Geranium L. sect. Polyantha Reiche (Geraniaceae) consists of seven species. The highest diversity of the group is located in southwestern China with five endemic species. One species is found in the Himalaya, and another is located in the mountains of Burma. In contrast with some regional treatments, I have synonymized G. ascendens Z. M. Tan to G. moupinense Franch., and G. platylobum (Franch.) R. Knuth to G. hispidissimum (Franch.) R. Knuth. Micromorphological features of indumentum, pollen, and mericarps were investigated by SEM. The presence of pollen with Erodium L'Hér.–type exine ornamentation is confirmed for all species of the section. A new key is provided, as well as new and detailed descriptions. Each species is illustrated and mapped, and three lectotypes are designated.

Flowering synchrony has a relevant role in pollinator attraction. In distylous species, synchronous blooming between individuals of both morphs means that the chances of intermorph crosses are increased, which is important for the maintenance of the heterostylous system. The aim of the present study was to describe the flowering phenology and the behavior of the floral visitors in three populations of Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq. (Rubiaceae) between January 2008 and January 2010. Flower and pollinator censuses were conducted at three urban forest fragments in Brazil. Psychotria carthagenensis flowering occurred between October and December, with a high degree of synchrony within populations as well as between floral morphs. The exotic Apis mellifera L. (Apidae) was the main pollinator in the three populations. A high degree of similarity was found in the behavior of floral visitors as well as in nectar production. Visitation rates did not differ between floral morphs. Similar floral recompenses (flower availability and nectar) as well as no preference in pollinators' visiting are thought to be contributing to a greater intermorph visitation to pin and thrum flowers in P. carthagenensis.

An annotated conspectus of 124 species is presented for Myrcia DC. sect. Aulomyrcia (O. Berg) Griseb. This list is published for use as a basis for future revisionary work and presents the species of this evolutionary group together for the first time. Publication and type information, habitat and distribution, preliminary conservation assessments, and diagnostic notes are provided for each species. In transferring species of Calyptranthes Sw. and Marlierea Cambess. to Myrcia, 28 new combinations are made: Myrcia areolata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea areolata McVaugh], Myrcia biptera (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea biptera Amshoff], Myrcia caesariata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caesariata McVaugh], Myrcia cana (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea cana McVaugh], Myrcia caudata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caudata McVaugh], Myrcia convexivenia (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea convexivenia B. Holst], Myrcia ensiformis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ensiformis McVaugh], Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea excoriata Mart.], Myrcia guildingiana (Griseb.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Psidium guildingianum Griseb.], Myrcia insignis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea insignis McVaugh], Myrcia karuaiensis (Steyerm.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Aulomyrcia karuaiensis Steyerm.], Myrcia ligustrina (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ligustrina McVaugh], Myrcia lituatinervia (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Myrciaria lituatinervia O. Berg], Myrcia maguirei (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea maguirei McVaugh], Myrcia mcvaughii (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea mcvaughii B. Holst], Myrcia multiglomerata (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea multiglomerata Amshoff], Myrcia neuwiedeana (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Rubachia neuwiedeana O. Berg], Myrcia obversa (D. Legrand) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea obversa D. Legrand], Myrcia pudica (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea pudica McVaugh], Myrcia rugosior (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea rugosior McVaugh], Myrcia scytophylla (Diels) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea scytophylla Diels], Myrcia skortzoviana (Mattos) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea skortzoviana Mattos], Myrcia suborbicularis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea suborbicularis McVaugh], Myrcia subulata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea subulata McVaugh], Myrcia sucrei (G. M. Barroso & Peixoto) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea sucrei G. M. Barroso & Peixoto], Myrcia umbraticola (Kunth) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea umbraticola (Kunth) O. Berg], Myrcia uniflora (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea uniflora McVaugh], and Myrcia ventuarensis (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ventuarensis B. Holst]. The following 21 replacement names are created: Myrcia argentigemma E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. aulomyrcioides E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. chonodisca E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. holstii E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neobuxifolia E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neocuprea E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neodimorpha E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, Myrcia neoestrellensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoglabra E.

Glandularia J. F. Gmel. (Verbenaceae) is the largest genus in the tribe Verbeneae, with ca. 84 species distributed mainly in temperate North and South America. A complete taxonomic revision of Glandularia in Brazil is provided. Thirty-one species and one variety are present in Brazil, 11 of these being endemic, principally in the southern area of the country. A detailed morphological description is given for each taxon as well as a key for their identification, illustrations, synonymy, distribution, lists of selected specimens, and discussions about the relationships among closely related taxa. A new combination, G. tomophylla (Briq.) N. O'Leary & V. Thode, is here proposed, six new synonyms are suggested, and two lectotypes are designated for Verbena chamaedryfolia Juss. f. strigosa Chodat and V. humifusa Cham.

Located in southwestern and southeastern China, respectively, Yunnan and Taiwan are of biogeographical significance for the floristic diversity and evolution of the East Asian flora. A total of 13,253 seed plant species in 2140 genera and 225 families are recognized from Yunnan, while 3411 species in 1234 genera and 190 families are recognized from Taiwan. Although the flora of Yunnan is much more diverse than the flora of Taiwan, it is conspicuously similar in floristic composition and biogeographical elements. Yunnan and Taiwan share many of the same species-rich families in their floras. In both areas, families of tropical distribution contribute 52.4% and 50.5% of the total families in Yunnan and Taiwan, respectively, and the genera of tropical distribution contribute 57.3% of the flora in Yunnan and 60.9% of the flora in Taiwan. Yunnan and Taiwan have floristic similarities of 96.3% at the family level and 84.7% at the generic level. These similarities indicate that Yunnan and Taiwan have close floristic affinities. However, the floras of Yunnan and Taiwan have diverged to some extent. Yunnan has eight East Asian families and two Chinese endemic families, of which only two East Asian families are shared with Taiwan. Of the 12 tropical Asian families in Yunnan, 10 are not seen in Taiwan. Compared to Taiwan, Yunnan has 474 genera of tropical Asian distribution, which contribute 22.1% of its total genera, while Taiwan has 165 genera of tropical Asian distribution, contributing only 13.4% of its total genera. Furthermore, the patterns of geographical elements indicate that genera with transcontinental distributions, such as pantropic, Old World tropic, north temperate, or East Asia and North America disjunctions, are more likely to be shared by Yunnan and Taiwan, while those genera with distributions of tropical Asia, Old World temperate, temperate Asia, Mediterranean and western to central Asia, East Asia, and Chinese endemic are more often represented only in Yunnan. The flora of Yunnan might be derived from a Tertiary subtropical East Asian flora and has been diversified in its biogeographical elements following tectonic events since the Late Tertiary: northwestern Yunnan has evolved a temperate-featured flora with the uplift of the Himalayas, and southern Yunnan has evolved a tropical Asian flora with extrusion of the Indochina block. The flora of Taiwan could mainly derive from the East Asian flora with uplifting to an island after the Late Tertiary, and could have a relatively unsophisticated evolutionary history compared to Yunnan.