the Neogene. We performed a paleobathymetric analysis of fossil fishes, including elasmobranchs, to understand the paleoenvironment followed by a similarity analysis that compares the faunal composition of the Bahía Inglesa Fm. with other fossil assemblages for the Pacific of South America. Our results show that the fish fauna from the Bahía Inglesa Fm. likely represents a depth range of 98 to 382 m with a mean depth range of 252 m in an uppermost bathyal environment. The assemblage from the Bahía Inglesa Fm. shows low taxonomic similarity levels with other Neogene geological units from the southeast Pacific Ocean. The study represents the first paleoecological and paleobiogeographic analysis of the fossil fish fauna from the Southeast Pacific.