[1]

Tsunamitsu Adachi

Adachi, Tsunamitsu. Adachi was born on September 15, 1901, in Japan and died there on December 2, 1981.

Adachi served in the military during 1921–1922. In 1925 he entered the Tokyo University of Agriculture as an elective student. He became an assistant in 1932 and an Associate Professor in 1949 at the same university. In 1954 he resigned as Professor at the Tokyo University of Agriculture and accepted the post of Professor at the Toyo University. In 1972, he resigned from this post and became a temporary lecturer. In 1976 he retired and left the Toyo University.

He published 75 papers, most of them on entomology. Twelve of them dealt with the family Staphylinidae, and the last, published in 1957, was the first catalog of the family Staphylinidae of Japan. Adachi described only 11 species of Staphylinidae from Japan, one each in the genera Coprophilus, Deleaster, Sepedophilus, and Oxyporus, two in Lathrobium and Paederus, and three species in Scopaeus. [A.S.]

Sources: • Group for Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of Professor Tsunamitsu Adachi (1972): 177–181 [with bibliography, portrait]. • Journal of the Toyo University General Education, Natural Science, No 20 (1977): 103 [author unknown, with bibliography, portrait].

[2]

Kee-Jeong Ahn

Ahn, Kee-Jeong. Ahn, of Korea, was born on October 21, 1961. His interest in the Staphylinidae was stimulated by his mentor, J. S. Ashe, during his postgraduate studies at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. The animals of special interest to him are the intertidal species of the family, particularly those in the Aleocharinae. Ahn published revisions of Tarphiota, Thinusa, Pontomalota, and Rothium, reviews of Liparocephalus and Diaulota, and coauthored an analysis of the phylogeny of the aleocharine tribe Liparocephalini. His research includes phylogenetic analyses of the Myllaenini, Pronomaeini, Masurini, and Diglotini. It is among his long-range goals to study the Aleocharinae of eastern Asia and to continue working on phylogenetic, biogeographical, and evolutionary questions concerning the intertidal taxa. He has authored or coauthored at least 10 species and one genus.

[3]

James Steve Ashe

Ashe, James Steve. Ashe, of the USA, was born on February 23, 1947. He became interested in staphylinids while working on a master's degree at Appalachian State University in North Carolina. His adviser suggested that he investigate the biology and host relationships of aleocharines that live on fresh mushrooms, which he did for two years. Later he pursued a doctoral degree in Texas, where he studied boll weevil migratory activity. When his adviser left the university after one year, Ashe left Texas and went to the University of Alberta to study staphylinid systematics.

Ashe's primary taxonomic interest has been the Aleocharinae. His work includes a generic revision and phylogeny of the Gyrophaenina in which he incorporated larval characters, a generic revision and phylogeny of the Bolitocharina, and taxonomic studies of, for example, Tachiona and Gansia. His interest in larval features and behavioral phenomena is reflected in a number of his publications on topics such as construction of egg and pupal chambers, larval chaetotaxy, subsocial behavior, host relationships with mushrooms, mouthpart modification in connection with fungivory, and evolution of the aleocharine aedeagal parameres. His taxonomic and biological investigations of the staphylinine tribe Amblyopinini elucidated the relationships of the species to their mammalian hosts. His coauthored work on larval Trichophyinae led to a phylogenetic hypothesis of the relationships in the tachyporine groups of subfamilies. Ashe and colleagues have produced a database of images of aleocharine staphylinids. His long-range goals include making the Aleocharinae more accessible to researchers and providing the framework for a phylogeny of the genera and tribes of the subfamily. To this end, he is currently working on an illustrated guide to identification of the aleocharine genera of North America north of Mexico and on phylogeny of the major lineages of the subfamily. He has described or coauthored at least 33 species and 8 genera.

[4]

Volker Assing

Assing, Volker. Assing, of Germany, was born on November 24, 1956. Assing began his scientific work with quantitative ecological studies in the heathlands of northern Germany. He realized how little was known not only about the ecology of staphylinids, but also about their taxonomy, and decided to do something about it. Despite his wide taxonomic interests in the family, his focus is on the Steninae, Xantholinini, Paederinae, Habrocerinae, and especially the Aleocharinae. Although much of his work is with taxa of the Palaearctic region, he also works with some taxa on a worldwide basis. Two of his many works to date include his continuing revision of the genus Othius, of which eight parts are published, and his revision (with P. Wunderle) of the Habrocerinae. He has published taxonomic works on Stenus, Lathrobium, Emplenota, Polystomota, Triochara, Skenochara, Xenomma, Geostiba, Leptusina, Euryalea, Pseudo-calea, Ocyota, Autalia, Myrmecopora, Zoosetha, Poromniusa, Ilyobates, and Calodera, among others. Assing's long-range goals include bionomic studies in the family and revisions of groups that urgently need them. He has published or copub-lished at least 140 species and 6 genera.

[5]

Flaminio Baudi di Selve

Baudi di Selve, Flaminio. Baudi was born in Savigliano (Piemonte), Italy, in 1821 and died on June 26, 1901, in Genola, Italy.

At age 21, Baudi went to Torino to study at the university with such eminent naturalists as Bonelli and Gené. He soon found himself much attracted to entomology, and in 1848 published, together with Truqui, the classical volume Studi entomologici, in which he described numerous new species of Staphylinidae. His relationship with Truqui eventually developed into a long-lasting friendship. Baudi's interest in Staphylinidae continued for some time, but eventually he concentrated on other groups of Coleoptera, mainly the Heteromera. He also was involved in the study of the coleopterous fauna of Piemonte, his native area of Italy, and in 1889 published a catalog of the beetles of the region.

Baudi was quite active in public life and was respected for his modesty and honesty. Before his death, he donated his Coleoptera collection to the R. Museo Zoologico di Torino. Baudi described 84 species in the Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France (1901): 293 [anonymous]. • Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R. Università di Torino 16 (1901): 1–6 [by L. Camerano, with bibliography]. • Bollettino della Società entomologica italiana 34 (1902): 118–119 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Jahrbücher 12 (1903): 252 [anonymous]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 51 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1963): 214 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding]. • Memorie de la Società entomologica italiana 48 (1969): 841 [by C. Conti].

[6]

Georg Benick

Benick, Georg. Benick was born in Lübeck, Germany, on July 2, 1901, the son of Ludwig Benick, the renowned Stenus specialist, and died there on January 11, 1992.

Through the influence of his father, Benick was exposed to the study of beetles from his earliest years. Although he chose a career in law, he nevertheless continuously worked on beetles. Benick obtained his education in Lübeck and after he graduated from the Katharineum (gymnasium) in 1921, he studied law, first at the university in Tübingen and then in Kiel. After receiving his law degree, he joined a large law firm in Lübeck in 1927 and eventually specialized in transport law.

Benick was fortunate to survive the Second World War as a clerk of a trucking company, first in Lübeck and from 1944 in Hamburg. In Hamburg, he met Lohse and their regular meetings eventually developed into a long-lasting, close friendship.

Benick inherited from his father the love of nature and entomology, so it was quite natural for him to devote all his spare time to this beloved discipline. He also learned from his father the basics of scientific work, as well as the know-how of fieldwork. They both had an excellent knowledge of the beetle fauna of northern Germany, which was developed by countless joint excursions that resulted in an extensive beetle collection of the area. Not surprisingly, Benick was attracted to Staphylinidae, and quite in line with his personal confidence, he soon specialized in the most difficult aleocharine genus Atheta. His first paper on that genus, containing the description of Atheta ermischi, appeared in 1934. Thereafter, many articles followed, as Benick quickly became a frequently sought-after expert on the genus. He was famous for his ability to determine the specimens with confidence, using only a hand lens, that was replaced by a stereoscopic microscope only in the latter part of his life. Benick's bibliography is unavailable at present, but he published about 60 papers, most of them on Atheta, but also on other aleocharine genera, such as Meotica, in addition to other groups of Staphylinidae. He described 168 species of Staphylinidae.

Benick was a prototypical gentleman and always wore a suit, even while collecting in the field, which I can confirm from my own experience during a collecting trip to the Ratekauer Moor (Sphagnum bog) near Lübeck, undertaken together with him and Lohse in October 1966. On a few square meters, we were able to collect all specialized, tyrphobiont staphylinids known from that bog, i.e., Stenus kiesenwetteri, Lathrobium rufipenne, L. gracile, Acylophorus wagenschieberi, and Tachyporus trans-versalis. Benick remained remarkably active until close to his death, as documented by a collecting excursion he undertook in the summer of 1991, the year before his death at age 90!

After his death, Benick's collection of Staphylinidae went to the Museum in Geneva, Switzerland, while the general, local “nordelbische” Coleoptera collection was donated to the Naturhistorisches Museum der Hansestadt Lübeck, Germany. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 77 (1981): 1–5 [by G. A. Lohse, with portrait]. • Verhandlungen des Vereines für naturwissenschaftliche Naturforschung Hamburg 41 (1995): III–V [by W. Ziegler, with portrait].

[7]

Ludwig Benick

Benick, Ludwig. The elder Benick was born in Grieben (Meck-lenburg), Germany, on November 15, 1874. He died on March 29, 1951, in Lübeck.

Benick was a teacher at several schools in Lübeck and eventually became a lecturer at the local Teachers College. He soon became associated with the “Naturhistorisches Museum am Dom zu Lübeck”. Thanks to his broad knowledge of general biology, which included both zoology and botany, he was eventually appointed as the custodian at this museum in 1920. In 1946, on the occasion of his 72nd birthday, he was awarded the degree doctor honoris causa by the Christian-Albrecht University in Kiel, in recognition of his achievements in the fields of both education and biology, including coleopterology.

Benick made enormous contributions to the knowledge of the staphylinid subfamilies Steninae and Megalopsidiinae. His papers on these groups formed a solid foundation that allowed rapid progress in the understanding of the taxonomy and phylogeny of these two subfamilies, which peaks now with V. Puthz. Benick published 182 scientific papers, most of them on Coleoptera, particularly the Staphylinidae. A substantial work, “Pilzkäfer und Käferpilze”, dealing with ecological aspects and interactions of beetles with mushrooms was published shortly after his death in 1952 (Acta Zoologica Fennica 70: 1–250). He described 389 species, mostly in the genus Stenus, and 3 genera in the Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Lübekkische Blätter (1951): 113–114. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 47 (1951): 49–54 [by O. Scheerpeltz, with bibliography, portrait). • Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein 26 (1952): 1 [by E. Schermer]. • Verhandlungen des Vereines für die naturwissenschaftliche Heimatforschung 31 (1954): XV–XVI [by K. Sokolowski, with bibliography]. • Philippia 8 (1997): 1–12 [by V. Puthz, with bibliography].

[8]

Max Bernhauer as a young man

Max Bernhauer later in life

Bernhauer, Max. Bernhauer, the son of a clerk, was born on September 24, 1866, in Mohelnice (Müglitz, a birthplace shared with the genius coleopterist Edmund Reitter) in the Czech Republic (north-central Moravia). He died on March 13, 1946, in Horn, Austria.

Bernhauer obtained his education in Olomouc in Moravia (Czech Republic) and later went to the University in Vienna, Austria, where he obtained the title doctor juris in 1889. Bernhauer was professionally active as a notary, first in Vienna, then in Stockerau and Grünburg, and finally (from 1912 until his death) in Horn (not far from Vienna).

Bernhauer was interested in nature in his early years and started to collect beetles during his university studies in Vienna, Austria. He became acquainted with several famous Viennese coleopterists, such as Ganglbauer, Luze, Spaeth, and others. It was Ganglbauer, in particular, who gave Bernhauer incentive and direction for his future scientific activities.

Bernhauer soon turned his attention to the family Staphylinidae and his first two papers appeared in 1898. He soon developed into one of the leading researchers on this family. His papers became indispensable to anyone studying the family, and his large collection became, and still is, an endless source of information on Staphylinidae. Early in his career Bernhauer published some analytical papers on Aleocharinae, including a monograph of the Palaearctic species of the genus Leptusa (1900), a treatment of the tribe Aleocharini of the Palaearctic region (1901, 1902), and a treatment of the “Tribus Leptocha-rina” (1903). These became standard references and identification tools for many years to come. Later, Bernhauer concentrated on describing new species and only rarely offered anything more in his papers. As the leading staphylinidologist, rivaled only by Cameron in some zoogeographic regions, Bernhauer must have been swamped by an endless flow of material collected in various parts of the world on numerous expeditions by many collectors. These samples contained a multitude of new species, which he obviously had barely enough time to describe. In 1910 Bernhauer, in coauthorship with K. Schubert and O. Scheerpeltz, became heavily involved in producing the world catalog of the Staphylinidae within the Junk-Schenkling Coleopterorum Catalogus. By 1926 this treatment of the 12,740 species of the family known at that time was finished. Scheerpeltz later produced a supplementary volume, containing corrections and additions inclusive 1932, which brought the number of known staphylinid species to 19,909 (see also under Scheerpeltz). The catalog served for decades as the indispensable, widely used “data base” on Staphylinidae. Bernhauer published 285 papers, of which few were coauthored. Bernhauer described 5,251 species and 342 genera in the Staphylinidae. His collection, containing the types of most taxa he described, was sold shortly after his death to the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, where it is still housed. [A.S.]

Sources: • Koleopterologische Rundschau 5 (1916): 73–81 [by F. Rambousek, with incomplete bibliography containing some mistakes, portrait]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 22 (1936): 187 [by F. Heikertinger, with portrait]. • Arbeiten über die morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 3 (1937): 301 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 33 (1937): 15 [anonymous]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 82 (1946): 160 [by C. M. Jarvis]. • Zentralblatt für das Gesamtgebiet der Entomologie 1 (1946): 95 [by K. E. Schedl]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 31 (1948): 2 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 50 (1955): 235 [anonymous]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1963): 259 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding, with partial bibliography]. • Philippia 4 (1980): 248–261 [by V. Puthz, bibliography only].

[9]

Alexander Bierig

Bierig, Alexander. Bierig was born at Karlsruhe, Germany, in 1884, as the last of four children of Ludwig Georg Phillipp, shoemaker, and his wife Josephine Mayer. He died on May 17, 1963, in San José, Costa Rica.

Bierig went to the Grammarschool in Karlsruhe from 1890 to 1899. Thereafter he studied for two years at a school for graphic arts and for four years at the Academy of Arts in Karlsruhe. After finishing his studies, Bierig worked for three years in Berlin. In 1908 he married Katherine Mathilde Postweiler and the couple moved to Paris, where Bierig illustrated scientific books and gave private classes. At the beginning of the First World War they had to return to Karlsruhe. After the war, during the difficult times in Germany (1919), Bierig accepted a proposition of the Russian emigrant family Mennikov to accompany them to Cuba. In Havana Bierig found work as a graphic artist, taught drawing and natural sciences at the German School, and also ran a private Art School.

Bierig became friends with F. Nevermann, the “father” of Costa Rican entomology. In 1938, while on a collecting trip with Nevermann in Costa Rica, he was seriously wounded in a hunting accident that was fatal to Nevermann. Bierig returned to Costa Rica in 1939 to stay for good. He soon became Professor of Entomology at the University of Costa Rica in San José. He retired from the University in 1954 and continued his affiliation as an honorary member of the University Council.

Bierig's interest in coleopterology started during his stay in Paris, where he developed interest in ground beetles (Carabidae). Back in Karlsruhe, he published a paper in 1918 (Societas Entomologica 33: 13–15) dealing with some Carabini, describing a new subspecies of Carabus glabratus and Carabus cancellatus. However, it was only after he moved to Cuba that his involvement with entomology became a significant part of his life and career, and that his interest turned to rove beetles. Between 1931 and 1940, he published 31 papers dealing with this family, describing over 159 new species and 34 genera. While in Costa Rica, he also published one article dealing with the Pselaphidae (now included in Staphylinidae). However, most of Bierig's publications as a professional entomologist dealt with the biology and control of insects injurious to tropical crops.

During the late years of Bierig's life, and particularly after his death, his collection (about 26,000 specimens) and library suffered considerable damage due to the tropical climate and lack of proper maintenance. However, both were rescued when they were purchased in 1966 by The Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, where they remain. [A.S.]

Sources: • Bulletin Field Museum of Natural History 37 (1966): 6 [anonymous]. • Philippia 8 (1998): 209–215 [by V. Puthz, with bibliography, portrait]. • Collectiones entomologicae (1990): 40 [by G. Friese and R. Gaedike].

[10]

Thomas Blackburn

Blackburn, Thomas. Blackburn was born at Islington, near Liverpool, England, on March 16, 1844, and died on May 28, 1912, at Woodville, near Adelaide, Australia.

Blackburn was ordained a deacon by the Bishop of Manchester in 1869, and the following year he was transferred to Honolulu, where he collected insects of all orders. After going to Australia, he took charge as rector of St. Thomas' at Port Lincoln in 1882, and in 1886 he was appointed rector of St. Margaret's at Woodville for the rest of his life.

His first published note was in conjunction with his brother, J. B. Blackburn; it was a list offering various Lepidoptera in exchange for Noctuidae and it appeared in The Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer in 1860. After the Intelligencer ceased publication, the two Blackburns published and edited The Weekly Entomologist, which after two years gave place to the present Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, of which Blackburn was one of the original editors. Apparently through the influence of C. O. Waterhouse of the British Museum, Blackburn soon diverted his attention from the Lepidoptera to the Coleoptera.

In Australia Blackburn worked on most families of beetles at various times, but eventually he dedicated himself primarily to Scarabaeidae. He became the foremost Australian coleopterist, who, together with his two predecessors, W. J. MacLeay and F. P. Pascoe, established a solid foundation for the knowledge of the Australian Coleoptera. He described 3,069 Australian beetle species. Staphylinidae was not his favorite family; consequently he described only about three dozen Australian taxa (almost all at the specific level), mostly during his early years in Australia, from 1888 to 1895. In 1895, Blackburn also described, in a joint paper with David Sharp, a few species of Hawaiian Staphylinidae, which he collected while stationed in the Hawaiian Islands (see above). He described 95 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae. The types of almost all the staphylinids he described are apparently deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), London. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 48 (1912): 219 [anonymous]. • Entomological News 23 (1912): 436 [anonymous]. • Transactions of the Royal Society of Australia 36 (1912): V–XI, [by A. M. Lea, with bibliography, portrait; followed by a list of species described by Blackburn (pages XIII–XL) with the deposition of types, at that time.]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1912): CLXVIII [by F. D. Morice]. • Russkoe Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 13 (1913): 639 [by Semenov-Tianshansky]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 23–26 [by A. Musgrave with bibliography]. • Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 60 (1949): 71–72 [anonymous]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1963): 290–291 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding, with bibliography].

[11]

Richard Elliot Blackwelder

Blackwelder, Richard Elliot. Blackwelder, of the USA, was born on January 29, 1909, and died on January 20, 2001. By the time he was working on his doctoral degree at Stanford University with the guidance of the well-known morphologist G. F. Ferris, Blackwelder was interested in the Staphylinidae. It was at Stanford that he completed his classic Morphology of the Coleopterous Family Staphylinidae, published in 1936. During subsequent years he published his monograph on the West Indian Staphylinidae (1943), a checklist of beetles for the West Indies, Mexico, Central, and South America (1944–1947, 1957), and The Generic Names of the Beetle Family Staphylinidae (1952). In spite of whatever deficiencies these three works have, they are standard references for study of the family and, as yet, have not been replaced. He published a few shorter articles revising the North American species of Tachyporus, the generic classification of the Paederini, the species of Trigonurus, and the tribal and subtribal classification of part of the Osoriinae. In these works he named 256 species and 59 genera. Although he was not well known as a collector, he collected in Panama in 1931, and on various islands of the West Indies for 21 months from June 1935 through March 1937. He collected about 50,000 specimens in the West Indies and treated 91 genera and 468 species in his monograph of the species of the region. His work on generic names included about 2,500 names, and, for the first time, stated the type species of each genus along with the method and source of fixation. His checklist of Latin America beetles included more than 178,000 nominal species. After graduating from Stanford, Blackwelder was a Bacon Traveling Scholar for the Smithsonian (1935–1938), an Assistant Curator at the American Museum of Natural History (1938–1940), and an Assistant and Associate Curator at the Smithsonian Institution (1940–1954). He then left the museum world to begin his teaching career at St. John Fisher College in New York State (1956–1958), and finally moved to Southern Illinois University (1958–1977), where he remained until retirement. After he left the Smithsonian he never again worked on the Staphylinidae. He was active in the Society of Systematic Zoology from its formation through at least the late 1960s.

[12]

Jaroslav Boháč

Boháč, Jaroslav. Boháč, from the Czech Republic, was born in 1952. In the course of his ecological studies he found staphylinids to be among the most interesting and diverse beetles in terms of the number of species and life-strategies. He thinks staphylinids, which are little known ecologically, are in some cases more sensitive bioindicators of environmental change than carabids. He is particularly interested in the taxonomy of the Paederinae and Staphylininae and in all staphylinids ecologically. His long-range goal is to develop methods for using staphylinids (and other epigaeic invertebrates) as bioindicators of landscape deterioration. He published a series of articles summarizing the taxonomy of the Paederinae for Czechoslovakia; the work includes keys, descriptions, illustrations, and distributions for each species. He has also published a number of articles describing new species, giving larval or pupal features, or making taxonomic changes. He has published 16 species.

[13]

Arnaldo Bordoni

Bordoni, Arnaldo. Bordoni, from Italy, was born on July 13, 1938. He first became interested in the Staphylinidae as a result of his many contacts with Tottenham, Fagel, and Jarrige and due to the encouragement and influence of his mentor, Henri Coiffait. Coiffait, who had high regard for Bordoni, left him his enormous microfilm collection of staphylinid literature. When Bordoni became interested in the family, he was the first student of the group in Italy since Gridelli. He is particularly interested in the Xantholinini, Paederinae, Steninae, and Omaliinae, with an emphasis on Lesteva, Geodromicus, and Deliphrosoma in the latter subfamily and he wants to revise all the species of the Xantholinini of the world. He recently completed a revision of the xantholinines of southeast Asia in which he has described hundreds of new species and dozens of new genera. Next, he plans to study the xantholinine faunas of Japan, China, Australia, and the Polynesian region. Bordoni has published many articles on the Palaearctic Xantholinini, has written the Xantholininae volume for the Fauna d'Italia, and has written revisions of Italian Quedius and Palaearctic species of Medon and Geodromicus. In 1973 he described the only troglobitic staphylinid known from Italy, and through the years has published many articles on a variety of other species and genera. Through 1997 he described 163 species and 16 genera.

[14]

Thomas Borgmeier

Borgmeier, Thomas. Borgmeier was born in Bielefeld (West-falen), Germany, on October 31, 1892. He died on May 11, 1975, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Borgmeier attended the gymnasium in Bielefeld, and after graduation (1910), he went to Brazil and joined the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor in 1911. He studied philosophy in Curitiba from 1912 to 1914 and theology in Petropolis from 1915 to 1918. He became interested in entomology while a student in Petropolis, while observing the habits of ants. In 1917, he met and befriended Hermann von Ihering, the founder of the Museo Paulista in São Paulo. Through the generosity of a wealthy industrialist in Rio de Janeiro, Borgmeier acquired von Ihering's large reprint library on ants and a binocular microscope, and began his entomological studies. In 1922, through Dr. A. Neiva, Borgmeier obtained approval to pursue a career in entomology from the Franciscans. In 1923 he became an adjunct research scientist in the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro and moved to the Museum in 1924. In 1928 he went to São Paulo as an assistant in entomology in the new Instituto Biologico. In 1933 he returned to Rio de Janeiro to become the head of the entomological section of the Instituto de Biologia Vegetal in the Botanical Garden. In 1931 Borgmeier founded the international journal, Revista de Entomologia, which he edited and published until 1951, when financial difficulties ended its publication. He then started the series of entomological monographs Studia Entomologica which became a journal in 1958. Around 1973, due to serious health and eyesight problems, Borgmeier retired from his entomological activities to seek refuge in the ancient St. Anthony's monastery in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

During his lifetime, Borgmeier published 243 papers, dealing mostly with taxonomy and biology of the dipteran family Phoridae and of the ants (including a large monograph of the Ecitonini of the Neotropical Region). While studying the phorids and ants, Borgmeier inevitably became interested in the study of myrmecophilous and some termitophilous beetles, particularly in ecitophilous Staphylinidae, Pselaphidae, and Histeridae. About 20 of his papers deal with this topic; about 91 species and 35 higher taxa in Staphylinidae are described in them. [A.S.]

Sources: • Revista de entomologia Rio de Janeiro (1946): 476–480 [by T. Borgmeier, with bibliography]. • Revista de entomologia Rio de Janeiro 20 (1949): 1–2 [by J. D. Hood, with portrait]. • Studia Entomologica 14 (1971): 349–368 [by T. Borgmeier, with bibliography]. • Studia Entomologica 18 (1975): 1–2 [by W. W. Kempf]. • Studia Entomologica 19 (1976): 1–37 [by W. W. Kempf, with portrait]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 27 (1977): 329 [by K. Rohlfien]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 80 (1978): 141–144 [by W. W. Wirth, W. H. Robinson, and W. W. Kempf, with portrait]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 35 (1985): 375 [by R. Gaedike].

[15]

Thomas Broun

Broun, Thomas. Broun was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on July 15, 1838. He died on August 24, 1919, in Auckland, New Zealand. Both his father and an uncle (Captain Thomas Broun) were reputable naturalists and they undoubtedly influenced him in his interest in natural sciences.

Broun joined the army at the age of 16, during the Crimean War. After the war he accompanied his regiment to Burma and later to India, where he stayed during the entire period of the Indian Mutiny. He retired from the army in 1862, married, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1863. When the Maori War broke out, he was commissioned as a Captain, served the entire war and was promoted to the rank of Major.

Immediately after the Maori War, Broun started to work actively in New Zealand entomology, devoting himself almost exclusively to Coleoptera. In 1890, he was appointed Government Entomologist, a post which he held for several years. In 1880 the Colonial Museum and Geological Survey in Wellington published his Manual of New Zealand Coleoptera, which contained 1,140 species. Supplementary parts appeared between 1881 and 1893. These publications increased the number of known New Zealand Coleoptera to 3,979. In Staphylinidae, Broun described 198 species and 10 genera. The types of the staphylinid taxa described by him are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), London; some may be in Auckland. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 55 (1919): 264 [anonymous]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1919): XC [by J. J. Walker]. • Entomological News 31 (1920): 149 [anonymous]. • Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 52 (1920): IX–X [by T. F. Cheesman, with portrait]. • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 84 (1930): 402–403 [by L. O. Howard, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1963): 374 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding, with bibliography].

[16]

Carlos Bruch

Bruch, Carlos. Bruch was born in 1869 in München, Germany. He died on July 3, 1943, in Vicente López (provincia de Buenos Aires), Argentina.

From his early years Bruch was interested in natural sciences. Following the wishes of his father, he interrupted his secondary education at the age of 14 and joined his father's business to learn graphical procedures that were rapidly improving at the time. Then in October 1887, at age 18, he reluctantly followed his father to Argentina. In December 1887, he acquired a job fulfilling the photographic and reproduction needs of the newly built, Museo de La Plata. Bruch brought to Argentina his collection of insects, upon which the entomological section of the Museum was established. Although he was self-taught, he eventually became the head of the section, and in 1906 he was named professor of zoology at the Universidad de La Plata; his courses of entomology and zoogeography were very popular. In 1915 he was awarded the title of doctor honoris causa in natural sciences. After his retirement, he was named Honorary Academician and Honorary Head of the Department of Zoology by the Museum.

Bruch's entomological research and his publications cover a wide variety of insect groups, and, within the Coleoptera, many families. In Staphylinidae, he contributed significantly to our knowledge of the myrmecophilous and termitophilous species. He described 27 species and 15 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 9 (1937): 18–21 [by C. A. Lizer y Treles, bibliography only]. • Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 12 (1943): 48–50 [by M. Birabén]. • Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 137 (1943): 169–183 [by C. A. Lizer y Treles]. • Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 12 (1943): 71–91 [by C. A. Lizer y Treles, with bibliography, portrait]. • Revista Entomológica, Rio de Janeiro 14 (1943): 528–529 [by C. Mello Leitão]. • Revista del Museo de La Plata. Sección Ofi-cial [1943] (1944): 107–132 [by M. Birabén, with bibliography and portrait]. • Zentralblatt für das Gesamtgebiet der Entomologie 1 (1946): 63 [by K. Schedl]. • Curso Entomologico 1 (1947): 41–42 [by C. A. Lizer y Treles].

[17]

Hubert Bruge

Bruge, Hubert. Bruge, from Belgium, was born on May 5, 1922. About 15 years ago he retired from teaching biology in high school and zoology at the Free University of Brussels and bought a country house with a 20 acre garden outside of Brussels. He became interested in the insect fauna on this plot of land and was surprised to discover there about 250 species of staphylinids, about a quarter of the fauna of the country. Among them were two species unknown in Belgium. Those discoveries kindled his interest in the family. Because of his age, he elected to limit his studies to the Belgian fauna. He encouraged collectors throughout the country to seek staphylinids. During the last 15 years he has determined about 80,000 Belgian staphylinids, including 40 species that are new to the country. In 1992, in collaboration with D. Drugmand and G. Haghebaert, a catalog of the Belgian staphylinids was begun. His primary interests remain field observations and the study of the ethology of species, particularly those in the Aleocharinae.

[18]

Lars Brundin

Brundin, Lars. Brundin was born on May 30, 1907, in Torstuna, Sweden, the son of J.A.Z. Brundin, a respected, well-known teacher and amateur lepidopterist. He died on November 18, 1993, in Stockholm, Sweden.

Brundin graduated from the gymnasium at Växjö (not far from Linné's birthplace) in 1925 and in the same year he entered the Lund University, specializing in entomology. His professor was Simon Bengtsson, one of C. G. Thomson's favorite disciples. It is a good guess that Bengtsson, well aware of Thomson's affection for Aleocharinae, influenced Brundin's first choice of the target group for his systematic studies. While at the Lund University, Brundin worked as an assistant at the Entomological Museum where Bengtsson was the head. During the summers of 1927 and 1928, Brundin surveyed the insect fauna of Abisko in Swedish Lapland, and during the five subsequent summers, the beetle fauna of the nearby Torneträsk area. This activity resulted in his Ph.D. thesis “Die Koleopteren des Tor-neträskgebietes”, defended and published in 1934. In this he demonstrated his wide knowledge of the northern beetle fauna, as well as his already developed interest in Staphylinidae.

In 1936 Brundin received a scholarship at the Fresh Water Institute in Drottningholm near Stockholm and started his career as a limnologist and famous chironomid taxonomist. He stayed at the Institute for 20 years and pursued his studies on Palaearctic Aleocharinae and European Chironomidae. Several remarkable works in both fields resulted. In 1957 he was appointed professor and the head of the Entomology section of the Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, a post he held until his retirement in 1973. In 1969 he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1984 he received the Linnaeus-medal in gold. He was the chairman of the Entomol-ogiska Föreningen i Stockholm (Entomological Society of Stockholm) from 1952 until 1977.

Brundin undertook many chironomid collecting trips that led him to many areas of the world, including Canada and the United States in 1957. Unfortunately, during his foreign trips Brundin rarely collected anything other than chironomids.

The staphylinid subfamily Aleocharinae was Brundin's focal point during his early career and it is unfortunate (from our egoistic point of view, of course) that he eventually entirely abandoned the group for chironomids. His first paper, describing a new species of Gnypeta sellmani from Torneträsk area, appeared in 1929. A number of revisions of Palaearctic species belonging to different Atheta-groups followed, the last one (on Dimetrota) appearing in 1953. His last paper on Atheta seems to be the one published in Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift in 1954.

Carl H. Lindroth described Brundin, in an homage presented to him at his 60th birthday, as an ardent, sporty, self-disciplined researcher and analytical thinker with a God-given talent for drawing, an unusual working capacity, and a keen, sharp eye. [A.S.]

Brundin described 42 species and 2 genera in Staphylinidae.

Sources: • Opuscula Entomologica 32 (1967): 179–181 [by C. H. Lindroth, with portrait]. • Utveckling och forskning vid Naturhistoriska riksmuséet. Stockholm (1989): 57–66 [by Kro-nestedt and Tornbjörn]. • Cladistics 9 (1993): 357–367 [partly by L. Brundin, with portrait]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 116 (1995): 1–12 [English translation of Brundin's essay in Cladistics (see above), with portraits]. • In: Chironomids: From Genes to Ecosystem [E. Cranston, ed.], Melbourne (1995?): I–VI [by E. J. Fittkau, with bibliography, portrait].

[19]

Malcolm Cameron

Cameron, Malcolm. Cameron was born in 1873 and died on October 31, 1954, in London.

Cameron obtained his M.D. degree at the London Hospital and entered the British army as a naval surgeon. During his active service, which included the Boer War, the Battle of the Falkland Islands (during the First World War), and the East African Campaign, he collected Coleoptera at various locations. After the First World War he was posted to Admiralty for two years, but he chose to retire after two years (in 1920) with the rank of Surgeon-Commander, and devoted the rest of his life to entomology. He went to the Indian Forestry Research Institute in Dehra Dun and collected staphylinids extensively in the foothills of the Himalaya.

Due to a lung illness, he returned in 1925 to London via Switzerland and began the work on his largest contribution to the knowledge of the Staphylinidae. His five-volume treatment of this family in the series The Fauna of British India has become a standard manual and reference work for India and neighboring countries. Cameron authored 206 additional papers, most of them on Staphylinidae, that were published in a large number of journals worldwide. In general, Cameron's most important contribution concerns the staphylinid fauna of the Oriental region, although he also published on taxa from the Palaearctic and other zoogeographic regions. He described over 4,000 taxa in Staphylinidae. His collection, containing some 55,000 specimens, was bequeathed to the British Museum (Natural History), London. The curated part includes about 35,000 specimens representing 9,200 species, of which 2,230 are represented by holotypes and 1,064 by paratypes.

Cameron described 4,136 species and 195 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 90 (1954): 290 [by E. B. Britton]. • Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (C) 19 (1955): 68 [by P. A. Buxton]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 5 (1955): 666 [by H. Sachtleben]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 52 (1956): 97 [by G. Schmidt]. • Publicações culturais da Companhia de diamantes de Angola 48 (1959): 111–112 [by A. De Barros Machado]. • Philippia 5 (1986): 301–310 [by V. Puthz, with bibliography].

[20]

John Milton Campbell

Campbell, John Milton. Campbell, who spent most of his professional career in Canada, was born in the USA on December 19, 1935. His doctoral work at the University of Illinois was a revision of a genus of Alleculidae. After finishing his doctorate, he worked for the University of Kentucky, but was stationed in Guatemala (1964–1966), where he studied the ecology and control of the Coffee Leaf Miner. He began working on the Staphylinidae in August 1966 after he was hired by the Biosystematic Research Institute in Ottawa, which had advertised specifically for someone to study the family. He started with the group knowing almost nothing, but went on to contribute many revisionary studies. Among them are revisions of the New World Micropeplinae and Oxyporinae, the North American species of the omaliine genera Haida, Pseudohaida, Acidota, Olophrum, Arpedium, Porrhodites, and Orochares, and the tachyporine genera Tachinus, Tachinomorphus, Sepedophilus, Tachyporus, Coproporus, Mycetoporus, Ischnosoma, Bryoporus, Bryocharis, and Lordithon. Before retiring in 1993, he had begun publishing on Asian genera. He published a number of shorter articles to update previous works or describe interesting new genera or species. Campbell described 154 species and 14 genera.

[21]

Thomas Lincoln Casey

Casey, Thomas Lincoln. Casey was born in West Point, New York, USA, on February 19, 1857, the son of General Thomas Lincoln Casey and Emma Weir. He died on February 3, 1925, in Washington, D.C., USA. The microscope Casey used during his long entomological career was buried with him.

Casey graduated with high honors from the United States Military Academy in 1879. His army duties led him to Long Island, Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, California, and South Africa. At all these locations Casey used every opportunity to collect beetles. In addition to the material he collected, he enlarged his collection through generous purchases, so it eventually became one of the most remarkable private collections. At the same time, he kept building his coleopterological library with the idea that it would become self-sufficient. His collection and library were so extensive that Casey had to rent two apartments, one for his collection and library, and the other for his residence.

Coleopterology was not Casey's only scientific activity. In earlier years, as a young lieutenant, he was quite successful in theoretical and applied astronomy. Much has been written (see sources below) about Casey's coleopterological activities and his contribution to the knowledge of the North American beetle fauna. His very keen sense for detailed observations and his philosophy that even slight differences observed on a specimen justified assignment to a different species opened him to plenty of criticism. On the other hand, there is no doubt that Casey contributed enormously to the knowledge of North American Coleoptera, particularly in the family Staphylinidae. Before Casey's work, only a small fraction of North American species had been described, particularly in Aleocharinae, Steninae, etc., and knowledge of the family was seriously lagging behind that of the Palaearctic region. After Casey's work, there was a much better idea about the composition of the Nearctic fauna. Casey's collection of Coleoptera was bequeathed to the National Museum of Natural History (United States National Museum at the time of Casey's death), Washington, D.C. The collection contains almost 117,000 specimens, representing over 19,000 named forms, and over 9,200 holotypes. A sizeable portion of these are holotypes of species belonging to Staphylinidae. Casey published 77 papers between 1884 and 1924. About 20 of them deal at least partially with the Staphylinidae and some are major contributions. He described 1,805 species and 248 genera in Staphyinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 (1914): 72 [by F. Grinnell]. • Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico (1920): 375–376 [by C. W. Leng, bibliography only]. • Pan-Pacific Entomologist 2 (1925): 90–91 [by F. E. Blaisdell]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 61 (1925): 136 [by G. C. Champion]. • Entomological News 36 (1925): 97–100 [by C. W. Leng, with bibliography]. • Natural History 25 (1925): 206–207 [by C. W. Leng]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 27 (1925): 41–43 [by E. A. Schwartz and W. M. Mann, with portrait]. • Entomological News 37 (1926): 175–179, 198–202 [by M. H. Hatch, with bibliography]. • History of Entomology (1931): 565–567 [by E. O. Essig, with portrait]. • Fragments of Entomological History (1931): 175–176 [by H. Osborn, with portrait]. • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 94 (1935): 1–15 [by L. L. Buchanan, with bibliography, portrait]. • Coleopterist's Bulletin 1 (1941): 67–68 [by R. H. Arnett]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1963): 445–446 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding, with partial bibliography]. • American Entomologists (1971): 260–264 [by A. Mallis, with portrait].

[22]

Marcello Cerruti

Cerruti, Marcello. Cerruti was born on October 9, 1908 in Roma, Italy, where he died on August 28, 1978.

Cerruti's keen interest in nature and insects became focused on beetles after the young Cerruti met in 1928 Paolo Luigioni, a well known Italian naturalist of that time, who studied Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Under his guidance Cerruti started to survey the beetle fauna of the massifs of the Appen-nines (Italy), and learned the principles of scientific work. Cerruti eventually became fascinated by the mountains and was an active alpinist, and in 1935 a member of the Club Alpino Italiano.

Before and just after the Second World War, Cerruti was actively studying immature stages of beetles, particularly those of Carabidae and Staphylinidae. Later, influenced by his friendship with S. Patrizi, Cerruti became interested in the fauna of caves and eventually also in the palaeontology of man, as demonstrated by his membership in the Istituto Italiano di Pale-ontologia Umana. Together with Patrizi and his other friend, H. Henrot, he took part in a speleological expedition to Sardinia and summarized some results, as well as the results of other cave explorations, in numerous publications. He also undertook, together with Henrot, fieldwork in Cyprus and, on several occasions, in various areas of Greece. During all his explorations Cerruti also collected Hymenoptera (but he never published on them); his sizeable collection of Hymenoptera is housed at the Istituto di Entomologia dell'Università di Torino. Most of his collection of Coleoptera is deposited at the Istituto Nazionale di Entomologia, Roma.

Cerruti published 42 papers, about 10 of them dealing with Staphylinidae, several of them dealing with the immature stages. He described 5 species in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Fragmenta Entomologica, Roma 15 (1979): 1–6 [by E. Colonnelli and A. Vigna Taglianti, with bibliography, portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 78 (1982): 47 [by W. H. Lucht].

[23]

George Charles Champion

Champion, George Charles. Champion was born in Walworth (London), England, on April 29, 1859, as son of a clock- and watchmaker. He died on August 8, 1927, in Horsell, Woking, Surrey, England.

Champion became interested in beetles early in his life. While in his late twenties, he became associated with Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin, who engaged him to collect for Biologia Centrali-Americana in Central America. Champion eventually also became involved with the series as a contributor and subeditor. His achievements in this area are described in the obituary published in the Entomological News and in the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (see below).

Champion published over 420 papers during his career, but only a few of them were on the Staphylinidae. They dealt with the species collected by his son H.G.C. Champion in India. Most of them were published under the running title “Some Indian Coleoptera” in the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, of which Champion was an editor from 1891 until the time of his death. There were at least 23 papers in this sequence and about 11 of them included the descriptions of about 84 species and 4 genera of Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist 60 (1927): 215–216 [anonymous]. • Entomological News 38 (1927): 326–328 [by R. P. Calvert]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 2 (1927): 103 [by J. E. Collin]. • Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 39 (1927): 131 [by H. J. Turner]. • Nature, London 120 (1927): 415 [by J. J. Walker]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (1927): 111–112 [by J. J. Walker]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 63 (1927): 197–203 [by J. J. Walker, with portrait]. • Centennial History of the Entomological Society of London (1933): 54 [by A. Neave]. • Fragments of Entomological History (1937): 146 [by H. Osborn]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1963): 456–460 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding, with partial bibliography].

[24]

Young Bok Cho

Cho, Young Bok. Cho was born in Korea on August 6, 1959, and became interested in staphylinids through his work with the Silphidae, which he studied as part of his Master's degree program. He has been collecting Korean staphylinids since 1984 and by now has a well-developed collection. He is interested in the Staphylininae and the Paederinae, particularly those in Korea and in Far Eastern Asia. Currently he is working on genera of the Staphylininae of Korea. He has published articles on the Korean species of Gabronthus, Neobisnius, Erichsonius, the Quediini and Osorius, and has described six species.

[25] Ciceroni, Alessandro. Ciceroni, of Italy, has been publishing on staphylinids since 1990, beginning with an article on Atrecus. He also published a revision of the Italian Leptacinus, coauthored an article on Megalinus, and was a contributor to the staphylinid part of the Checklist delle specie della Fauna Italiana. He has described one species.

[26]

Henri Coiffait

Coiffait, Henri. Coiffait was born in Moutiers-au-Perche (Orne), France, on June 28, 1907. He died on May 21, 1989, in Toulouse, France.

Coiffait developed an interest in coleopterology very early and by 1939 he had already accumulated an important general collection of French beetles. During the war years he became interested in speleology and that eventually became an important part of his scientific career, as documented by the fact that, of his 280 publications, 57 deal with the cavernicolous fauna. After the Second World War he held the post of the Attaché de Recherches at the CNRC laboratory at Moulis (Ariège) and after 1958 he was associated with the Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse, eventually as the Maître de Recherches. He received the Dolfuss Prize in 1959. He acted as editor of the Annales de Spéléologie after the establishment of the journal in 1959. In 1970 he founded the journal Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie, and the first issue appeared in 1971. Coiffait's largest and most important contribution, “Coléoptères Staphylinidae de la région paléarctique occidentale”, appeared subsequently as several supplements to this journal from 1972 to 1984.

Coiffait made an enormous contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae. He was one of the authors whose research, in one way or another, profoundly affected the taxonomy of the family (except for Aleocharinae), particularly in the subfamilies Leptotyphlinae, Paederinae, and Staphylininae. His paper “Monographie des Leptotyphlites”, published in 1959, established a solid foundation for the entire school of subsequent authors studying this family of indigenous staphylinids. In his work, Coiffait relied heavily on the structures of the male genitalia, and paid insufficient attention to either previously published works or the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Consequently, many taxa that he established were subsequently criticized and disputed. His most important contributions to the knowledge of Staphylinidae were his papers dealing with the west Palaearctic fauna. Coiffait published 280 papers, in which he described 1,899 species-level taxa, and 178 generic-level taxa of Coleoptera (families Carabidae, Leiodidae, and Staphylinidae), but the vast majority of them in Staphylinidae (1,775 at the species level, 158 at the generic level). Coiffait's collection (containing 799 holotypes, 5,020 paratypes, and 1,907 species) is housed in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France. A list of type specimens contained in this collection was published in the Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle de Toulouse 125 (1986): 127–142. [A.S.]

Sources: • Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de Toulouse 18 (1990): 7 [by P. Cassagnou, with portrait]. • Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N.S.) 7 (1990): 5–57 [by J. Orousset, with bibliography, portrait]. • Mémoires de Biospéléologie 18 (1991): 307–314 [by C. Juberthie and J. Orousset, with bibliography].

[27]

Giulio Cuccodoro

Cuccodoro, Giulio. Cuccodoro, of Switzerland, was born on April 12, 1963. He became interested in staphylinid studies due to his association with Ivan Löbl. The groups of major interest to him are the Pselaphinae and the proteinine genus Megarthrus; his research includes taxonomic, phylogenetic, biogeographic, and behavioral studies. He has been working on a revision and phylogeny of Megarthrus and, as of 1998, had published articles revising the species of the Afrotropical, North American, New Guinean, and Palaearctic regions including Japan. He has also discussed the phenomenon of “water loading” behavior in Megarthrus and a few other genera. One goal is an analysis of the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Pselaphinae of the Oriental region. Through 1998 he had described 52 species.

[28]

John Curtis (Ruricola)

Curtis (Ruricola), John. Curtis was born in Norwich, England, on September 3, 1791, and died on October 6, 1862, in London.

Curtis showed an interest in natural objects from his earliest years. He was sent to school at Norwich at the age of four. During his school years he demonstrated unusual talent for drawing, particularly flowers. He also started to collect butterflies, and made some excursions in the vicinity of Norwich with friends. These excursions awoke in him a love for entomology that lasted his entire life. At the age of 16 Curtis started to work in the office of a solicitor, but this employment did not last very long, since he was not interested in pursuing a law career. He met Mr. S. Wilkin, who had a large collection of insects, and for some time he stayed with him as a curator of his collection. Since Mr. Wilkin was often consulted by many eminent naturalists of that time, Curtis soon became acquainted with celebrities such as Kirby, Hooker, Lindley, and others. By that time he had also become quite a competent illustrator.

In 1819 Curtis went to London and was introduced, as a friend of Kirby, to Sir Banks, Leach, and many other leading scientists of the day. His outstanding abilities in the field of scientific illustration soon led to engagements with the Linnean, Horticultural and other societies. At about that time, Curtis started his work on the British Entomology, and the first part appeared in 1824. He continued this work without interruption until 1839, when the final part (16) appeared. The 769 color plates illustrating the 16 volumes were considered by the entomological community “unsurpassed by any entomological illustrations in existence”. During his work on British Entomology, Curtis also published A Guide to an Arrangement of British Insects (1829). Both British Entomology and the Guide were in direct competition with similar works of Stephens that appeared more or less simultaneously (see under Stephens for details). It comes, therefore, as no surprise that there was a great deal of animosity between these two eminent British entomologists. Fortunately, they were eventually able to settle their differences before Stephens' death in 1852. In 1841 Curtis became the editor of the entomological part of the journal Gardener's Chronicle. He wrote over 100 popular illustrated articles for this journal, mostly on pest insects. These articles were signed “Ruricola”.

The two Curtis publications mentioned above became important for the taxonomy of Staphylinidae, as well as for many other beetle families, mainly as sources of early type species designations. But they also created some problems and disputes as to the authorship of many genera (Curtis versus Stephens, see above). Curtis described 18 species and 8 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: There are many biographies/obituaries of Curtis, therefore only selected ones are given here. A detailed listing may be found in Evenhuis (1997). • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1862): 122–125 [by F. Smith]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1863): XXXV–XLI [anonymous]. • Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (4)3 (1863): 525–540 [by J. O. Westwood]. • Entomological News 8 (1897): 75 [by V. L. Kellog]. • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 84 (1930): 44, 207, 218–220, 232, 271 [by L. P. Howard, with portrait]. • Centennial History of the Entomological Society of London (1933): 139–140 [by A. Neave]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 224–229; (1929): 1388 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • John Curtis and the Pioneering of Pest Control (1974): 121 pp. [by G. Ordish]. • Literatura Taxonomica Dipterorum (1997): 164–167 [by N. L. Evenhuis, partial bibliography only].

[29]

Patrick Dauphin

Dauphin, Patrick. Dauphin was born on March 17, 1948, in Bordeaux, France. He decided to study staphylinids because they are so numerous when collecting and because there are so many species. His principal interests include the western Palaearctic Proteininae and Steninae and some genera of the Aleocharinae. At the moment he is working on the Phloeopora. He has published a number of articles on the staphylinids of France and has reported on the taxonomy and distribution of such genera as Proteinus, Metopsia, Stenus, Phloeopora, Autalia, and Lispinus. He has described three species.

[30]

Konrad Dettner

Dettner, Konrad. Dettner, of Germany, was born on December 22, 1951. He became interested in staphylinids as a schoolboy, when he made excursions with beetle specialists. He noted that staphylinids were rarely collected by his companions. Later he became interested in the bionomics and chemistry of staphylinids. He currently studies the defensive chemistry of staphylinid beetles (and other beetles), particularly species of the Oxytelinae, Piestinae, Omaliinae, Staphylininae, and Paederinae (especially Paederus). His publications on defensive secretions include morphology of the glands that produce the chemicals and the chemistry and activity of the secretions, the use of chemicals and glandular data for taxonomy, the evolution of chemical defense, the hemolymph toxins in Paederus, and the biosynthesis of defensive secretions. Among his long-range plans are the elucidation of the process by which maternal hemolymph toxin is transferred to the offspring in Paederus and the process of iridoid biosynthesis in staphylinids.

As an interesting aside, in a letter Dettner pointed out that Linné noted chemical defense behavior by species of Staphylinina in a diary notation dated June 5, 1732, and may have been the first to so record the phenomenon.

[31]

Didier Drugmand

Drugmand, Didier. Drugmand, of Belgium, was born on August 30, 1961. As a young student, Drugmand was interested in soil mites, but was lured away by an agronomist who showed him a collection of thousands of undetermined beetles and invited him to study them instead. These beetles turned out to be staphylinids. Soon thereafter he prepared and identified a collection of Belgian Staphylinidae. His taxonomic interests include the Leptotyphlinae, Staphylininae, and the Cryptobiina of the Paederinae; his primary geographical interests lie in the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. He has published a series of articles revising the classification of the Afrotropical species of the paederine subtribe Cryptobiina and presenting a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the group. Drugmand has also published a number of articles on the Belgian and/or western Palaearctic species of Staphylininae (Heterothops, Quedius, Philonthus, Xantholinus, Gabrius, Neobisnius, and Ocypus), an Atlas des Staphylinini . . . of Belgium and Luxembourg, and a list of the Belgian Paederinae with notes on their distribution, habitat, and phenology. He has developed a web-site for the Staphylinidae, and plans to study the Cryptobiina of Asia, prepare a book on the natural history of the family, study the historical biogeography of the endemic Staphylinidae of western Europe, and write a fauna of the European Staphylinini to be presented as a CD-ROM. He has named 27 species and 5 genera.

[32]

MiroslavDvořák

Dvořák, Miroslav. Dvořák, of the Czech Republic, was born on January 4, 1926. He became involved in the Staphylinidae through his interest in myrmecophilous faunas. The groups of particular importance to him are the Zyrasini of the world and the Palaearctic Staphylinini. He has published articles on both groups and has described 12 species.

[33]

Felix Eichelbaum

Eichelbaum, Felix. Biographical data for Eichelbaum seem to be entirely missing. Eichelbaum was a medical doctor by profession. His papers on Staphylinidae dealt mostly with adult morphology (particularly mouth parts, terminal abdominal segments, etc.), as well as with larval morphology within his studies of beetle larvae. Nevertheless, he described 63 species and 15 genera in Staphylinidae. In 1909 he published a catalog of the genera of Staphylinidae that included the references, synonyms, number of species, and geographical distribution for each genus, as well as references to the immature stages, if known. His collection of Staphylinidae, some insects from “East-Africa” and his collection of beetle larvae went to the Zoological Museum in Hamburg in 1919. [A.S.]

Source: • Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, Supplement 9 (1967): 263 [anonymous].

[34]

Eduard Eppelsheim

Eppelsheim, Eduard. Eppelsheim was born in Dürkheim (Pfalz), Germany, on May 19, 1837. He died on June 6, 1896, in Germersheim (Pfalz), Germany.

Eppelsheim graduated from the gymnasium in Speyer in 1855, and went to the universities in Würzburg and Tübingen, where he obtained his medical degree in 1861. He practiced family medicine in several German towns. During the 1871–1872 war, Eppelsheim was named head of a military hospital in Königs-bach and received several valuable military decorations for his performance.

Eppelsheim was keenly interested in natural sciences from his early years and he soon focused on Coleoptera, particularly on the family Staphylinidae. He became, along with Kraatz and Fauvel, one of the best experts. In addition to the staphylinids, Eppelsheim studied and published on other small beetles, such as the curculionid genera Apion and Gymnetron. Eppelsheim's main contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae concerns the Palaearctic fauna, including that of the eastern portion of this zoogeographical region. Toward the end of his career, he also studied and published on staphylinids of India, particularly those of the mountains of northern India (the Himalaya). Eppelsheim published almost 60 articles on the Staphylinidae and Curculionidae. He described 485 species and one genus in Staphylinidae. After Eppelsheim's death his collection was bought by the Naturwissenschaftliches Museum in Vienna and is still housed there. It contains the types of most staphylinid taxa Eppelsheim described. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomological News 7 (1896): 256 [anonymous]. • Insektenbörse 13 (1896): 165 [anonymous]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 15 (1896): 208 [anonymous]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (1897): 366–367 [by L. Heyden, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1963): 686–687 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding, with bibliography].

[35]

Wilhelm (Guillaume) Ferdinand Erichson

Erichson, Wilhelm (Guillaume) Ferdinand. Erichson was born on November 26, 1809, in Stralsund, Germany, the son of Senator Erichson. He died on November 18, 1849, in Berlin, Germany.

Erichson graduated from the gymnasium in Stralsund. In October 1828 he entered the university in Berlin and after four years he obtained on December 7, 1832, the title Doktor der Medizin und Chirurgie. Two years later, on April 14, 1834, he was licenced as a “practitioning physician and wound healer”. Erichson became deeply involved in entomological studies during his university years. His first two entomological papers (“Monographia generis Meloes” [with J. F. Brant], 1831, and “Genera Dyticeorum”, 1832) were published while he was still studying medicine. In 1837 Erichson obtained the degree “Doctor der Philosophie” from the University in Jena. In May, 1838 he obtained the title Privatdocent from the philosophical faculty of the University in Berlin, and in 1842 he was named adjunct professor. His lectures concentrated on entomology and hel-minthology.

There is no doubt in my mind that Erichson was a genius and one of the most important, if not the most important, entomologists of all times. I cannot but compare his scientific impact, and to a great extent also his fate, to that of Mozart in music. They both made an enormous impact in their respective fields, but they both died very young. We are left to guess what would have happened had they both lived longer lives. Erichson's achievements during his short life (he died when not quite 40 years old!) were quite exceptional, as was the way he was immediately recognized and respected by the scientific community. His entomological achievements include, in addition to work on many families of Coleoptera, work on Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera, Strepsiptera, Thysanoptera, Thysanura, Siphonaptera, as well as on Arachnida and Myriapoda. His contributions are summarized in his obituary by F. Klug (see below). Erichson also participated in Agassiz's Nomenclator zoologicus and started the series Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands, which was later continued by Schaum, Kraatz, and Kiesenwetter. One of Erichson's most important works, one that greatly contributed to his recognition, was his monograph Genera et Species Staphylinorum Insectorum Coleopterorum Familiae, which clearly showed his genius. In it he treated 1,573 species and elaborated a classification of the family (divided into 11 “Tribes”: Aleocharini, Tachyporini, Staphylinini, Paederini, Pinophilini, Stenini, Oxytelini, Piestini, Phloeocharini, Omaliini, and Proteinini). His divisions have withstood the test of time with flying colors and are generally still valid today. His was the first higher group classification to include all the known species. Even the great Kraatz, in his treatment of Staphylinidae in the series Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands (1856), fully accepted Erichson's classification and characterized it as follows: “Die Classification der Staphylinen durch Erichson hat alle übrigen vor ihm gemachten Versuche so weit hinter sich zurückgelassen, dass eine nähere Besprechung der letzteren hier um so weniger am Orte ist, als sich eine ausführliche Darstellung derselben in den Genera et Species (pp. 22–26) findet, auf welche noch einmal zurückzukommen kein Grund vorhanden ist.”

Erichson published about 45 papers (many of them substantial), of which “Die Käfer der Mark Brandenburg” and the “Genera et Species Staphylinorum” represent substantial improvements of the knowledge of the family Staphylinidae. Erichson described 908 species and 46 genera in Staphylinidae. His collection of Staphylinidae, containing the types of most taxa he described, is deposited at the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. [A.S.]

Sources: • Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 11 (1850): 33–36 [by I.C.F. Klug]. • Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 17 (1856): 61–62 [by C. A. Dohrn, with portrait]. • Forst-wissenschsaftliches Schriftsteller-Lexicon 1 (1874): 165–167 [by J.T.C. Ratzeburg]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 20 (1882): 43–45 [by S. A. Marseul]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 322–325 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, with bibliography]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 82–83 [by A. Musgrave]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 1 (1971): 110 [by N. Papavero].

[36]

Johann Christian Fabricius

Fabricius, Johann Christian. Fabricius was born in Tondern, Denmark, on January 7, 1745, as the son of a Danish physician. He died on March 3, 1808, in Kiel, Germany.

Fabricius was educated at the Universities of Copenhagen, Denmark, and Uppsala, Sweden. He was a student of Linné at the latter university.

Fabricius made his living as a professor at the universities in Copenhagen, Denmark, and in Kiel, Germany. His professorships at both Copenhagen and Kiel had the title Professor in Natural History, Economy and Finance. It is interesting to learn that natural history was at that time justifiable only in connection with economy! Fabricius' real love and interest was in the study of insects, particularly insect systematics, for which he obtained a solid foundation while he was a student of Linné in Uppsala. Fabricius went far beyond Linné's system by basing his genera on natural rather than artificial characters. As explained in his book Philosophia entomologica, artificial characters are useful only to determine species, whereas natural characters help to show relationships. This idea, along with the almost 10,000 species of insects that he added to the 3,000 named by Linné, and his use of mouthparts for the first time to distinguish the “classes” of insects, are undoubtedly his most important contributions to insect systematics. Little wonder he was sometimes called the “Linnaeus of Insects” (see Tuxen, 1967 in sources below).

Forced by unfavorable circumstances at the two above-mentioned universities, Fabricius became a great traveler throughout his life, mostly to study the collections of other entomologists. This enabled him to become acquainted with most of the naturalists and to study all the important collections of that time. He traveled extensively throughout Europe, including several trips to London, England, and Paris, France. In 1778 he went to Norway (and published a book on his travels there: Reise nach Norwegen, Hamburg, 1779), and in 1786 to St. Petersburg, Russia.

Extensive literature discusses the writings of Fabricius and I refer the reader to the references given below. Relevant to the present essay is Fabricius' contribution to the advancement of the knowledge of the Staphylinidae. While Linné, in his Systema Naturae in 1758, established the genus Staphylinus (containing 19 species) that later gave rise to the family name Staphylinidae, Fabricius split off two genera: Oxyporus and Paederus. Fabricius' act was the beginning of the break-up of Staphylinus and the recognition and separation of clusters of related species of rove beetles.

Fabricius described 77 species and 2 genera in Staphylinidae. The most important collection on which Fabricius based his descriptions was made by O. R. Sehested and N. T. Lund, two of his students in Copenhagen. That collection, containing about a third of the Fabrician types, is deposited in the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen. In the 1830s some duplicates were exchanged with other museums (e.g., London and Berlin). After his death, Fabricius' own collection went to the Zoological Museum in Kiel, Germany. In 1950, it was transferred to the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, where it is kept on permanent loan. Zimsen's book, The Type Material of J. C. Fabricius (Copenhagen, 1964), is indispensable for anybody who needs to deal with the types of Fabricius. [A.S.]

Sources: Only selected biographies and obituaries for Fabricius are included here, because so many have been published. Extensive listings can be found in Gilbert (1977) and in Evenhuis (1997). • Annales de la Muséum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 11 (1808): 393–404 [by P. A. Latreille]. • Kieler Blättern 1 (1819): 88–117 [autobiography]. • Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 4 (1845): I–XVI [by T. W. Hope, with portrait(English translation of the 1819 autobiography published in Danish)]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928, 1929): 334–336, 1395 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 623–625 [by E. O. Essig]. • Zoologischer Anzeiger 136: 344–350 [by S. L. Tuxen). • Annual Review of Entomology 12 (1967): 1–14 [by S. L. Tuxen, with portrait]. • Litteratura taxonomica Dipterorum (1758–1930) (1997): 242–250 [by N. L. Evenhuis, with partial bibliography, portrait].

[37] Fagel, Gaston. Fagel died in July, 1973, in Brussels, Belgium. No other biographical data seem to be available.

Fagel was originally a shoe salesman (personal communication by the late Rey DeRuette, a technician at the former Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada, who knew Fagel personally while living in Belgium). Fagel eventually became associated with the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique in Brussels and published many substantial papers on the Afro-Tropical Staphylinidae, particularly on those belonging to the subfamilies Paederinae and Osoriinae.

Fagel started to publish papers dealing with the beetles of Belgium in 1934 under a serial title Contribution à la connaissance des Coléoptères de Belgique. The first papers were on Histeridae and Carabidae, but later on many of them dealt with Staphylinidae. In 1950, by that time interested only in Staphylinidae, he started another series of papers under the running title Contribution à la connaissance des Staphylinidae. The last paper (to the best of my knowledge) was contribution 116, published posthumously in 1976 dealing with the species of Geodromicus from Anatolia. Fagel described 1,255 species and 80 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 71 (1975): 177 [by G. Schmidt]. • Annales de la Musée royal de l'Afrique Cen-trale, Serie in-8, Sciences Zoologiques, No. 219 (1977): 1–2 [by P. Basilewsky.

[38]

Léon Fairmaire

Fairmaire, Léon. Fairmaire was born in Paris, France, on June 20, 1820, in a family of English origin and died there on April 1, 1906.

Fairmaire received an education in law. The 1848 war ruined his family and Fairmaire therefore entered public service to secure financial support. He retired in 1878 as the Director of the Saint-Louis hospital in Paris.

Fairmaire was an active member of the Société Entomologique de France and served as an adjunct treasurer, as the president, and eventually as the honorary president from 1893 until his death. The majority of Fairmaire's papers contain isolated descriptions of taxa. One of his few analytical publications was the treatment of Coleoptera in Faune Entomologique Fran-çaise, published in 1854 (together with Laboulbène). Unfortunately, only the first volume was published, but it contains the Staphylinidae with descriptions of new species. Quite a few of these ultimately turned out to be junior synonyms. Fairmaire also collaborated with Jacquelin du Val on the work Genera des Coléoptères d'Europe and with Germain on the beetle fauna of Chile. Fairmaire published slightly over 450 papers, most of them on Coleoptera, and quite a few dealing with faunas of distant exotic areas, such as Polynesia, Madagascar, Chile, Australia, and so on. Fairmaire described 183 species and 9 genera in Staphylinidae. His collection is deposited at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. [A.S.]

Sources: • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (1906): 11 [anonymous]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 42 (1906): 141 [anonymous]. • Insektenbörse 23 (1906): 117 [anonymous]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (1906): 11 [by W. Horn]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France (1906): 73–74 [by P. Lesne]. • Annales de la Société entomologique de France 76 (1907): 529–558 [by A. Leveille, with bibliography, portrait]. • Revue Russe d'Entomologie 6 (1907): 384 [by A. P. Semenov]. • Münchener koleopterologische Zeitschrift 3 (1908): 393 [by K. Daniel]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 337–340 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only, to 1863]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 88–89 [by A. Musgrave]. • Index Litteraturae Entomo- logicae Serie II (1965): 3–11 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only, to 1900].

[39]

Henry Clinton Fall

Fall, Henry Clinton. Fall was born in Farmington, New Hampshire, USA, on December 25, 1862, son of Orin Tenney Fall and Mary Ann Hayes. He died on November 14, 1939, in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts.

Fall received his education in public schools in Dover and at Dartmouth College, Massachusetts. He taught mathematics and physics in Chicago until 1889. Due to health problems, he moved to California, and eventually resumed teaching there, first in Pomona and then at the Pasadena High School. He retired in 1917 and went back to Massachusetts, making his home in Tyngsboro, in a house in which his old friend and mentor, F. Blanchard, had lived.

Fall became interested in natural history early in his life and his interest turned to Coleoptera when he was about 15 years old. He started to build his Coleoptera collection and soon began to publish on beetles. His first paper appeared in 1893; the complete list of his papers on Coleoptera contains 144 titles.

Fall's collection, combined with the Liebeck Collection, which came to Fall in the 1930s, contained almost a quarter of a million specimens (including some Lepidoptera and other insects). Included were almost 15,000 identified species of Coleoptera from America north of Mexico. Fall left his entire collection and related materials to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is kept there in the LeConte-Fall room; in recognition of the importance of Fall and his collection, a new department was established, to be presided over by a Fall Curator of Coleoptera (P. J. Darlington, Jr. was the first one). Fall was one of the most eminent and recognized North American coleopterists. He was in contact with practically all coleopterists of his time, and kept encouraging and helping the younger adepts of coleopterology, some of whom later became recognized experts (e.g., Fenyes and Darlington, Jr.). His importance was widely acknowledged: he was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1927) and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Science (1930), and in 1929 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from Dartmouth College.

Fall described 1,484 species of beetles during his life, most of them in families other than Staphylinidae. Nevertheless, the number of species he described in Staphylinidae stands at 67 and he described 1 genus. [A.S.]

Sources: • History of Entomology (1931): 625–627 [by E. O. Essig, with bibliography and photograph]. • Fragments of Entomological History (1937): 234 [by H. Osborn, with portrait]. • The Leng Catalogue of Coleoptera of America North of Mexico, Fourth Supplement (1939): 72 [by R. E. Blackwelder]. • Science 90 (1939): 609 [by T.D.A. Cockerell]. • Entomological News 51 (1940): 51 and 106 [both anonymous]. • Psyche 47 (1940): 45–54 [by P. J. Darlington, Jr., with bibliography, portrait]. • Pan-Pacific Entomologist 16 (1940): 1–3 [by E. G. Lins-ley]. • Annals of the Entomological Society of America 33 (1940): 217–218 [by C. E. Mickell]. • Journal of the New York Entomological Society 48 (1940): 33–36 [by J. D. Sherman]. • Great Basin Naturalist 1 (1940): 62 [by V. M. Tanner]. • Časopis Československé Společnosti Entomologické 43 (1946): 89 [by K. Kult]. • Fragments of Entomological History, Part II (1946): 81–82 [by H. Osborn, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 12 [by W. Derksen and U. Schiding-Göllner, with bibliography until 1900]. • American Entomologists (1971): 266–269 [by A. Mallis, with portrait].

[40]

Charles Adolphe Albert Fauvel

Fauvel, Charles Adolphe Albert. Fauvel was born in Caen, France, on October 14, 1840, and died there on January 4, 1921. Other biographical data do not seem to be available.

Fauvel was an advocate by profession, but he must have dedicated most of his time to entomology, since his output of papers was enormous and included a great number of larger monographic works and catalogs. He was considered by many one of the great naturalists and preeminent entomologists of his era. He was the reining world expert on the family Staphylinidae, but he also had a profound knowledge of the Palaearctic Coleoptera and was interested in any other aspects of entomology. By the year 1900, he had published at least 246 papers, mostly on Coleoptera, particularly Staphylinidae, but some dealt with other orders, such as Lepidoptera. One of his major works, still frequently used, is his Faune gallo-rhénane (unfortunately unfinished). Other major works are the five editions of the Catalogue des Staphylinides de la Barbarie, Les Staphylinides de l'Aus-tralie et de la Polynésie (1877), Les Staphylinides de Moluques et de la Nouvelle Guinée (1879–1880), and Faune Analytique des Coléoptères de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1903–1907). In 1882 Fauvel founded, in Caen, the journal Revue d'Entomologie and edited it through 28 volumes until 1910. In 1910, without warning the subscribers or contributing authors, he abruptly stopped publication of his journal, discontinued all connections, withdrew entirely from scientific and public life, and stayed in seclusion until his death in 1921. One can only speculate what kind of dramatic event or tragedy compelled him to ruin his scientific career and entire life.

Fauvel was apparently a difficult person, judging from the comment by Peyerimhoff (see below): “Comme il arrive sou-vent, la brusque indifférence qu'il avait marquée—ou qui l'avait atteint—pour la vie et les relations scientifiques. . . .” This is obviously also the reason why his death was only briefly announced in a few entomological journals and his enormous contribution to entomology in general, and to the knowledge of Staphylinidae in particular, was never honored the way it should have been.

Fauvel described 1,851 species and 96 genera in Staphylinidae. His collection of Staphylinidae is housed at the Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels. In this context, a curious note can be found on page 115 in Collectiones Entomologicae (see below): “Insekten an Frl. Blanche Rancin/ Caen”. I was unable to find any follow up or explanation of this note. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 57 (1921): 161 [anonymous]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France (1921): 57–58 [by J. Sourcouf]. • Bulletin de la Société Nor-mande de Entomologie, Caen 1 (1925): 1–22 [by H. Buysson, with incomplete bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 347 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only, until 1863]. • Société entomologique de France, Livre du Centenaire (1932): 57 [by P. M. Peyerimhoff]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 23–28 [bibliography until 1900 only]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 80–82 [by J. Lhoste]. • Collectiones entomologicae (1990): 115 [by G. Friese and R. Gaedike].

[41]

Adalbert Fenyes

Fenyes, Adalbert. Fenyes was born in Arad, Rumania (in Hungary at that time), on November 17, 1863, a son of Carolus Fenyes, an attorney. He died on February 22, 1937, in Pasadena, California, USA.

Fenyes earned his medical degree with honors from the university in Vienna, Austria. As a physician, he was at the Court of Emperor Franz Josef in the Army Reserve. In 1893 he went to Cairo, Egypt, where he practiced medicine for several years. While in Egypt, he met his first wife, originally from New York, whom he married in Florence, Italy. While making a world tour with her, they stopped in Pasadena, and as it sometimes goes, they never left.

Fenyes was always interested in nature, and during his early years his main interest was ornithology. But even before coming to North America, he already had some entomological experience. Fenyes started to collect beetles, both in the USA and abroad (Mexico), and managed to put together a large general beetle collection as well as an impressive library; both were housed in a fireproof building erected for this purpose.

Around 1905, Fenyes started his study of the subfamily Aleocharinae of Staphylinidae, and within 10 years he was a recognized authority on the group. He was asked to prepare a manuscript on the group for Wytsman's Genera Insectorum that eventually was published between 1918 and 1921. While working on this manuscript, Fenyes also published 15 shorter papers on the group. He completed the manuscript for a monograph of the North American Aleocharinae, containing 766 colored figures, but, perhaps because it was so large, it was never published. In the late 1920s, Fenyes left the field of entomology and concentrated on his practice as a physician and on other hobbies. It is interesting that Fenyes was the first physician in Pasadena to use an X-ray machine in his office.

Fenyes' large collection of Coleoptera and his library and all manuscripts were purchased after his death by The California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; they are still housed there. The specialized collection of Aleocharinae contains 19,000 specimens representing some 1,800 species. Fenyes described 64 species and 13 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Pan-Pacific Entomologist 13 (1937): 145–147 [by H. C. Fall, with photograph]. • Arbeiten über morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie 4 (1937): 352 [by W. Horn]. • The Leng Catalogue of Coleoptera of America North of Mexico, Fourth Supplement (1939): 72 [by R. E. Blackwelder]. • Pan-Pacific Entomologist 18 (1942): 17–22 [by R. E. Blackwelder, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Series II (1965): 33 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, with bibliography].

[42]

Lyudmila Dmitrievna Filatova

Filatova, Lyudmila Dmitrievna. Filatova, of Russia, was born on July 20, 1941. She became interested in the Staphylinidae as a university student when she was studying the fauna, ecology, and distribution of the family in the Primorye Territory; she continued her work on the group in postgraduate school. She has published some taxonomic articles and has described four species, but much of her work is ecological. An example of her ecological work is a publication on approaches for the comparison of staphylinid communities in different habitats. She wants to write a book on the Staphylinidae of the southern part of the Russian Far East that will include keys and descriptions, as well as ecological and distributional data. She would like to see a journal devoted to the study of staphylinids published.

[43]

J. Howard Frank

Frank, J. Howard. Frank, of the USA, was born in England on April 13, 1942. He became interested in the Staphylinidae as a graduate student engaged in a research project on the role of predators in regulating a winter moth population. The work required that he assess the abundance of about 60 species of staphylinids at his study site and learn which ones, either as adults or larvae, fed on the winter moth. To do so, he had to learn to identify adults and rear larvae. His experiences with that study led him to continue studies on the family. His non-staphylinid work is concerned with questions of the biological control of pest species. Although he is primarily interested in ecological and behavioral questions about the Staphylinidae, he has published a diversity of articles on the family including taxonomic, natural history, and summary articles. His summary articles include the parasites of staphylinids, an index to taxa and review of Paederus, the natural history and medical importance of Paederus, a discussion of the use of trend lines for estimation of numbers of species, and a review of cocoon spinning and the defensive function of the median gland of larval aleocharines. He has published revisions of the New World species of Erichsonius, Neobisnius, and the Caribbean species of Oligota. He has authored or coauthored articles on Cafius, Philonthus, Quedius, Myrmecosaurus, Proteinus, Heterota, Coenonica, Charoxus, and Cubanotyphlus, among other genera. He is currently studying the life cycle and behavior of species of Charoxus. His long-range projects include a faunal study of the Staphylinidae of Florida, another for Jamaica, and a revision of the Neotropical Paederina. He has described 33 species and one genus of Staphylinidae.

[44]

Johannes Frisch

Frisch, Johannes. Frisch, of Germany, was born on June 14, 1966. He started collecting beetles at age 13, and for many years studied the central European beetles in general, but was inspired to pursue an interest in the Staphylinidae by Volker Puthz. Lohse's Die Käfer Mitteleuropas was important in his early knowledge of the Staphylinidae because it quickly permitted him to learn to identify staphylinids. In 1993 he collected a species of Scopaeus in Greece that he thought was undescribed. Aided by Puthz, Frisch contacted the important museums of Europe to study the types of the western Palaearctic region, thereby initiating his studies of the genus Scopaeus. In 1994 he described his first six species of the genus, and has continued his studies of the group. He has published articles revising the species of the western Palaearctic region, and in 1999 published revisionary articles on some species from Madagascar and Anatolia. His work is characterized by beautiful, detailed aedeagal illustrations. Currently he is working on revisions of Scopaeus from the Oriental and Ethiopian regions, and is completing study of the Indian species. His immediate goal is to revise and present phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of the Old World Scopaeus. Later he plans to study the New World species of the genus. As of 1999 he had described 21 species.

[45]

Purificaci�n Gamarra Hidalgo

Gamarra Hidalgo, Purificación. Gamarra, of Spain, was born on May 4, 1956. She became interested in the Staphylinindae during her postgraduate studies of the aleocharine fauna of the Guadarra Sierra in Spain. She concentrates on systematic studies of the Aleocharinae of the Iberian Peninsula, cave-dwelling aleocharines, and the edaphic fauna of the pselaphine genus Mayetia. She has also published articles on several other genera in other subfamilies and, as of 1995, has described at least eight species. Her publications include studies of the Aleocharinae of the Sierra de Guadarrama, Encephalus, and cavernicolous staphylinids of the Canary Islands.

[46]

Ludwig Ganglbauer

Ganglbauer, Ludwig. Ganglbauer was born in Vienna, Austria, on October 1, 1856, the older of two sons. He died there on June 5, 1912.

Ganglbauer was expected by his father to study law, but by age 6 he had already become interested in plants and beetles. His interest in beetles lasted a lifetime. Ganglbauer graduated from the Schottengymnasium in Vienna in 1874, and after obtaining a teaching diploma from the university (Zoologie und Botanik) he briefly taught at the K. K. Akademisches Gymnasium in Vienna. He never really cared for teaching because it distracted him from his own studies. Therefore, a few years later, he was quite pleased to accept the post of an assistant at the Wiener Hof-museum, one of the centers of European entomology at that time, with responsibility for the Coleoptera collection. The museum is now known as the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. Ganglbauer immediately buried himself in the study of Coleoptera and by 1881 published his first articles (dealing with Oedemeridae and Cerambycidae); they immediately gained him recognition. In 1898 he was named the Kustos in the zoology department, in 1904 he became the head of the Zoological Department, and in 1906 he was named the Director of the department. In this position, he was given the title Regierungsrat in 1908. Almost at the same time, he was also elected to the “korrespondierenden Mit-glied der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien”. He was also named an honorary member of numerous entomological societies throughout Europe and elsewhere (e.g., Société Entomologique d'Egypte).

In 1881 Ganglbauer was one of the founders (together with Reitter, Mik, Löw, and Wachtl) of the journal Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, and he served as one of its editors until 1884. At about that time Ganglbauer started his major work Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa. It was originally meant to be a new edition of Redtenbacher's Fauna Austriaca, but was soon changed to an independent, modern work. The first volume of Ganglbauer's work (Caraboidea) was published in 1892, the second volume (Staphylinoidea, part 1) in 1895, the third volume (Staphylinoidea, part 2, and Clavicornia) in 1899, and the first part of the fourth volume (Dermestidae, Byrrhidae, Nosodendridae, Geo-ryssidae, Dryopidae, Heteroceridae, Hydrophilidae) in 1905. Due to Ganglbauer's untimely death, this, unfortunately, remained unfinished. Despite this, this series became one of the most important works ever published on European, particularly central European, beetles, and established for Ganglbauer an everlasting monument. Ganglbauer was without any doubt one of the greatest European coleopterists, one of the classics, who was respected by everybody due to his vast knowledge of Coleoptera and experience. His outstanding qualities are best documented by the way he presented the family Staphylinidae in his Käfer von Mitteleuropa. Ganglbauer was not a specialist in this family, although he published some shorter papers, containing mostly descriptions of new species. Nevertheless, his treatment of the family in the series was outstanding and showed a great deal of knowledge and taxonomic wisdom. It became one of the main reference publications on the family, and it is still frequently consulted. Ganglbauer described 43 species and 26 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomological News 23 (1912): 435–436 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Rundschau 1 (1912): 99 [anonymous]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 48 (1912): 217–218 [anonymous, with portrait]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 31 (1912): 194 [anonymous]. • Rovartany Lapok 19 (1912): 122–123 [by E. Csiki]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 8 (1912): 196 [by W. Hubenthal]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1912): XLXII–CLXIII [by F. D. Morice]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (1912): 474–475 [by H. Soldanski, with portrait]. • Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 62 (1912): 417–435 [by F. Spaeth, with bibliography, portrait]. • Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 62 (1912): 185–187 [by F. Steindachner]. • Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 12 (1912): XCV–XCIX [by A. Semenov Tian-Shansky, with portrait]. • Jahresheft des Vereines für schlesische Insektenkunde (1913): XXV–XXVI [by R. Pittrich]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 32 (1913): 1–15 [by F. Spaeth, with bibliography, portrait]. • Biologischer Kalender 1 (1914): 358–359 [anonymous]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 33 (1914): 131–139 [by F. Heikertinger]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 23 (1937): 93–110 [by F. Heikertinger]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 114–116 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography to 1900 only].

[47]

Mikhail Yurievich Gildenkov

Gildenkov, Mikhail Yurievich. Gildenkov, of Russia, was born on November 22, 1961. From about age 8 he was interested in insects and collected Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. By 1985 he was focused on the Staphylinidae and at present his efforts are directed to the Oxytelinae, particularly Carpelimus, Thinodromus, and Ochthephilus. His early work was confined to the area near Smolensk, Russia, but expanded to include Carpelimus and Thinodromus for the Palaearctic region and he has begun working on the African fauna of these genera. Gildenkov published his first articles in the early 1990s and most of them have been on Carpelimus. He plans studies of the Palaearctic representative of other genera such as Ochthephilus, Oxytelus, and Anotylus. He has described nine species.

[48]

Johan Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst

Gravenhorst, Johan Ludwig Christian. Gravenhorst was born in Braunschweig, Germany, on November 14, 1777. His father owned a beer and vinegar brewery and was rather wealthy; he died when his son was only 10 years old. Gravenhorst died on January 17, 1857, in Breslau (now Wróclaw, Poland).

Gravenhorst was educated at the Katharinen-Gymnasium in Braunschweig. One of his teachers was Hellwig, who was responsible for Gravenhorst's interest in entomology and collecting insects. When Gravenhorst entered the Collegium Caro-linum, he studied with Knoch, another renowned entomologist. Despite his interest in natural sciences, Gravenhorst decided on a career in law and entered the university in Helmstadt to pursue law studies. However, he could not abandon his other interests; he also enrolled in natural history courses and took regular excursions to the countryside. Since his father left him enough money to live on, Gravenhorst eventually decided to follow his heart, and in 1799 entered the university in Göttingen. There he studied general zoology, mineralogy, and botany with Blumenbach, Meyer, and Hoffmann, and also met Illiger and Hausman. In 1801 Gravenhorst returned to the university in Helmstadt, defended his dissertation “Conspectus Historiae Entomologiae, Imprimis Systematum Entomologicorum”, and acquired the degree of Doctor philosophiae et magister libe-ralium artium. After that he returned to Braunschweig and devoted all his time to entomology. He studied the collections of Hellwig, Knoch, Hoffmannsegg, Illiger, and Zinken to accumulate data for his Coleoptera Microptera Brunsvicensia (published in 1802). In 1802 Gravenhorst went to Paris to study the collections and to meet Cuvier, Olivier, Latreille, and others, but he returned the same year to Braunschweig. He was able to purchase a considerable zoological collection, previously owned by the watchmaker Mauerhoff in Hannover (often mentioned in Fabricius' works) and by the surgeon Lampe in Hannover. He became a Privatdocent at the university in Göttingen. In 1806 he published his Monographia Coleopterorum Micropterorum that made him well known among the entomologists of that time. He worked on the second, entirely reworked edition of this work until 1840, when his work was made redundant by the publication of Erichson's Genera et Species Staphylinorum. In 1809 Gravenhorst became an extraordinary professor at the faculty of philosophy, and the second director of the zoological museum in Göttingen. The following year he accepted the position of ordinary professor of natural history and the director of the Botanical Garden in Frankfurt a.O. The university was transferred in 1811 from Frankfurt to Breslau and Gravenhorst followed. In 1814 he sold his rich zoological collections (for a guaranteed annual income transferable to his widow) to the university in Breslau, and founded thereby the zoological museum that continued to grow under his directorship. He started to work on the hymenopteran family Ichneumonidae and produced many publications on the group up to 1829. In 1830 he traveled to Prague, Vienna, and Trieste, where he made many observations of sea animals, which he later published. In 1841–1842, Gravenhorst was seriously ill and he never fully recovered, although he continued to publish until 1851 and delivered his lectures at the university until the summer of 1856.

Gravenhorst was one of the most renowned naturalists of his time. He received many honors from government institutions and universities, and was a member or honorary member of at least 21 natural history societies in Germany, France, Italy, and England. His two early staphylinid publications (1802, 1806), made Gravenhorst one of the important pre-Erichsonian authors. The two publications, and the type material connected to them, are resources frequently consulted even now, particularly by anybody working on the European fauna. Gravenhorst later published a few papers on Staphylinidae, two of them dealing with the genus Staphylinus, and another one on the genus Quedius. He described 330 species and 14 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: There are numerous biographies, obituaries, or brief biographical notes for Gravenhorst, so only selected ones are given here. A detailed listing may be found in Evenhuis (1997). • Jahresberichte der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Kultur, Breslau (1857): 111–115 [by K. Letzner]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 26 (1889): 259–261 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography] • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 452–453 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only].

[49]

Edoardo Gridelli

Gridelli, Edoardo. Gridelli was born in Trieste, Italy, on April 5, 1895, and died there on March 15, 1958.

Gridelli developed an interest in entomology during his middle school years. After graduation, he enrolled in the University of Graz, Austria, but his studies were interrupted by the First World War. After the war, he continued his studies at the Padova University, Italy, where he obtained, in December 1919, a degree in natural sciences. He first worked as an assistant at the Zoological Institute of the Padova University, but soon, for family reasons, he moved back to Trieste. In 1922 he acquired the position of the Curator at the famous Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria in Genova. This position gave Gridelli the opportunity to study worldwide collections of Coleoptera, particularly specimens from Africa, Asia, and Australia. Together with some notable Italian entomologists of that time, such as Capra, Dodero, Invrea, and Solari, Gridelli was very active in the Italian Entomological Society. In 1928 he accepted the post of the Curator at the Museo di Trieste and in 1945 he became its Director, replacing Giuseppe Müller. In 1945 he also took a teaching post at the Università di Trieste. In 1950 Gridelli was named an ordinary academic at the Academia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia, based in Firenze. In 1951 he became a free docent in entomology, and later in the same year also in zoology. In 1957 he was awarded the order of Cavaliere Ufficiale al merito della Republica. In 1956 Gridelli suffered a heart attack from which he never fully recovered and, in 1958, he succumbed to a serious heart and kidney insufficiency.

Gridelli published about 110 scientific papers, almost all dealing with Coleoptera. Most of his research was done on the families Staphylinidae and Tenebrionidae. His papers on these families belong to the classical literature that is still widely consulted. In Staphylinidae, he studied mainly the members of some genera of the tribe Staphylinini, such as Philonthus, Gabrius, and Quedius, and later he also turned his attention to the members of the tribe Xantholinini. In both groups he provided the groundwork for using the aedeagus to distinguish species, as well as the importance of the sclerites of the male genital segment in Xantholinini. Gridelli described 92 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Bollettino della Socièta adriatica di scienze naturali, Trieste 49 (1958): 1–18 [by U. D'Ancona, with bibliography]. • Studi trentini di scienze naturali, Trento 35 (1958): 291 [by U. D'Ancona]. • Bollettino della Società entomologica italiana 88 (1958): 33 [by W. Horn and I. Kahle]. • Atti della Academia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia 6 (1958): 29–44 [by J. Müller, with bibliography, portrait]. • Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 38 (1959): 5–16 [by J. Müller, with bibliography, portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 55 (1959): 280 [by G. Schmidt]. • Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Genova 71 (1960): 433–449 [by F. Invrea, with bibliography and photograph]. • Opuscula Entomologica 25 (1960): 59 [by C. H. Lindroth]. • Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Trieste 22 (1960): 7–23 [by R. Mezzena, with bibliography, portrait]. • Memorie della Società entomologica italiana 48 (1969): 928 [by C. Conci].

[50]

Felix Edouard Guérin- [Méneville]

Guérin-[Méneville], Felix Edouard. Guérin-Méneville was born in Toulon, France, on October 12, 1799. He died on January 26, 1874, in Paris.

Guérin-Méneville was an eminent French naturalist and artist. Prior to 1836 he was known as F. E. Guérin; in 1836 he founded the Société Cuvierienne and changed his surname to Guérin-Méneville. He established the Magasin de Zoologie and Revue et Magasin Zoologique and was the cofounder of the Société Entomologique de France. His early career was dedicated to insect systematics, but later he switched to economic entomology. He taught zoology at the Collège de France in Paris.

Guérin-Méneville was a prolific author, certainly the most prolific French author of that era, with over 400 publications covering many aspects of invertebrate zoology. He became famous for his encyclopedic publication Iconographie de Règne Animal de G. Cuvier, published in seven volumes between 1829 and 1844, which included 450 color plates. He wrote many systematic papers on Coleoptera, some of them (including the Iconographie) containing Staphylinidae. For his achievements, he received the decoration of the Légion d'honneur in his home country, as well as many other accolades from many other countries. Guérin-Méneville described 24 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Many Guérin-Méneville biographies and obituaries were published; therefore only selected ones are given here. Extensive listings can be found in Evenhuis (1977). • Annales de la Société entomologique de France (5) 4 (1874): 5–8 [by A. Chevrolat]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France (5) 4 (1874): XIV–XVI [by C. E. Leprieur]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 21 (1885): 75–100 [by S. Marseul, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 470–488, 1401–1402 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology (1932): 133–135 [by A. Musgrave]. • Zoologische Buchillustration (1967): 181–182 [by C. Nissen].

[51]

Vladimir Gusarov

Gusarov, Vladimir. Gusarov, of Russia, was born on March 7, 1966. Captivated by beetles from childhood, his attention was drawn to staphylinids by a professor during his undergraduate studies. His interests include the entire Russian fauna of the family, the Paederinae of the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions, Sepedophilus, and the Athetini. His current studies are concentrated on the Athetini of North America and their relationship to the Eurasian fauna. Gusarov has published a number of articles on the Russian staphylinid fauna, made a detailed study of the Crimean staphylinid fauna, and has published many taxonomic changes, distributional records in Russia and central Asia, or new species in a variety of genera of the Paederinae, Staphylininae, Oxytelinae, Omaliinae, Proteininae, Tachyporinae, and Aleocharinae. He has named 21 species.

[52]

Leonhard Gyllenhal

Gyllenhal, Leonhard. Gyllenhal was born in Algustorp, West-gothland, Sweden, on December 3, 1752. He died on May 13, 1840, in Hoeberg, Sweden.

In 1769, at the age of 17, Gyllenhal entered the University of Uppsala. There he studied natural history with Linné who apparently influenced his decision to specialize in entomology. In 1772 he interrupted his studies, entered the army, and served until 1799. When he retired from the army as a major, he met Paykull, the renowned Swedish entomologist and naturalist, who rekindled Gyllenhal's interest in entomology. Gyllenhal supported Paykull in publishing his Fauna svecica. Later he started to work on his own work Insecta svecica, of which only four volumes dealing with Coleoptera were published between 1810 and 1827. Gyllenhal's treatment of the family Staphylinidae in this publication became one of the early classical works, which is still consulted by anybody studying staphylinid taxonomy and nomenclature. Gyllenhal also collaborated with Schönherr on his important weevil publication “Genera et species Cur-culionidum”. He described 57 species in Staphylinidae.

Gyllenhal was a Chevalier of the Royal Order of Wasa, a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, and a member of several other learned societies. His collection went to the Museum at Uppsala, Sweden. [A.S.]

Sources: • Considérations générales sur la classe des insectes (1823): 266 [by A.M.C. Duméril]; • Revue and Magazine de zoologie 3 (1840): 224 [anonymous]. • Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 1 (1840): 111–112 [anonymous]. • Revue d'en-tomologie 5 (1840): 351 [by G. Silbermann]. • Taxidermy with the Biography of Zoologists (1840): 208 [by W. Swainson]. • Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar (1842): 239–245 [anonymous, with bibliography]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 21 (1883): 74 [by S. A. Marseul]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 8 (1913): 70 [by R. P. Dow]. • Insecta 4 (1914): 35–36 [by F. Guitel, with photograph]. • Supplementa Entomologica 12 (1926): 56 [by W. Horn]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 493 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 642–643 [by E. O. Essig, with photograph]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 137 [by A. Musgrave].

[53]

Peter Hammond

Hammond, Peter. Hammond, of the United Kingdom, was born on February 17, 1941. As a child living in rural England, under the strong influence of his mother who taught him the local wild flowers, he was enchanted by plants, animals, and natural history. He moved from flowers through many groups of plants and animals, including worms, mollusks, millipeds, etc. In part because he had no mentor, he learned these groups on his own by collecting and trying to identify them with the various handbooks on the British fauna. His attention was ultimately diverted to beetles because they were varied, numerous, speciose, and could be collected in England at nearly any time of the year. Over the years he learned to identify most British beetles by sight and managed to amass an enormous fund of knowledge on the distribution, habitats, behavior, and bionomics of British beetles. He focused on staphylinids for the same reasons he chose beetles and because, as a bonus, they were thought to be a challenging group. He was hired at the British Museum (Natural History) to study staphylinids; he has since moved on to address general questions concerning biotic diversity. He has published a number of scholarly and important articles on staphylinids, including several articles on Anotylus and others on Platystethus, Brathinus, Camioleum, Stylogymnusa, the type material of Motschulsky, Stephens, and Marsham, “peg-setae”, and wing-folding mechanisms in Coleoptera. In recent years, most of his attention has been committed to general questions of diversity and ecology. A few of his long-range goals in the Staphylinidae include continuation of his work on the Oxytelinae and an examination of the delicate, elegant beetles of the genus Palaminus. He has collected extensively in many parts of the world, including Europe, Africa, Madagascar, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and North, Central, and South America. He joined the staff of The Natural History Museum, London, in 1968. He has named 12 species and 1 genus.

[54]

Rodney Hanley

Hanley, Rodney. Hanley, of the USA, was born on May 3, 1968. He began his studies of the family when his graduate school adviser, Michael Goodrich, introduced him to species of Oxyporus. After that initiation, he wrote or coauthored (with Goodrich) articles on the taxonomy and various aspects of the natural history of North American species of the genus. Although he continues to explore the Oxyporinae, his attention is currently focused on a generic revision of the Hoplandriini. His long-term goals include continued studies of the Aleocharinae, a world revision of the Oxyporinae, and the integration of computer and database use, including World Wide Web development, with studies of the Staphylinidae.

[55]

Viktor Hansen

Hansen, Viktor. Hansen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on August 29, 1889, and died there on March 6, 1974.

In 1907 Hansen entered the Metropolitanskolen in Copenhagen and in 1913 obtained his law degree. He entered the Justitsministeriet in 1915 and eventually became a superior judge in 1941, a post he held until his retirement in 1959. He had an excellent reputation as a lawyer. Hansen was a keen tennis player and pursued this sport until he was 82 years old!

Hansen started to collect beetles as a teenager and joined the Entomologisk Forening in Copenhagen in 1905. In 1907, at the age of 18, he published his first paper in Entomologiske Meddelelser, treating some Coleoptera species new to the Danish fauna. Eventually he published more than 100 papers dealing with almost all Danish beetle families. His encyclopedic knowledge of Danish beetles is best documented by the fact that he contributed, alone or a few times with coauthors, 23 volumes of Coleoptera to the series Danmarks Fauna, an enormous undertaking that eventually filled more than 5,000 pages! The Staphylinidae are treated in volumes 57–59, and in the supplementary volume 78 (1969). As with the other families, the treatment of each genus included an excellent habitus drawing of at least one species. The work made Hansen a nestor of Danish coleopterology, well known and respected beyond the borders of Denmark. His achievements were also recognized academically. He received an honorary medal from the Entomologisk Forening in Copehagen in 1949, on the occasion of his 60th birthday, and in 1950 he was awarded the degree doctor honoris causa from the Københavns Universitet. He also received honorary medals from the Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening and from the Entomologisk Forening in Stockholm, and he became a corresponding member of the Norsk Entomologisk Forening, Entomologisk Forening in Helsinki, and of the Naturwis-senhschaftliche gesellschaft in Hamburg.

Hansen was also an excellent and eager collector, who made no fewer than 4,300 collecting trips during his lifetime, as well as a keen observer who always included biological data in his treatments of species. He described two species in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Opuscula Entomologica 24 (1959): 165–166 [by C. H. Lindroth, with photograph]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 90 (1969): 134–136 [by T. Palm]. • Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk forening i Kjøbenhavn 137 (1974): 143–148 [by F. Bangsholt, with photograph]. • Entomologiske Meddelelser 42 (1974): 97–108 [by S. L. Tuxen, with bibliography and photograph]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 71 (1975): 177 [by G. Schmidt].

[56]

Melville Harrison Hatch

Hatch, Melville Harrison. Hatch was born in Detroit, Michigan, USA, on November 25, 1898. He died on January 19, 1988, in Winslow near Seattle, Washington, USA.

Hatch's interest in natural sciences started while at Detroit Central High School, where he belonged to the Biology Club. Hatch received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Michigan in 1925. His early interests were in the beetles of Michigan, particularly the aquatic family Gyrinidae. His first paper “A Preliminary List of the Coleoptera of the Cranberry Lake Region, New York” appeared in 1924. He was a teaching assistant at the University of Michigan through 1926, then for a year he held the post of instructor at the University of Minnesota. In the fall of 1927, he went to the University of Washington as an assistant professor and took over the teaching of entomology from Trevor Kincaid. He was promoted to full professor in 1941. In 1962 he became the Curator of Entomology at the newly renamed Burke Museum, and he kept that post for a time after retiring from teaching in 1969. He also served as the editor of the journal The Biologist from 1959 through 1967. Around the mid-1970s Hatch gave up active involvement with entomology, permitted his Coleoptera collection to be moved to Oregon State University, Corvallis, and for his last 10 years he lived in the convalescent center in Winslow on Bainbridge Island near Seattle.

Hatch's entomological and zoological interests were manifold. He published more than 170 papers covering many beetle families, terrestrial isopods, and greenhouse fauna, and also discussed the works of Darwin and the history of Darwinism, the Egyptian scarabs, and the history and philosophy of science. In 1948, while he was chair of the Zoology Department of the University of Washington, Hatch began to write his magnum opus, The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest, which earned him an prominent place in the history of North American entomology. The last (fifth) volume appeared in 1971, 18 years after the publication of the first in 1953. Rove beetles are included in some of Hatch's articles; however, it is his treatment of this family in The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest (volume 2, 1957) that puts Hatch on the list of notable North American staphylinidologists. He was the first in North America to extensively use the male copulatory organ as a distinguishing taxonomic character at the species level. Since the staphylinid fauna of the Pacific Northwest was at that time inadequately known, he described many new species on this basis. Many of these new species proved to be junior synonyms; nevertheless Hatch's enormous contribution brought the knowledge of the staphylinid fauna of the Pacific coast to a modern level. Hatch described 173 species and 9 genera in the Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Scarabogram, University of Washington, Seattle (N.S.) No. 95 (1988): 1–2. [by R. Crawford]. • Coleopterists Bulletin 47 (1993): 112 [by E. C. Becker].

[57]

Yasuhiko Hayashi

Hayashi, Yasuhiko. Hayashi, of Japan, was born in 1939. His interest in staphylinids began when he was a teenager. He is broadly interested in the family and has published articles on, among other genera, Oxyporus, Deleaster, Proteinus, Tachinus, Agleosus, Cyrtothorax, Eucibdelus, Hesperosoma, Philonthus, and Lathrobium of Japan, Taiwan, and mainland Asia. His long-range goal is a restructuring of the generic and tribal classification of Staphylininae, a project on which he is currently engaged. He has described 42 species and 3 genera.

[58]

Oswald Heer

Heer, Oswald. Heer was born in Matt, Switzerland, on August 31, 1809. He died on September 27, 1883, in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Heer received his basic education from his father, a priest in the small mountain village of Matt. The wonderful nature of the Alps around his native village awakened Heer's interest in natural sciences, particularly in botany and entomology.

In 1828 Heer entered the University in Halle to study theology. There he met the renowned naturalists and entomologists Burmeister, Germar, Schaum, and others, which actually determined his future course. He followed his father's wish to become a priest, and after successfully completing the theology examination, he received his ordination in 1831 in St. Gallen. He also pursued his real interests, and in 1832 accepted the post of curator of the enormous, private Escher-Zollikofer Collection in Zürich. In 1834 he became a free docent of botany and entomology at the newly established university in Zürich; in 1835 he was appointed professor for special botany. He stayed at this university his entire life.

The high points of Heer's scientific career were his palaeon-tological publications (both botanical and zoological). However, his few larger works dealing with Coleoptera, particularly his Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica, although covering only a portion of the order (but including Staphylinidae), are classical publications still consulted today. Heer described 177 species (including 13 fossil) and 9 genera (including 1 fossil) in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: Many biographies and obituaries have been published about Heer; therefore only selected ones are given here. Extensive listings can be found in Gilbert (1977) and particularly in Evenhuis (1997). • Schriften der Physikalisch-ökono-mischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg 25: 25–26 [by A. Jentsch, bibliography only]. • American Journal of Science 28 (1884): 61–69 [by A. Gray]. • Revue d'Entomologie 2 (1883): 287–288 [by A. Fauvel]. • Science 2 (1883): 583–586 [by S. H. Scudder, with photograph]. • Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 66 (1883): 165–190 [by K. Schröter]. • Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 6 (1884): 694–697 [by G. Schoch, with bibliography]. • Leopoldina 21 (1885): 47–49 [by A. Jentzsch, bibliography only]. • Festschrift der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Zürich 1746–1896 (1896): 88–89 [by F. Rudio, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 530–532 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 289 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, partial bibliography only].

[59]

Leander (Lee) Herman

Herman, Leander (Lee). Herman, of the USA, was born on October 6, 1939. His work on staphylinids began in graduate school, which he entered with the intention of studying the ecology and behavior of beetles; he was also interested in genetics and morphology. Herman switched to beetle systematics at the urging of the cicadellid specialist, David Young, who also suggested staphylinids, because the group was difficult, poorly known, and had few people working on it. At the time, in the United States, there were only three workers active on the family. After spending a year in Iran collecting beetles and mammalian ectoparasites, he returned to graduate school to pursue systematic studies of staphylinids. His first project was the revision of a paederine genus. He then began work on the Oxytelinae, first with a generic revision of the group, then a revision of the North American species of Bledius. Most of his subsequent efforts have been directed to revisionary studies of various genera in the Paederinae and Pseudopsinae. He is currently working on a generic revision of the Paederinae and on revisions of several paederine genera. He is the cofounder, with R. T. Allen, of the current incarnation of the Coleopterists Society which publishes The Coleopterists Bulletin. He has published about 271 species and 11 genera.

[60] Hervé, Pierre Aimé. Hervé, of France, was born on October 7, 1908 and died February 25, 1997 in Toulon, France. An engineer by profession, he was an amateur coleopterist and studied the Staphylinidae of France for most of his life. He specialized in soil-dwelling species, particularly those of Mayetia and Leptotyphlus. His many articles are characterized by meticulous illustrations of critical structures. He named 28 species in the Leptotyphlinae and others in the Pselaphinae.

[61]

Johann Heinrich Hochhuth

Hochhuth, Johann Heinrich. The place and date of birth of Hochhuth are not known. He died (of cholera) on June 17, 1872 in Kiev, Ukraine.

Hochhuth obtained his training in botany and zoology in Vienna. In 1834, on the recommendation of Professor Ventsel, he was called from Vienna to Kremenets (western Ukraine) to a position of assistant to the chief gardener of the botanical garden there. While transporting plants from Kremenets to Kiev, Hochhuth made contacts at the zoological cabinet in Kiev and eventually became a taxidermist there. In 1839, on recommendation and request of Professor Traufetter, Hochhuth became the chief gardener of the newly established botanical garden in Kiev, and on July 1, 1863, he became the head of the tree nursery there. On September 23, 1850 the emperor Alexander Nikolae-vich (Alexander II) visited the botanical garden in Kiev and awarded Hochhuth a gold medal for his achievements in the development of the botanical garden. Hochhuth eventually became the Director of the Botanical Museum and Garden and held this post until his death.

In addition to his botanical achievements, Hochhuth also worked actively as an coleopterist, and Staphylinidae were his favorite group. He published less than 10 papers on Coleoptera, but some of them contributed substantially to the knowledge about several areas of Ukraine and Russia. Two of his papers are particularly important for Staphylinidae: Die Staphylininen-Fauna des Kaukasus and Transkaukasiens (1849), and Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Staphylinen Russslands (1862). The latter paper was translated into French and published in L'Abeille in 1867. Hochhuth described 107 species and 1 genus.

Hochhuth's collection is housed in the collections of the National Scientific Museum of Nature of the National Academy of Sciences in Kiev, Ukraine. Some types are also in the Institute of Zoology in Kiev. [A.S.]

Sources: [NOTE: The references for this section were supplied by A. Solodovnikov]. • Universitetskie izvestija [Historical note about the botanical garden of St. Vladimir's University, in Russian] (1864): pages not known [by Rogovich]. • Bulletin de la Société imperiale des naturalistes de Moscou 46 (3), Séances (1872): 17 [by T. A. Passengouth]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 24 (1887): 192 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 559 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 331 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Gölner, partial bibliography only].

[62]

E. Richard (Rick) Hoebeke

Hoebeke, E. Richard (Rick). Hoebeke, of the USA, was born on April 6, 1949. His work on staphylinids began in graduate school with a revision of the myrmecophilous aleocharine genus Xenodusa. He later revised the Falagriini of North America north of Mexico. He has published taxonomic articles on Aleodorus, Autalia, Lypoglossa, and Thamiaraea. The main focus of his research is the Aleocharinae, but he has also published taxonomic work on Rugilus. One of his special interests is the detection and documentation of adventive Staphylinidae in North America. This attention has led to articles documenting the introduction of species of Oxypoda, Coprophilus, Rugilus, and Sunius into North America, and will doubtless lead to discovery and verification of others. His long-range goals include taxonomic study of genera of the Athetini, continuation of his revision of the New World Falagriini, and a revision of the New World species of Rugilus. He has described 11 species.

[63]

Adolf Horion

Horion, Adolf. Horion was born in Hochneukirch (county Grevenbroich), Germany, on July 12, 1888, the second of seven children born to Jakob Horion and his wife Maria Cäcilia (born Pesch). He died on May 28, 1977, in Überlingen am Bodensee, Germany.

After graduating from the gymnasium in Rheydt, Horion studied at the universities in Bonn and Freiburg i.Br. On August 11, 1911, he was ordained a minister. He performed church services at several locations in Germany until 1938, when he retired to be able to devote all his energy to the study of the faunistics of European beetles. He was an active collector, keen observer, and an excellent organizer of data on beetles obtained by his own activities, as well as by studying the collections of other European coleopterists. His serious coleopterological work started in 1927 under the direction of Professor Carl Bosch (Heidelberg), who supported Horion's faunistic studies until his death in 1940.

After his retirement, Horion lived in Düsseldorf (1938–1942), where, due to the war, he lost his first Coleoptera collection; fortunately his extensive library and other material survived. By the end of 1942 he had moved to Überlingen-Bodensee to live with his sister Cäcilia Arnold. At about the same time Horion published, with Bosch's support, the first volume of his Faunistik der deutschen Käfer (Vienna, 1941). It eventually became the famous, classical series (the title was changed, starting with volume two, to Faunistik der mitteleuropäischen Käfer) that contributed immensely to the knowledge of the faunistics and systematics of central European Coleoptera. The Second World War interrupted the publication of this series, but it was resumed in 1949 with the second volume, which was published in Frankfurt a.M. by Vittorio Klostermann. Further volumes followed, thanks to the generous financial support of Dr. h. c. Georg Frey (Tutzing b. München), of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and others. Horion died before he was able to complete the series. I treasure the last published volume (12) dealing with the Cerambycidae, with Horion's dedication written in 1976 in his 88th year! The Staphylinidae (including Aleocharinae) are treated in volumes 9–12, and along with many other families, the current excellent knowledge of the faunistics and systematics of the middle European Staphylinidae is based on this treatment. In addition to his Faunistik, Horion also published numerous papers in various journals. He was at one time the editor of the journal Entomologische Blätter, and after the Second World War he briefly published his own journal Koleopterologische Zeitschrift.

Horion's enormous contribution to coleopterology and his encyclopedic knowledge of the European beetles were widely recognized by all active coleopterists of that time; he was often called the nestor of the central European coleopterology, and was referred to as the “Altmeister Horion”. His achievements were recognized officially. He was a honorary member of many societies, in 1941 he was awarded the Fabricius-Medal, and in 1954 he received the degree doctor honoris causa from the university in Tübingen, Germany. Horion described three species and one genus in the Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 7 (1954): 524 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum Georg Frey 5 (1954): 746 [by E. Haaf]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 54 (1958): 1–3 [by E. Jünger, with portrait]. • Mitteilungen der deutschen entomologischen Gesellschaft 17 (1958): 37–38 [by G. Schmidt, with portrait]. • Opuscula Entomologica 24 (1959): 150 [by C. H. Lindroth]. • Mitteilungen der deutschen entomologischen Gesellschaft 22 (1963): 43–44 [by K. Delkeskamp]. • Nachrichtenblatt der bayerischen Ento-mologen 12 (1963): 105–106 [by H. Freude, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 59 (1963): 69–71 [by V. Richter, with portrait]. • Zeitschrift für andewandte Entomologie 52 (1963): 101–102 [by V. Richter, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 74 (1978): 129–131 [by J. Illies and W. Lucht, with portrait]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 99 (1978): 69–70 [by C. H. Lindroth, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 75 (1979): 1–4 [by E. Jünger]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 74 (1979): 134–139 [by W. Lucht, bibliography only]. • Mitteilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft für allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie 2 (1980): 63–64 [by J. Illies].

[64]

George Henry Horn

Horn, George Henry. Horn was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, on April 7, 1840, to parents of German origin; his father was a drugstore proprietor. He died on November 24, 1897, in Beesley's Point, New Jersey, USA.

Horn graduated from high school in 1858, already interested in natural sciences, particularly entomology. He entered the University of Pennsylvania and received his medical degree in 1861. He served as a surgeon with the California Volunteers in the infantry from 1862 to 1866. This job gave him an opportunity to collect insects throughout California and also in Arizona and New Mexico. He returned to Philadelphia in 1866 to resume a practice and he soon became a noted authority in obstetrics. In December 1866 he was elected President of the American Entomological Society and on December 26 presented to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences the first results of his natural history work during his four years in California. Being a bachelor, he was able to devote all his spare time to the study of the beetles. His talent, sharp eye for recognizing subtle characters, and perseverance made him more successful in entomology than in his professional career. When he died in 1897 he had published 265 papers and described 154 new genera and 1,682 species. Almost all his work was devoted to the North American fauna. In Staphylinidae, he described 125 species and 6 genera.

Horn published his first article on Coleoptera in 1860 while still a student in medical school. The paper attracted the attention of LeConte and was actually the start of a collaboration and close friendship between these two outstanding North American coleopterists. Horn brought the knowledge of North American Coleoptera, established previously by Say and particularly LeConte, one step higher. He took the route of publishing revisionary papers (obviously influenced by LeConte), mostly entitled “Synopsis. . . .” As with many other beetle families, Horn's papers on some staphylinid groups, such as Quediini (1878), Staphylinus and related genera (1879), or Philonthi (1884) became indispensable to anybody working on these groups; they are still consulted.

Horn was an honorary member of numerous entomological societies, both in Europe and North America; he was associated as Professor of Entomology with the University of Pennsylvania (but he never taught the subject); and, at the time of his death, he was the librarian and one of the secretaries of the American Philosophical Society. On December 26, 1896, Horn suffered a serious stroke, which prevented him from further work. After his death, Horn's collection and library were bequeathed to the American Entomological Society and later transferred to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, where they are still housed, together with the LeConte collection. [A.S.]

Sources: Many biographies and obituaries were published; therefore only some are given here. Extensive listings may be found in Gilbert (1977). • Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 49 (1897): 505–510, 515–518 [by E. J. Noland]. • Transactions of the American Entomological Society 25 (1898): I–XXXVII [by P. P. Calvert, with bibliography by S. Henshaw and photograph]. • Science 7 (1989): 73–77 [by J. B. Smith]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 577 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 354–358 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography from 1866 only].

[65]

Lubomír Hromádka

Hromádka, Lubomír. Hromádka, of the Czech Republic and born in 1931, has been interested in nature from his youth. His interest in and work on the Staphylinidae has focused on Stenus and Philonthus, with most of his work concentrated on the former. He also has an affinity for Gabrius, Cafius, Remus and Quedius; he plans studies of Palaearctic species of the latter genus. He has described 62 species.

[66]

Ulrich Irmler

Irmler, Ulrich. Irmler, of Germany, was born on December 21, 1946. His interest in staphylinids was stimulated by collecting beetles as a youth, and his attraction to Neotropical staphylinids commenced after doing research in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Most of his published work is on soil ecology and conservation; one of his ecological articles discusses the habitat changes and fluctuation in abundance of soil beetles living in inundation forests of the central Amazonian region. The time available for his taxonomic studies of the Staphylinidae is confined to the weekends. Nevertheless, he has produced a significant number of taxonomic articles on Neotropical staphylinids, the first of which, on Platyprosopus, appeared in 1977. Since then he has published taxonomic articles on Bledius, Xenopygus, Neolindus, Holotrochus, Mimogonia, Aneucamptus, Thoracophorus, Lispinus, and Neolosus. One of his long-range goals is to publish a checklist and generic key for the Neotropical Osoriinae. He has named 86 species and 1 genus.

[67]

Gunnar Israelson

Israelson, Gunnar. Israelson was born on August 4, 1910, in Hedemora, Sweden, and died on February 19, 1999, in Oskar-stroem, Sweden.

As a schoolboy and through “gymnasium” he was interested in flowering plants. During his university studies, under the influence of limnologists, he turned his attention to algae, particularly to those in lotic environments of fast-flowing streams. He published several articles on algae and his Ph.D. thesis on “The freshwater Florideae of Sweden” was published in 1942.

After his doctoral studies, he moved with his family to Hässleholm, a small town in southern Sweden, where he was a teacher at the local gymnasium. He became interested in beetles by accident. One early summer evening as he crossed the town square, he almost stepped on a large beetle. He picked it up but didn't know what it was, then realized that he just did not know much about beetles, and decided to change that, since he was the head biology teacher at the gymnasium. Thereupon he met Sven Palmqvist, a printer by profession, and a skillful, self-taught coleopterist who spent his vacations in Hässleholm. Palmqvist had been working on an inventory of the beetle fauna of the region, and by the time he and Israelson met, the list had reached about 500 species. When, because of infirmities, Palmqvist was forced to reorganized his vacations, it fell upon Israelson to continue the inventory. Israelson selected a small plot of suitable land with a radius of about 10 km near the town of Hässleholm. Many novelties were successively recorded in Natur i Göinge. By 1986 the number of species had reached 2,250. He collected indiscriminately, not especially favoring staphylinids. In numerous trips to various parts of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway and into the Arctic archipelago from 1946 to 1980 he accumulated about 4,000 species of beetles. From 1964 to 1991 he made numerous excursions to the Canaries, Madeiras, and Azores, where he collected thousands of beetles, which are now deposited in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet. Israelson published a number of articles on the beetle fauna of Macaronesia. In the Staphylinidae he named 10 species and 1 genus.

Sources: Israelson's son.

[68]

Tateo Ito

Ito, Tateo. Ito, of Japan, was born on May 26, 1943. During childhood, he and his brothers collected beetles, including staphylinids, in and near Osaka. As his knowledge of beetles increased, he realized that little was known about staphylinids despite their abundance in large towns such as Osaka City. This dearth of information led to his study of the family. Within the family he concentrates on the Asian Oxytelinae, Staphylininae, and Paederinae, particularly those that live in or near Japan. An important on-going investigation is his work on the genus Nazeris. He has described nearly half of the species in the genus (plus six subspecies) and has studied most of the others. He plans to study all the species of Nazeris and to present phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of it. He has also published taxonomic work on Stilicoderus, Lobrathium, Ochthephilum, Astenus, Platydracus, Othius, Oxytelopsis, Anotylus, and Oxytelus. He has described 79 species.

[69]

Jiří Janák

Janák, Jiří. Janák, of the Czech Republic, was born on June 2, 1958. His interest in the Staphylinidae was stimulated by his collaboration with J. Boháč and inspired by the works of A. Smetana. His main interests are the Xantholinini, Diochini, and Platyprosopini of the world, and the Staphylinidae of the Malagasy subregion. He is currently studying the Madagascar species of Oedichirus and Typhloleleupius, and the staphylinid fauna of Réunion. The genera on which he has published taxonomic works include Oedichirus, Xantholinus, Octavius, and Stenaesthetus and the anophthalmic species of Lathrobium from a region of Romania. He has named 23 species.

[70]

Anton Jansson

Jansson, Anton. Jansson was born in Örebro, Sweden, on December 3, 1880, and died there on July 11, 1963.

After receiving his high school diploma in 1902, Jansson worked from 1917 until 1933 as a journalist and secretary of the redaction of the paper Nerikes Allehanda. Later he was affiliated with two other newspapers in his home town, Örebro Dag-blad and Örebro-Kuriren.

Jansson was an entomological polyhistor and, in addition, had a wide range of humanistic and cultural interests. In 1944, in recognition of his achievements in entomology, he received the degree doctor honoris causa from the University in Uppsala. The brunt of his entomological work is in Scandinavian Micro-hymenoptera, particularly in the families Proctotrupidae and Chalcididae. However, during the earlier part of his career, Jansson also published on Hemiptera and aculeate Hymenoptera, as well as on Coleoptera. In 1921 he published a broad paper “Die Insekten-, Myriapoden- und Isopodenfauna der Gotska Sandön”. His interest in Coleoptera persisted, and between 1921 and 1952, he published 43 contributions with the running title “Cole-opterologiska Bidrag”. These contributions are of a faunistic-taxonomic nature, and many of them deal with members of Staphylinidae. He also published some joint papers with O. Sjöberg dealing with staphylinids, one of them containing the description of Proteinus apicidens. Jansson described 13 species and 1 genus in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Opuscula Entomologica 20 (1955): 99–100 [by C. H. Lindroth, with photograph]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 76 (1955): 73–77 [by T. Nyholm, with portrait]. • Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 10 (1956): 63 [by A. Strand]. • Notulae Entomologicae 43 (1963): 154 [anonymous]. • Opuscula Entomologica 28 (1963): 162 [by C. H. Lindroth]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 84 (1963): 297–306 [by T. Nyholm, with bibliography].

[71]

Jean Jarrige

Jarrige, Jean. Jarrige was born in Bezons near Paris, France, on October 21, 1904. He died in Paris on June 8, 1975.

Jarrige worked as an inspector for the company Eclairage, Chauffage et Force Motrice (from 1946 le Gaz de France). He was devoted to entomology from his early years and eventually became a remarkable amateur staphylinidologist who made substantial contributions to knowledge of the family. He was also an exceptional collector, always actively collecting in the surroundings of Paris and presenting his results and observations at the meetings of the Société des Sciences naturelles de Seine-et Oise, and later at the Groupe de Coléoptéristes Parisiens. At age 20 he joined the Société entomologique de France, where he met Sainte-Claire Deville, de Peyerimhoff, and Méquignon, who certainly influenced him to undertake the study of staphylinids. His need to study the collections at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle led him to Professor Jeannel, who opened the doors of the Muséum's Laboratoire d'Entomologie to him. Jarrige was very active in this laboratory and named innumerable species from various parts of the world. After the Second World War he started, following Paulian, to study the fauna of Madagascar and its neighboring islands, and published numerous papers on various groups. Along with his research, he always tried to keep the important Catalogue raisonné des Coléoptères de France by Sainte-Claire Deville up to date.

Jarrige was the Officier des Palmes académiques and Attaché au Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. In the latter function, he helped many staphylinidologists to locate the types of the species described by older, mainly French authors, and made them available for study. Jarrige also served as one of the presidents of the Société Entomologique de France, and was replaced in this function by Villiers in 1969.

Jarrige published about 95 notes and papers on beetles between 1924 and 1978, almost all on the Staphylinidae. Some of them, such as the joint paper with Jeannel (Biospeleologica, 1947) are substantial. His last paper (1978), dealing with the Staphylinidae of the Andringitra Range in central Madagascar, was published posthumously. Jarrige's collection of Staphylinidae, declared a “monument historique”, was acquired in 1977 by the Muséum d'histoire naturelle in Paris and is housed there. His general collection of Coleoptera, as well as his library, went to Jacques Chassain.

Jarrige described 276 species and 13 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Bulletin de la Société entomologique du France 80 (1975): 295 [anonymous]. • L'Entomologiste 31 (1975): 230–232 [by G. Ruter]. • L'Entomologiste 43 (1987): 129–138 [by J.-C. Lecoq and J. Orousset, with bibliography and photograph]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 205 [by J. Lhoste].

[72] Kashcheev, Vitaly Alexandrovich. Kashcheev, of Kazakhstan, has published several articles on staphylinids of Central Asia, particularly of Kazakhstan and Mongolia. Most of his work has been directed toward the Oxytelinae, particularly the genus Bledius. Among the genera in which he has described new species are Bledius, Coprophilus, Deleaster, Eugenius [= Eppelsheimius], Ochthephilus, Oxytelus, Platystethus, Medon, Ochthephilum, Falagria, Sepedophilus, and others. He has described 31 species and 2 genera.

[73]

Ernst August Hellmuth Kiesenwetter

Kiesenwetter, Ernst August Hellmuth. Kiesenwetter was born in Dresden, Germany, on November 5, 1820, and died there on March 18, 1880.

Kiesenwetter graduated from the gymnasium in Bautzen and went on to study law at the university in Leipzig until 1843. He pursued law as a career and eventually became the Geheimer Regierungsrat at the Ministry of the Interior in Dresden in 1871.

Kiesenwetter became interested in entomology during his high school years and during his university years in Leipzig and, influenced by professor Kunze and Dr. R. Sachse, his interest turned to beetles. He was also supported and directed by Dr. Schaum, who eventually became the professor of entomology at the University of Berlin. Other eminent entomologists of that time, such as Dohrn and Maerkel, also played an important role in Kiesenwetter's entomological life. The first of Kiesenwetter's papers were published in the early 1840s, most of them in Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. He also started to take collecting trips to various parts of Europe (e.g., Greece and Spain) and worked up the collected material in follow-up papers that covered a wide range of coleopteran families, including the Staphylinidae. Three of his early papers, published in 1843, 1844, and 1846, dealt with this family. The first one treated the myrmecophilous staphylinids Kiesenwetter collected in the nests of two Formica species. The second one presented the staphylinid fauna of the surroundings of Leipzig, and the third paper was a treatment of the species of the genus Anthophagus. Most of the new species described in these works are still valid. In addition to about 80 papers published in various journals, Kiesenwetter was involved in publishing the series Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands, started by Dr. W. Erichson and continued by H. Schaum, G. Kraatz, and himself. Kiesenwetter contributed several large sections to this series, some in coauthorship with other workers, such as Schaum. Kiesenwetter described 91 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologische Nachrichten 6 (1880): 150–151 [anonymous]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 16 (1880): 280 [anonymous]. • Naturae Novitates 7 (1880): 62 [anonymous]. • Naturalist, London 2 (1880): 208 [anonymous]. • Nature 21 (1880): 538 [anonymous]. • Entomologist 13 (1880): 120 [by E. A. Fitch]. • Leopoldina 16 (1880): 67–70 [by H. T. Kirsch, with bibliography]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 24 (1880): 323–336 [by G. Kraatz, with bibliography and photograph]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 18 (1880): 123–124 [by S. A. Marseul]. • American Entomologist 3 (1880): 150 [by C. V. Riley]. • Zoologischer Anzeiger 3 (1880): 126 [by G. F. Westermann] • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 21 (1883): 63–71 [by S. A. Marseul, bibliography only]. • Kunst, Wissenschaft, Technik: Beilage zu Bautzener Nachrichten (1927): nr. 22 [by K. Jordan]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 628–630 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 57 (1943): 1–27 [by E. Möbius]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 474–476 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only].

[74]

William Kirby

Kirby, William. Kirby was born in Witnesham Hall, Suffolk, England, in September 1759. He died on July 4, 1850 in Barham near Ipswich, England.

Kirby was educated for the clergy. After graduating from the Caius College, Cambridge, in 1781, he acquired the rectory of Barham in 1796, and efficiently conducted his ministry for 68 years. At the same time he was deeply involved in the study of insects, and eventually became known as the father of entomology in England.

Kirby wrote many entomological papers, including some encyclopedic works that made him famous. After Kirby met Spencer, fairly late in his life (he was already 48 years old), the two started to work on An Introduction to Entomology . . . that appeared in four volumes between 1816 and 1826. The work became so popular that there were seven editions, and it was translated into German and Dutch. Of particular importance for North American entomologists is Kirby's treatment of insects for Richardson's Fauna Boreali-Americana, or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America (volume 4, published in 1837). In this volume, Kirby divided the Coleoptera into 13 primary groups and described or redescribed 343 taxa of Coleoptera (in addition to taxa of other orders). Staphylinidae (as Brachyptera) are treated on pages 82–95, and included 9 genera and 15 species.

Kirby' s library was unfortunately sold in an auction in 1850, but his collection, including his handwritten notebooks, are in the Entomological library at the Natural History Museum (London). Both are essential for correct recognition of the syntypes of many Stephen's species (see Hammond, Entomologist's Gazette 23 [1972]: 129–135).

Kirby described 11 species and 1 genus in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: Many biographies and obituaries for Kirby were published, therefore only selected ones are given here. Extensive listing may be found in Gilbert (1977) and in Evenhuis (1997). • Geschichte, Systematik und Literatur der Insektenkunde (1836): 101–105 [by J. N. Eiselt]. • Zoologist 8 (1850): 2886–2889 [by E. Newman, with bibliography]. • Life of W. Kirby, rector of Barnham (1852) [by J. Freeman, with bibliography and photograph]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 26 (1888): 247–251 [anonymous, bibliography only]. • Canadian Entomologist 47 (1915): 384–386 [by F.J.A. Morris]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 631–634 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 670–672 [by E. O. Essig, with partial bibliography and photograph].

[75]

Jakov Davydovich Kirshenblat

Kirshenblat, Jakov Davydovich. The date of birth of Kirshenblat is not known. He was born in Tbilisi, Georgia, the son of a physician. He died on October 20, 1980 in Chernovtsy, Ukraine.

Kirshenblat graduated from the biological faculty of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) State University and from the therapeutic faculty of the First Medical Institute in Leningrad. After graduate studies he worked at the hospitals and medical scientific institutions of Leningrad. During the Second World War he served in the army and survived the blockade of Leningrad. After the war Kirshenblat got a position as the chief of the department of endocrinology at the Otto's Institute for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Leningrad. There he combined scientific research with medical practice. From 1954 to 1980 he was working at the Medical Institute in Chernovtsy (Ukraine) as a chief of the department of normal physiology.

Kirshenblat started to do scientific work as a graduate student. He already had wide biological and medical interests: zoology, physiology of reproduction, neural regulation of the endocrine glands, diagnostics, and therapy of endocrine diseases. He published more than 140 papers and 3 monographs. In 1938 he got the Candidate of Biology degree (equivalent to Ph.D. degree in biology), and in 1952 the degree of Doctor of Science. He invested a lot of time in teaching and advising medical students, published two textbooks for medical institutes, and advised 16 postgraduates in medical sciences.

In addition to medical interests, Kirshenblat was also interested in taxonomy of Staphylinidae. He published 12 papers on Staphylinidae, containing descriptions of new taxa (he described 29 species), faunal records and surveys, and regional taxonomic reviews (Paederus of the fauna of the former USSR, and Ontholestes of the Palaearctic region). He had special interest in nidicolous staphylinids (two papers). Kirshenblat is the author of the identification keys to the Staphylinidae of the European part of the former USSR, published in 1965 by the Zoological Institute in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) within the series Keys of Insects of European Russia.

Kirshenblat's collection of Staphylinidae, including the types of the taxa he described, is housed in the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. [A.S.]

Source: • Problemy endokrinologii 27 (1981): 88 (author?).

[76]

Toshio Kishimoto

Kishimoto, Toshio. Kishimoto, of Japan, was born on December 1, 1971. He has been interested in beetles from childhood. On entering university he began studies in entomology and soon became fascinated by staphylinids. His main interest is in the Aleocharinae, particularly those of east Asia; he is currently working on the Gyrophaenina and Falagriini of the region. His long-range goals include establishing a framework of classification for the Aleocharinae and clarification of the east Asian staphylinid fauna. He has described one species and coauthored another.

[77]

David Harold Kistner

Kistner, David Harold. Kistner, of the USA, was born on July 30, 1931. His interest in the Staphylinidae began when he was about 16 and collecting insects in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park with the chief naturalist, where he encountered many staphylinids flying about. That embryonic interest grew when the Field Museum in Chicago acquired the Bernhauer staphylinid collection at a time when he was in almost daily contact with C. Seevers. When Kistner began searching for a doctoral research project Seevers suggested a revision of the Pygostenini. Since the group included both myrmecophiles and termitophiles, it appealed to the eminent termite specialist, A. E. Emerson, with whom Kistner was studying. Most of his research career has been devoted to elucidating the taxonomy, phylogeny, evolution, and behavior of staphylinid inquilines associated with ants, particularly army ants, and termites. With regard to behavior, he is particularly interested in the mechanisms for integrating staphylinids into ant and termite colonies. These mechanisms are based on morphological, behavioral, and chemical mimicry, and he is currently publishing extensive data on the topic. His interest in the coevolution of social insects and their inquilines has resulted in numerous articles. Kistner's curiosity has always kept him in the forefront of new techniques for understanding the groups and phenomena that interest him. Long ago he investigated the histology of glandular systems of the inquilines and the importance of the systems to their survival, tried numerical and phylogenetic techniques to elucidate relationships, and is currently exploring the use of DNA sequence data to test relationships. Kistner has traveled widely, particularly in tropical regions, and amassed an enormous collection of myrmecophilous and termitophilous staphylinids. He believes his Old World collections (of inquiline staphylinids) is 10 times greater, both in number of species and specimens, than the total of all other such collections combined. He has published extensively on the myrmecophilous and termitophilous taxa of the Old and New World tropics. He has published nearly 200 articles on staphylinids and has described (or codescribed) about 530 species and 97 genera.

[78]

Jan Klimaszewski

Klimaszewski, Jan. Klimaszewski, of Canada, was born in Poland on August 23, 1950. He was motivated to study the Staphylinidae by Smetana during his first visit to Canada in 1973. He is interested in the Aleocharinae, and his work has resulted in revisions of the Gymnusini and Deinopsini and revisionary studies of many species of Aleochara from many parts of the world. He has also published an article on the cave-dwelling aleocharines of eastern North America, and was a coauthor of a revision of the Aleocharinae of the Arctic region of North America. He has also published taxonomic articles on the Myllaenini, Platandria, Polylobus, Haploglossa, Autalia, and Pseudomniophilia. He has published 121 species and 4 genera.

[79]

Carl (Carlo) Koch

Koch, Carl (Carlo). Koch was born in Vienna, Austria, on January 5, 1904, and died on February 23, 1970, in Windhoek, Namibia.

Koch studied at the universities in Vienna, Paris, Pavia and Monaco; in 1960 he received his Ph.D. from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in München, Germany. He was the conservator at the Museo Entomologico P. Rossi di Duino in Trieste, Italy (1929–1937), and from 1937 to 1948 he was associated with the Museum G. Frey in München (Germany). In 1948 he accepted a position as curator of Coleoptera in the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria, and later was the founder and director of the Namib Desert Research Station in Gobabed near Swakop-mund, Namibia.

During the earlier part of his career, Koch studied Staphylinidae and Anthicidae, but later turned his attention exclusively to the Tenebrionidae and to ecological aspects of the desert fauna. He was a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and Royal Geographical Society in London, and the Royal South African Society. He was also a standing member of the International Congresses of Entomology.

Between 1932 and 1941 Koch published almost 30 papers on Staphylinidae, the major ones dealing with the genus Anthophagus (1934), Achenium (1937), Bledius (1938), and some Paederinae (1938–1939). Another set of his papers dealt with scientific results of various expeditions, one of them (1936) included a key to the world species of the Cafius. The total number of his publications, many of them monographic, reaches about 175.

Koch described 16 species and 13 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • New Scientist 43 (1969): 150–151 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey 21 (1970): 1–2 [by G. Frey, with portrait]. • Memorie della Società entomologica italiana 49 (1970): 153–155 [by G. Marcuzzi]. • Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society London (C) 35 (1971): 53 [by J. E. Hinton]. • Miscellanea Zoologica 3 (1972): 107–108 [by F. Español].

[80]

Matúš Kocian

Kocian, Matúš. Kocian, of the Czech Republic, was born in 1969. He has had an interest in the Staphylinidae since childhood. He is engaged in studies of the Tachyporinae of central Europe, the Bolitobini of Europe, and Ischnosoma, Mycetoporus, and Bryophacis of the world. He has published revisionary studies on Ischnosoma of the western Palaearctic, illustrations and descriptions of the aedeagus of the central European species of Lordithon, and larval descriptions of Sepedophilus bipustulatus and Habrocerus capillaricornis. Long range, he wants to write a monograph for Ischnosoma of the world and a revision of the European Mycetoporus. He has described seven species.

[81]

Friedrich Anton Kolenati

Kolenati, Friedrich Anton. Kolenati was born in Prague, now Czech Republic, on April 12, 1812. He died on June 17, 1864 in Ovčárna pod Pradědem, now Czech Republic.

As a young boy Kolenati was already interested in natural sciences. He studied medicine at the university in Prague; he obtained his diploma in 1836 and practiced medicine for a short time, but privately studied bats and insects.

Kolenati spent several years (1842–1846) in Russia, first in St. Petersburg, where he became the assistant of zoology at the Academy of Sciences. From St. Petersburg he took long trips to southern Russia, including the Caucasus; it is not without interest that he reached the summit of Kazbek (5,047 m) in August 1844. During these explorations he accumulated over 30,000 insect specimens in addition to other rich natural history material. He worked up most of the entomological material while in St. Petersburg and treated the rest after his return to Prague. In 1848 he became a private docent of special and medico-pharmaceutical zoology, botany and crystalography at the University in Prague. He also founded the natural history club Lotos, which existed until 1945.

Kolenati published many papers covering a wide range of natural sciences, his travels, etc. Results of his entomological explorations of the Caucasus were summarized in the series Meletemata entomologica, of which eight issues were published in St. Petersburg and in Moscow from 1845–1858. The third fascicle (with three color plates), published in 1846 in St. Petersburg, contained the Staphylinidae (as Brachelytra). In this paper, Kolenati described 33 new species and varieties, some still valid. [A.S.]

Sources: • Zoologické Listy 13 (1964): 284–285 [by J. Geisler]. • Vesmír 43 (1964): 347 [by J. Němec]. • Lidé a země 14 (1965): 51–55 [by F. M. Žampach]. • Práce odboru přírod-ních věd Vlastivědného Ústavu v Olomouci 5 (1965): 1–27 [by I. Flasar, with bibliography, portraits].

[82]

Horst Korge

Korge, Horst. Korge, of Germany, was born on July 15, 1930. His interest in zoology began in childhood with observations made in his family's garden. Later he concentrated on faunistic surveys of the beetles of the “Mark Brandenburg” (Germany), and still later became interested in the beetle fauna of Asiatic Turkey. His interest in Turkey resulted in a substantial paper on species of the region. Many of his taxonomic articles have been on Quedius, but he also published on Stenus, Bryoporus, Ochthephilum, Scopaeus, and Xantholinus. He has described 60 species and 3 genera.

[83]

Ernst Gustav Kraatz as a young man

Ernst Gustav Kraatz later in life

Kraatz, Ernst Gustav. Kraatz was born in Berlin, Germany, on March 13, 1831. He died there on November 2, 1909.

Kraatz obtained his basic education in Berlin. He became interested in insects early and, luckily, his father was quite supportive of his son's interests. The young Kraatz started with butterflies, but soon turned his attention to beetles, an affection that lasted his entire life. He started to build his beetle collection by active collecting, by making exchanges with several eminent entomologists, such as Dohrn, Kiesenwetter, etc., and by buying specimens from insect dealers. In this way, he managed to expand his collection to 3,000 species by the end of 1848, when he was only 17! This was certainly a convincing confirmation of his excellent organizational talents, dedication, and perseverance, qualities that were so important to his career. In 1849, when only 18 years old, he also published his first paper “Be-merkungen über Myrmekophilen” in Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung; the paper contains data about several species of Staphylinidae.

From 1850 to 1853 Kraatz studied law at the universities in Heidelberg and Bonn, but without real commitment. Eventually, in October 1853, after Dohrn's intervention, his father allowed him to terminate his law studies and to take zoology at the university in Berlin. While at the university, staphylinids were Kraatz's prime interest and he made considerable progress in treating the Staphylinidae for the series Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Schaum, who was one of Kraatz's teachers (medical zoology and entomology) insisted that Kraatz gets his doctoral degree before the publication of the book, so that his name on the title page would be preceded by “doctor”! Kraatz eventually gave in, submitted his doctoral thesis “Genera Aleocharinorum”, and obtained his degree on May 25, 1856 (the thesis was published in 1857 in Linnaea Entomologica 11: 1–43).

Kraatz became a member of many learned societies, the first one being the Entomologischer Verein zu Stettin. As it sometimes happens, a problem with Kraatz's membership diploma eventually led to a complete breakdown of the relationship between Dohrn (who introduced him) and Kraatz. In October 1856 Kraatz was one of the founding members of the Entomologischer Verein in Berlin, and a year later became its president and editor of the Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift; he continued to serve in these capacities until 1880. In 1875, he managed to push through his suggestion to rename the journal Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. In 1881 Kraatz terminated his involvement with the Entomologischer Verein in Berlin. Typical for him, he immediately founded the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft, and served for 25 years as president, and as editor of the Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift.

One of Kraatz's dreams was the establishment of the Deutsches Entomologisches Nationalmuseum; he worked on this for many years starting in 1871. He finally succeeded in 1904, when the Museum was established in Berlin, in a house that Kraatz bought for this purpose. Shortly before Kraatz's death, approval was granted to build a museum building, and this establishment later became the well-known Deutsches Entomologisches Institut. Following Kraatz's wish, expressed shortly before his death, the urn containing his ashes was placed on the cabinet containing Staphylinidae, his favorite group. In 1905 the Prussian government honored Kraatz by bestowing on him the title Professor, in recognition of his services to entomology.

Kraatz was one of the eminent entomologists of his era, a man of strong personality and determination, who had many followers, but also quite a few enemies. His harsh criticism of the works of Motschulsky and Walker (see, e.g., in Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 7: 215–220) and his ongoing feud with the former author are well known. During his lifetime, Kraatz published an incredible 1,393 papers covering a wide range of beetle families; even considering the fact that many of them are short notes of one page, this is quite impressive. Kraatz's works on Staphylinidae, one of his preferred families, reflect his exact, meticulous taxonomic approach. Many of them (e.g., his treatment of the family in the series Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands [see above], or his paper “Staphylinen-Fauna von Ostindien, insbesondere der Insel Ceylan” [1859]) belong to the classical works on the family and are still regularly consulted.

It was really unfortunate that a man like Kraatz was hit toward the end of his life by the gradual loss of eyesight that developed into virtual blindness–-the worst possible fate for any practicing entomologist!

Anybody interested in learning more about Kraatz should read the book by W. Horn, listed below. It was printed in Berlin by A. W. Schade and distributed free to members of the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft. It also contains a list of Coleoptera described by Kraatz; in Staphylinidae it includes 554 species and 69 new genera. [A.S.]

Sources: • Prof. Dr. Gustav Kraatz . . . (1906): 1–120 [by W. Horn, with bibliography by R. Zang and several portraits]. • Entomologische Rundschau 26 (1909): 132–133 [anonymous, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 5 (1909): 237–239 [by W. Hubenthal]. • Revue Russe d'Entomologie 9 (1909): 341–342 [by Semenov Tian-Shansky]. • Jahresberichte des Vereins für schlesische Insektenkunde 3 (1910): XXIII–XXV [by R. Dittrich]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (1910): 109–112 [by W. Horn]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 46 (1910): 21–11 [by “K. J.”]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 660–663 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 181 [by A. Musgrave]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 518–535 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, partial bibliography only]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 17 (1967): 375–387 [by A. Köppen].

[84]

Theodor (Bohdan) Krása

Krása, Theodor (Bohdan). Krása was born in Dobříš near Prague, Czech Republic, on January 14, 1875. He died on March 10, 1961, in Vrané n.Vlt. near Prague.

Krása graduated from the gymnasium in Příbram and studied law at the university in Vienna and at Charles University in Prague. He moved with his family to Vrané n.Vlt. and worked as a postal accountant. His keen interest in nature, fully supported by his father, soon turned mainly to entomology, particularly to various aspects of coleopterology. In 1899 he joined the Physiocratic Society in Prague, where he became acquainted with and influenced by the eminent Czech entomologists of that time, Dr. O. Nickerle, Dr. K. Skalitzky, Dr. K. Rodt, and F. Hennevogl. After the Czech Entomological Society was founded in 1904, he immediately joined the Society.

Krása lived almost his entire life in Vrané n.Vlt. This area was, at that time, one of the prime areas for collecting insects, especially rare myrmecophilous species, in the surroundings of Prague. Krása was known for his outstanding success as a collector, based on his ability to observe and recognize the often minute bionomical details that are essential for discovering rare species. Krása became particularly famous for his collecting abilities and knowledge of myrmecophilous beetles, mainly of the families Staphylinidae and Pselaphidae. As a young student, Krása led the famous Erich Wasmann to a site near his home to collect rare species of Myrmoecia. This apparently brought Wasmann to his knees in prayer to God for the privilege! In addition to Staphylinidae, Pselaphidae, and Scydmaenidae, Krása also knew some other beetle families well.

Krása published only 20 papers on Coleoptera, and those on Staphylinidae dealt mostly with Aleocharinae and with the genus Stenus. After Krása's death, his collection (containing the types of most species he described) remained in the hands of his oldest son, who, during his father's life, was interested in coleopterology. Unfortunately, Krása's collection (still in Vrané n.Vlt.?) is not presently accessible and is apparently in a very poor condition. Recently, after the death of Krása's oldest son, some specimens from his collection including the types, were offered for sale, purchased, and placed in the hands of various specialists (e.g., Stenus). Krása described 10 species and 1 genus in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 42 (1945): 19–21 [by L. Heyrovský, with bibliography, portrait]. • Živa (Prague) 9 (1961): 146 [by L. Heyrovský]. • Bohemia centralis 7 (1978): 90–91 [by Z. Koleška]. • Zprávy Československé Společnosti Entomologické při ČSAV 21 (1985): 216–217 [by Z. Koleška].

[85]

Jean Théodore Lacordaire

Lacordaire, Jean Théodore. Lacordaire was born as a son of a medical doctor, in Recey sur Durce (Côte d'Or), France, on February 1, 1801; he died there on July 18, 1870.

Lacordaire originally studied law, but he never pursued a law career. As a young man he traveled several times to South America (1824–1832), and explored Argentina, Uruguay, some provinces of Brazil, Chile, and eventually Cayenne, where he stayed for two years. He brought back to France a large collection of insects and began to work it up with encouragement from such eminent French naturalists as Cuvier, Latreille, Dejean, and Boisduval. When the post of professor of zoology at the University of Liège became vacant, Lacordaire accepted it, extended it later to include comparative anatomy, and eventually became the rector of the university.

Lacordaire became famous mainly due to his Introduction à l'entomologie, . . . (1834–1838), and his monumental series Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coléoptères (1854–1863). His contribution to the study of Staphylinidae came through his joint work with Boisduval (Lacordaire was the author of the Coleoptera), Faune entomologique des environs de Paris (1835). In this book Lacordaire described a number of species and a few genera. In the Staphylinidae, Lacordaire described 73 species and 3 genera. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 7 (1870): 89–90 [anonymous]. • Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques 2 (1870): 107 [anonymous]. • Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 14 (1870): VIII–IX [by G. Kraatz]. • Éloge de Jean-Théodore Lacordaire (1870): 275 pp. [by E. Morren, with bibliography, portrait]. • American Entomologist 2 (1870): 270 [by C. V. Riley]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1870): XLIV–XLVII [by A. R. Wallace]. • Annales de l'Aca-demie Royale de Belgique 38 (1872): 139–160 [by E.C.A. Can-dèze, with bibliography, portrait]. • Mémoires de la Société Royale des sciences de Liège 3 (1873): XXI–XL [by E. Morren, with bibliography, portrait]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 20 (1882): 11–14 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 678–679 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography up to 1863 only]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 184 [by A. Musgrave]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 565 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 1 (1971): 133–134 [by N. Papavero]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 60–61 [by J. Lhoste].

[86]

Horace Rupert Last

Last, Horace Rupert. Last was born in Walthamstow, Essex, United Kingdom, on August 15, 1908, the elder of two sons of Emily and Rupert Last, a signalman on the London and North Eastern Railway. He died on April 4, 1995, in London.

Last worked in the tea industry, and referred to himself as a “buyer of second-hand teas”. His interest in natural history developed very early, but his involvement in Coleoptera, and particularly in the family Staphylinidae, developed with the encouragement of Dr. Malcolm Cameron and William O. Steel. Last's main contributions to the study of Staphylinidae are his papers dealing with the African species of the genus Zyras and allied genera (mostly published from the late 1950s to the late 1970s), and, from the late 1960s, his papers on various staphylinid groups of New Guinea (Steninae, Paederinae, Staphylininae [Hesperus, Philonthus, etc.], Tachyporinae and Aleocharinae). He also made a lasting contribution to the knowledge of British Staphylinidae through many taxonomic and faunistic papers. He published 154 papers and short notes and in Staphylinidae he described 586 species and 4 genera and 4 subgenera (all of Zyras). His first two published papers (1933 and 1938) dealt with Lepidoptera. Last's collection, including the types, is housed in the Manchester Museum, United Kingdom. Holo-types of many species were placed in the British Museum (Natural History), London. [A.S.]

Source: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 132 (1996): 77–86 [by J. Cooter, with bibliography by C. Johnson and photograph].

[87]

Pierre André Latreille

Latreille, Pierre André. Latreille was born on November 29, 1762, in Brive (Corréze), France, as an illegitimate child of the general Jean Joseph Sahuguet d'Amarzit, baron d'Espargnac. He died on February 6, 1833, in Paris, France.

Latreille's life was eventful and turbulent. His mother, without any resources, left the baby boy at the entrance of the church La Gaillarde in Brive. He was found by peasants and baptized as Pierre-André, and it was not until 1813 that his name Latreille was officially approved by the tribunal of Brive. Latreille's biological father died in 1783, but before his death he made all the necessary financial arrangements to provide his son with a proper education. The family d'Espargnac followed the wishes of the father, and so the young Latreille entered the seminar in Limoges, was ordained as a priest in 1786, and returned to Brive. Even then he was deeply interested in natural sciences, and in entomology in particular. Three years later, after refusing to accept the ideals of the revolution, he was sentenced with 78 other priests by the tribunal in Bordeaux to deportation, or possibly to drowning in the river Gironde, and went to prison to await the sentence. Lhoste (1987, see below) tells an interesting story about how a specimen of Necrobia ruficollis, and a lucky chance during Latreille's stay in the prison, apparently saved his life. As the story goes, one day the prison doctor entered Latreille's cell and found him observing intently a small insect, an occupation he found quite unreasonable. He approached Latreille and asked him for an explanation. Latreille answered: “C'est un insecte rare. Je regrette de ne pouvoir le confier à des mains dignes de l'apprecier.” The doctor asked again, why he is so much interested in this little insect. Latreille answered: “Je suis Latreille, condamné à mourir en Guyane, avant de terminer mes études sur le genera des insectes créé par Fabricius”. By lucky chance, the doctor told the story to Baron Bory Saint-Vincent who, while momentarily supporting the revolution, was interested in natural sciences and published later several works of his own. Using his influence, he stopped the fulfillment of Latreille's sentence.

It was not until 1794 that Latreille was freed. Two years later he published his Précis des caractères génériques des Insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel, the authorship of which, in keeping with the tenor or the times, was cited as “le Citoyen Latreille”. This publication earned Latreille the support of Lamarck, who arranged a contract for him to work at the Muséum de Paris for 4. 20 francs a day as an aide-natu-raliste. This contract was regularly renewed, again thanks to his protector Lamarck. It was not until 1805 that Latreille's position was made permanent. Latreille remained in his aide-naturaliste position until 1820, through some very turbulent times, with vital support from Olivier. During this period Latreille published his monumental works Histoire naturelle, générale at Particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes (1802–1805), Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata (1806–1809), Considérations générales sur l'ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Insectes avec un tableau méthodique de leurs genres disposés en familles (1810), the chapter on insects in Cuvier's Régne Animal (1817), and others. In 1820 Latreille replaced the ailing and almost blind Lamarck at the Muséum. After Lamarck's death in 1829, a separate chair (apparently for the first time in the world) was created for entomology by splitting the original chair of zoology of insects, worms and microscopic animals. The chair was given to Latreille in 1830, and he stayed in this position until his death in 1833. He succeeded Olivier into the Académie des Sciences de Paris, became the professor at the Muséum d'histoire naturelle in Paris, and the professor of zoology at the veterinary school in Alfort. In 1832 he founded the Société Entomologique de France.

Latreille became one of the most celebrated entomologists of his time. Much has been published about his importance, which is discussed in the references mentioned below. As far as the Staphylinidae are concerned, Latreille created the name of the family in his Histoire Naturelle . . . (as “Staphylines; staphy-liniae” (Vol. 3 [1802])). Later (Vols. 9 and 10 [1804]) he divided the family into 14 genera identical to those presented by Gravenhorst in his Coleoptera Microptera Brunsvicensia (1802), and even followed Gravenhorst in dividing the genus Staphylinus into four “families”. In his treatment of the Staphylinidae (as “Les Brachélytres, Cuv.”) in Cuvier's Régne Animal (1817), Latreille deviates from Gravenhorst's treatment in Monographia Coleopterorum Micropterorum (1806) by recognizing some genera Gravenhorst dropped (e.g., Astrapaeus), and by adding some genera (e.g., Coprophilus). Latreille described 17 species and 6 genera in the Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: There is a long list of Latreille's biographies and obituaries, therefore only some selected ones are given here. Detailed listings may be found in Gilbert (1977) and particularly in Evenhuis (1997). • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 2 (1833): XVIII–XXXI [by E. Geoffroy-St.-Hilaire]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 4 (1835): XXIII–XXIX [by C. A. Walckenaer]. • Bibliographie entomologique . . . 1 (1836): 225–235 [by A. Percheron, with bibliography, portrait]. • Bibliotheca Entomologica 1 (1862): 451–456 [by H. A. Hagen, bibliography only]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France (1907): 230–232 [by P. Lesne]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 690–695 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Boletin de la Sociedad Brasileira de Entomologia 1 (1958): 7–18 [by M. Car-rera, with portrait]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 1 (1971): 43–45 [by N. Papavero]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 48–51 [by J. Lhost].

[88]

Arthur Mills Lea

Lea, Arthur Mills. Lea was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, on August 10, 1868. He died on February 29, 1932, in Adelaide, Australia.

Lea commenced his professional career in 1891, when he joined the Department of Agriculture in New South Wales, working as an assistant entomologist to A. S. Olliff (then Government Entomologist of the state). In 1895 he was appointed Government Entomologist of Western Australia, and worked mainly with plant pests. In 1911 he became Entomologist in the South Australian Museum and stayed in this position until he died. He was a lecturer in forest entomology at the University of Adelaide (1912–1924), and in 1924–1925 he functioned as the economic entomologist for the government of Fiji. He collected extensively in Australia, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Fiji, the Malayan Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and New Caledonia.

Lea became one of the most celebrated Australian entomologists, not only because of his outstanding work in the field of economic entomology and pest control, but also due to his contribution to the systematics of Australian Coleoptera, contained in numerous papers published in various Australian journals. In Staphylinidae, he described 264 species and 5 genera. [A.S.]

Sources: • The Sydney Morning Herald, April 2, 1932 [by H. J. Carter]. • Records of South Australian Museum 4 (1932): 411–432 [by H. M. Hale, with bibliography, portrait]. • Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 56 (1932): 1–2 [by H. M. Hale, with portrait]. • Biography of Australian Entomology, 1775–1930 (1932): 188–196 [by A. Musgrave, with bibliography]. • Australian Museum Magazine 4 (1932): 342 [by A. Musgrave]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57 (1932): III [by T.G.B. Osborn]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 68 (1932): 119 [by J. J. Walker]. • Victorian Naturalist 49 (1932): 15–18 [by F. E. Wilson, with portrait]. • Arbeiten über physiologische und angewandte Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 1 (1934): 305 [by W. Horn]. • Records of South Australian Museum 12 (1956): 92–94 [by H. M. Hale, with portrait].

[89]

John Lawrence LeConte

LeConte, John Lawrence. LeConte was born in New York City, USA, on May 13, 1825, to a Hugenot family of French descent. His father, Major John Eatton LeConte, was a naturalist and published papers on botany and zoology, including Coleoptera. LeConte died on November 15, 1883, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

After graduating from Mt. St. Mary's College in Emmets-burg, Maryland, LeConte entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City and obtained his diploma in 1846, but he never really practiced medicine. He traveled extensively, visiting many areas of North America, partly while still a student, collecting large numbers of beetles. He was a lieutenant-colonel and medical inspector in the United States Army during the Civil War, and from 1878 until his death, Assistant Director of the United States Mint in Philadelphia. However, since he was financially independent, he actually devoted most of his time to coleopterology. He was the first president of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia and served in this capacity for the duration of this society; he was also the president of the American Entomological Society for a period of sixteen years (1859–1860, 1870–1883). Shortly after his father's death in 1860, LeConte married Helen C. Grier, and they had one son, Robert. From 1869 to 1872 LeConte lived with his family in Europe, where he studied important insect collections.

LeConte entered the coleopterological scene in North America when, unlike in Europe, very little was known about the insects of the entire North American continent. There was hardly anything more than scattered descriptions of species by some European authors (in Staphylinidae, e.g., Gravenhorst, Erichson), and by North Americans like Melsheimer, Say, Harris, Ziegler, LeConte Senior, etc. LeConte published his first paper on Coleoptera (“Descriptions of Some New and interesting Insects Inhabiting the United States”) in the Boston Journal of Natural History in 1844, when he was only 18 years old and still a medical student. From that moment he never stopped and eventually published over 180 papers, describing thousands of species (the figures vary from 4,739 to almost 6,000) and hundreds of higher taxa. At the time of his death, LeConte was the author of almost half of the species known from North America. His writings include scores of synoptic tables for many groups and many monographic works, such as Classification of the Coleoptera of North America, Part I (1861) and Part II (in collaboration with G. H. Horn, 1883), and many others. He also published in two volumes the collected writings of Thomas Say as American Entomology by Thomas Say. The enormous contribution of LeConte to North American coleopterology was not only the vast number of taxa he described but, perhaps even more important, his effort to present synoptic treatments of higher taxa, and thereby introduce system and order into what was previously mostly disorder. He provided a solid base for future coleopterological studies in North America and is justly considered by many as the most important of the classical North American coleopterists.

In Staphylinidae, as in most other beetle families in North America, LeConte's work facilitated progress by subsequent authors and raised the level of knowledge to a state that allowed comparison to the fauna in Europe.

LeConte described 294 species and 14 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: Many biographies and obituaries of LeConte have been published. Only some are given here. A detailed listing may be found in Gilbert (1977). • Science 2 (1883): 783–786 [by G. H. Horn, with portrait]. • Psyche 4 (1883): 107–110 [by C. V. Riley]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 6 (1883): III–IX [by F. G. Shaupp, bibliography only]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (1884): 228–240 [by G. Kraatz]. • Transactions of the American Entomological Society 11 (1884): I–XXVIII [by S. H. Scudder, with portrait]. • Journal of New York Entomological Society 22 (1914): 185–191 [by R. P. Dow]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 701–705 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only, to 1863]. • History of Entomology (1931): 680–685 [by E. O. Essig, with portrait]. • Pioneer Century of American Entomology (1936): 155–163 [by H. B. Weiss]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 591–594 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • American Entomologists (1971): 242–248 [by A. Mallis].

[90]

Jean-Claude Lecoq

Lecoq, Jean-Claude. Lecoq, of France, was born in 1937. When he was about 12 or 13 he met Jean Jarrige, who gave him a taste for entomology and beetles. Some years later he caught and retained the “bug” for staphylinids. The groups of principal interest to him are the Paederinae, Staphylininae, Steninae, and Osoriinae. Madagascar is his region of particular focus, but he is also involved with study of taxa of France and other parts of the Palaearctic region. He teaches chemistry at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris and works part time on his staphylinid investigations. Many of his publications have dealt with the Paederinae of Madagascar; eventually he wrote a series of three major articles on the Paederinae of Madagascar. He has published on the Staphylininae and Paederinae of the Mascarene Islands, and the Staphylinidae of the Comoro Islands. More recently he described species of the Osoriinae, and Philonthus. He plans to continue his studies of the Staphylinidae of Madagascar. As of this writing he has described 240 species and 6 genera.

[91]

Louis Levasseur

Levasseur, Louis. Levasseur was born on May 25, 1919. He died on May 31, 1981, in Paris, France.

Levasseur was from his early years interested in natural sciences, but chose a career in municipal administration in various parts of Paris. At the same time he studied beetles, concentrating on the family Staphylinidae, and managed to build a substantial Palaearctic collection. After 1960, he regularly received staphylinid specimens from tropical Africa; therefore he devoted all his time to the study of this material and eventually became an expert on this area. His work was interrupted by serious illness for almost 10 years, and then in 1981 forever.

Levasseur published 20 papers on Staphylinidae, in which he described 175 species and 22 genera. His collection is deposited in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. [A.S.]

Sources: • Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 18 (1982): 428–431 [by C. Girard and J. F. Menier, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 81 (1985): 111 [by W. Lucht].

[92]

Li-Zhen Li

Li, Li-Zhen. Li, of China, born on October 26, 1956, began studying staphylinids because the family is large and poorly known, and there are so many undescribed species. He is primarily interested in the Tachyporinae and other small subfamilies, particularly those of the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. He hopes to study the Staphylinidae of China in detail, and author or coauthor articles on the staphylinid fauna of the country. Among his publications are a revision of the Japanese species of Tachinus along with articles on some species of Ischnosoma, Lordithon, Bolitobius, Bryophacis, and Carphacis from Japan, and Tachinus from the Himalaya. He has described 31 species.

[93]

Carl Linné (Linnaeus)

Linné (Linnaeus), Carl. Linné was born in Raashult (province of Smaaland), Sweden, on May 23, 1707. He died on January 10, 1778, in Hammarby near Uppsala, Sweden.

There is a tremendous amount of literature describing, discussing, and evaluating Linné's life, his publications, and his importance to the development of natural sciences. There is no need to go into all these details here; a copious listing of references may be found in Evenhuis (1997: 471–473).

The Latinized form Linnaeus is often used in the literature. However, his true and correct name, Carl Linné, should be used. It was customary to Latinize the names of the authors of scientific papers at those times, but that does not mean that the name has to be used in the Latinized form. We do not do it for other authors, e.g., for Nordmann, who used the name “Nordmannus” when publishing his Symbolae ad monographiam Staphylinorum in 1837.

Linné obtained his basic education in Växiö, and in 1727 he went to the University in Lund, where he found a great resource for learning in the library of Professor Kilian Stobaeus. Soon he moved to the university in Uppsala and, under the protection of two famous scientists, Olof Rudbeck and Aulus Celsius, began to publish his revolutionary botanical papers that made him famous. He lived in Rudbeck's house, and worked as a teacher of Rudbeck's sons. Not yet having his degree and being half teacher and half student, he decided to go to a foreign university. In 1735 he left for Holland, heading for the small town of Hardewijk (Gelderland) and its university favored by medical students. He passed the examinations on the day of his arrival, and on June 24 of the same year, he received the degree Doctor Medicinae, after he defended his thesis “De hypothesis nova de febrium intermittentium causa”. After that, Linné decided to stay in Holland for some time and entered the university in Leyden where he again found the protection of two influential scientists, J. F. Gronovius and I. Lowson. In addition, he became a private doctor to G. Clifford, who owned a botanical and zoological garden between Leyden and Haarlem. Here Linné published (in 1735) a small manuscript in Hortus Cliffortianus that presented a new system of classification that was destined to cause a revolution in biological sciences–-the Systema Naturae.

By the end of 1737, Linné decided to return to Sweden via Paris, where he met numerous naturalists, such as Réamur and others. He arrived in Sweden in 1738, and decided to work as a practicing doctor in Stockholm, since he could not get a teaching job at any university. He soon became known as a specialist and finally started to have a good income, which enabled him to marry (in 1739) Sarah Elisabeth Moraeus, who had patiently waited for him while he was abroad. In the same year Linné founded the Svenska Vetenskap Akademien and was its first president. When Rudbeck died in 1740, Linné applied for the vacant chair of botany and anatomy at the University of Uppsala. His rival Nils Rosen won; therefore Linné applied and won the chair of practical medicine that became vacant due to the retirement of Roberg. Eventually the two swapped chairs with the approval of the authorities of the University of Uppsala. This finally gave Linné the opportunity to fully apply and develop his abilities as a scientist and a teacher. Thanks to his fame, he was able to assemble a group of bright students who traveled to many distant areas of the world, bringing back collections of plants and animals to enrich subsequent editions of Systema Naturae.

Linné made the University of Uppsala the most famous center of natural history in Europe at that time. However, he was getting older and was troubled by several health problems. Therefore, his son, C. Linné Jr. (born on January 20, 1741), substituted for him in the botany chair and three years later he permanently replaced his father. After Linné's death, Linné Jr. decided to sell his father's collections. Several offers were made, including one by the Empress Catherina of Russia, who was willing to purchase the collections for an unlimited price. Despite this offer, the collections went to a rich British gentleman, James Edward Smith, for 900 guineas (Linné Jr.'s herbarium was excluded). After Smith's death, the collections were purchased by the Linnean Society of London.

Linné became the father of biological systematics and nomenclature. His contribution to staphylinidology was the erection of the genus Staphylinus with 19 species in 1758. It was this generic name on which the family name was based. The genus was split into several genera by Fabricius and others. [A.S.]

Sources (selected): • Mémoirs de la Société des sciences de l'Agriciculture et des Arts de Lille 1 (1831): LXI, 1–37 [by A.L.A. Fée, with bibliography, portrait]. • Eminent Naturalists (1886): 1–33 [by T. Greenwood, with portrait]. • Linnaeus, Story of His Life (1923) [by B. D. Jackson, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 735–740 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Biology (1935): 203–218 [by E. Nordenskiöld]. • Linnaeus (1957) [by A. H. Uggla]. • Compleat Naturalist (1971), 256 pp. [by W. Blunt]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology (1971): 1–13 [by N. Papavero]. • Litteratura Taxonomica Dipterorum 1758–1930 (1997): 471–483 [by N. L. Evenhuis, with partial bibliography, portrait].

[94]

Ivan Löbl

Löbl, Ivan. Löbl, of Switzerland, was born in Czechoslovakia on May 20, 1937. He collected beetles and butterflies from age 12 and became interested in staphylinids through the influence of his friend, Aleš Smetana. His attention is now centered on the Scaphidiinae and Dasycerinae of the world and the Pselaphinae of Eurasia. He has published 173 articles, most of them on the Staphylinidae, including over 100 on the Scaphidiinae. He has published on many genera of scaphidiines and has revised or written major articles on the species of Nepalese Himalaya, Thailand, Northeastern India and Bhutan, northwestern India and Pakistan, China, New Guinea, and Australia, and on the genera Scaphisoma and Caryoscapha among many other scaphi-diine genera. He revised the Dasycerinae of the world and wrote a much-needed catalog of the Scaphidiinae. He plans to publish a phylogeny of the genera of the Scaphisomatiini, and revise the genera Baeocera and Scaphidium. As a result of his many collecting trips and his contacts with other collectors, he has built a large and important collection of Staphylinoidea at the Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Geneva. He has described more than 850 species and 23 genera, of which 639 species and 13 genera are scaphidiines and 166 species and 9 genera are pselaphines; the remainder are in other groups of the family.

[95]

Gustav Adolf Lohse

Lohse, Gustav Adolf. Lohse was born in Hamburg-Uhlenhorst, Germany, on December 27, 1910, as the son of Elfriede and Gustav Lohse, a Hamburg art dealer. He died on April 30, 1994, in Hamburg.

Lohse was a dentist by profession. He developed a keen interest in beetles early in his life and coleopterology ultimately became an essential part of his life. After publishing short faunistic notes starting in 1938 mostly in Hamburg's journal Bom-bus, he developed into an accomplished taxonomist and published dozens of important papers on many beetle groups. He became a widely recognized, outstanding expert on all central European beetle groups and the driving force behind the series Die Käfer Mitteleuropas, a modern replacement of the famous Fauna Germanica by Reitter. Without him, the series would never have been successfully concluded. In 1977 he was awarded the degree doctor honoris causa by the University of Hamburg for his outstanding accomplishments in the field of systematic entomology, and in 1980 the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft honored him, for the same reasons, with the precious Fabricius-Medal. From 1954 until 1991, Lohse was editor of the coleopterological journal Entomologische Blätter, published in Krefeld, Germany.

Lohse's enormous contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae is in general threefold. 1) His numerous papers on central European staphylinids, particularly on Aleocharinae, together with his personal influence, helped to build a distinctive central European group of staphylinidologists that exists today. 2) His papers on world species of Lesteva provided a solid base for further study of this difficult genus of Omaliinae. 3) In the latter part of his career, after several working trips to Ottawa, Canada, he published several important papers dealing with North American Aleocharinae, particularly those of arctic and Holarctic distributions.

Lohse published 282 coleopterological papers and notes, and in Staphylinidae he described 119 species, 6 subspecies and 5 genera. Lohse's collection of Staphylinidae (including all types) is housed in the Muséum d'histoire naturelle, in Geneva, Switzerland. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte 38 (1994): 213–214 [by B. Klausnitzer, with portraits]. • Mitteilungen des Internationalen entomologischen Vereines E. V. Frankfurt a.M. 19 (1994): 214 [by B. Klausnitzer]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 90 (1994): 153–166 [by F. Kohler]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 90 (1994): 129–152 [by M. Uhlig and L. Zerche, with bibliography by U. Lohse and L. Zerche]. • Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg 11 (1995): 149–150 [by R. Abraham]. • Bulletin et Annales de la Société royale Belge d'entomologie 130 (1995): 310 [by H. Bruge]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 65 (1995): 237–250 [by G. Vukovits]. • Wiadomosci Entomolo-giczne 15 (1997): 117–118 [by A. Mazur].

[96]

Emanuel Lokay, Jr.

Lokay, Emanuel, Jr. Lokay was born in 1853. He died on October 6, 1928, in Prague, Czech Republic.

Lokay was the son of Emanuel Lokay, Sr., who was a technician and assistant to Professor J. E. Purkyně and an active coleopterist. It is not surprising that Lokay Jr. inherited an interest in beetles from his father and remained faithful to this interest his entire life. Lokay studied medicine and received his M.D. degree from the university in Prague, and served for a long time as a senior health officer of Prague. Although coleopterology was his hobby, he was soon recognized as one of the prominent coleopterists, notable for his talent as a collector and observer in the field. Staphylinidae and Pselaphidae were in the foreground of his interests, and in the early 1900s he belonged to the staphylinidological school that then existed in Bohemia (see more under Roubal).

Lokay published 18 papers on beetles; he described 17 species in Staphylinidae. His collection, including Staphylinidae, is housed in the Entomology Department, National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. [A.S.]

Sources: • Časopis Československé společnosti entomologické 25 (1928): 127–130 [by J. Obenberger, with bibliography, portrait]. • Zprávy Československé společnosti entomologické při ČSAV 22 (1986): 260–262 [by Z. Koleška]. [NOTE: In Gilbert (1977: 231) under the entry “Lokay, Emanuel” both Lokay Sr. and Jr. are mixed together. Only the obituary by Obenberger refers to Lokay Jr.]

Gottfried Luze

Luze, Gottfried. No biographical data on Luze, except for the year of his birth (1857), seem to be available.

Luze apparently lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria. He started to publish papers on Staphylinidae in 1900, the first one being a revision of the European and Siberian species of the genus Tachinus. Similar monographic, as well as numerous smaller papers, on various groups and genera followed in a rapid succession, e.g., Tachyporus (1901), on Bolitobiini (1901), Omaliinae, e.g., Anthophagus and Hygrogeus (1902), Geodromicus and Lesteva (1903), Olophrum (1905), and several other genera (1906). Almost all his papers were published in the Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien; their appearance abruptly ended in 1911, when his last paper with the description of Philonthus (Rabigus) auropilosus was published. His only non-staphylinid paper dealt with the immature stages of Cantharis abdominalis and was published in the Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift (1902).

In some of his papers, Luze thanked many of the contemporary Viennese and Austrian coleopterists, including Bernhauer (“meinem lieben Freunde Dr. Bernhauer”), so it seems unusual that not even a short note about Luze's death appeared.

Luze published a total of 34 papers, in which he described 169 species and 10 genera in Staphylinidae. His collection went via Moczarski-Breit-Winkler to Scheerpeltz and was incorporated in his collection. [A.S.]

[97]

Félix Lynch Arribálzaga

Arribálzaga, Félix Lynch. Lynch Arribálzaga was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on April 3, 1854. He died there, by suicide, on April 10, 1894.

Lynch Arribálzaga, together with his brother Enrique, received his elementary education from his parents at his father's estate in Baradero, Province of Buenos Aires. Further education was provided by a German teacher, L. Rasp. Later, he entered an English School in Buenos Aires and the Colégio Nacional. After his father's death in 1872, he worked in a bank while taking lessons in mathematics and in drawing. Eventually he entered the University and took engineering courses. The civil war in 1874 forced him to emigrate temporarily to Paraguay. He had already started to study the entomological writings of Latreille, Lacordaire, Blanchard, and others, and, together with his brother Enrique, started to study entomology and to build an insect collection. He met two outstanding naturalists, E. L. Holmberg and H. Burmeister, who helped him by giving him access to the collections and the library of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural in Buenos Aires. He also had excellent relations with the director of the La Plata Museum, F. P. Moreno, as well as with C. Bruch. Lynch Arribálzaga married in 1877 and moved back to Baradero to run his mother's estate. Later he established his own farm, and in his spare time he continued his entomological work. During the political crisis in 1889–1890 he sold his properties and, disappointed, he traveled through Argentina until 1894. Before his death, he gave his library and entomological collections to the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural in Buenos Aires.

Lynch Arribálzaga was primarily a dipterist, but his interest in Staphylinidae is documented by his monographic treatment in Los Estafilinidos de Buenos Aires, published in 1884. Of the 58 genera and 118 species included, 71 species and 11 genera were new. The monograph triggered critical comments by Fauvel (Revue d'Entomologie 6 [1887]: 230–234; Revue d'Ento-mologie 7 [1888]: 24–25) and Kraatz (Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 29 [1885]: 149–151). [A.S.]

Sources: • Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 37 (1894): 161–163 [by E. L. Holmberg]. • Entomological News 6 (1895): 32 [anonymous]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1907: 231 [by W. Horn]. • Entomologisches Wochenblatt 24 (1907): 60 [by C. Schaufuss]. • Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 2 (1928): 5–12 [by E. E. Dallas, with bibliography, portrait]. • Revista chilena de historia natural 32 (1928): 409–412 [by C. E. Porter, with portrait]. • Revista Argentina de Entomologia 1 (1936): 54 [by E. Gemignani]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 678 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 2 (1975): 335–337 [by N. Papavero].

[98]

Václav Machulka

Machulka, Václav. Machulka was born in Prague, Czech Republic, on October 30, 1889, and died there on June 20, 1949.

Machulka obtained his degree in chemistry at the Technology University in Prague. He worked at various institutes of the Department of Health in Prague, and for some time (1923–1934) also at an agricultural research institute in Košice in eastern Slovakia.

Machulka was an eminent Czech amateur coleopterologist, respected by the coleopterological community in Prague. He was an exceptionally good collector, famous for his targeted usage of the sifter in collecting terricolous beetles. His main interests were the families Staphylinidae, Pselaphidae, and Scydmaenidae. Most of his publications dealt with the latter two families, but he also made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the Staphylinidae, particularly to the subfamily Aleocharinae of central Europe. During the Second World War, when traveling even within the country was difficult, he concentrated, as did many others, on collecting within Prague. This effort brought many surprising records, including the discovery of two new genera and species of aleocharines, Bohemiellina paradoxa and Pragensiella magnifica, described in 1941 from within the city limits. Both genera are still valid. Machulka was also interested in the genus Stenus; his last paper, published in the year of his death, dealt with a new species of the subgenus Hypostenus from Bohemia.

Machulka published about 40 papers, almost all on the taxonomy and faunistics of the three families mentioned above. He described eight species and two genera in Staphylinidae. His collection, including the types, is housed in the Entomological Department of the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. [A.S.]

Sources: • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 46 (1949): 183 [anonymous]. • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 47 (1950): 3–6 [anonymous, with incomplete bibliography, portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 46 (1950): 159–160 [by K. Všetečka, not “Vlestecka” as printed, and repeated by Gaedike (Beitr. Ent. 35, 1985: 392)]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 50 (1955): 237 [by G. Schmidt].

[99]

William John Macleay

Macleay, William John. Macleay was born in Wick, Caithness-shire, Scotland, on June 21 (not July 21) 1820. He died on December 7, 1891 in Sydney, Australia. In later life he did not use the name John.

William Sharp Macleay

Macleay arrived at Sydney, Australia, with his cousin William Sharp Macleay, in 1839 when he was only 19 years old. He was first involved in sheep farming. Gradually he rose to distinction by occupying himself with the promotion of public works, and eventually served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales until 1874. He founded the Entomological Society of New South Wales (he was the first president of it), as well as the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Most of his entomological papers were published in the journals of these two societies. In 1874 he organized, at his own expense, a scientific expedition to New Guinea. For his merits, particularly the patronage of science in Australia, he was knighted in 1889.

Macleay contributed significantly to the knowledge of the Australian Staphylinidae. He described 60 species and 2 genera, all in one paper dealing with insects from Gayndah, published in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales in 1873.

The older cousin of Macleay, William Sharp Macleay (1792–1865) also described a few taxa in Staphylinidae; he is the author of the subfamilies Omaliinae and Steninae, published in 1825 in his Annulosa Javanica. [A.S.]

Sources: • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1891): LI [by F. D. Godman]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 6 (1891): 707–716 [by W. A. Haswell]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 28 (1892): 26 [anonymous]. • Leopoldina 28 (1892): 52 [anonymous]. • Zoologischer Anzeiger 15 (1892): 72 [anonymous]. • Jahrbuch für Naturwissenschaften 7 (1892): 537 [by M. Wildermann]. • Journal of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Macleay Memorial Volume) (1893): XII–LI [by J. J. Fletcher]. • Australian Zoologist 6 (1930): 199 [by A. Musgrave]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 212–213 [by A. Musgrave, with bibliography]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 67 (1942): IX–XV [by A. Walkom]. • Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 69 (1949): 71 [anonymous]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 83 (1958): 197–202 [by A. A. Abbie]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968): 22–23 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 34 (1984): 180 [by R. Gaedike and O. Smetana]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 113 (1992): 3–14 [by D. S. Horning].

[100]

Friedrich Wilhelm Mäklin

Mäklin, Friedrich Wilhelm. Mäklin was born in Joutseno parish (SE Finland, at the southern shore of the Lake Saimaa, near the Russian border) on May 26, 1821. He died on January 8, 1883 in Helsinki, Finland.

Mäklin studied zoology at the university in Turku with C. R. Sahlberg. He became filosofie kandidat in 1849, filosofie licen-tiat in 1853, and docent of zoology in 1855, at a time when Nordmann was still Professor. In 1859 he was named an assistant (“extraordinary”) professor and after Nordmann's death in 1866, Mäklin in 1867 competed with Malmgren for his position. He won and replaced Nordmann, although both the officials and students preferred Malmgren. Mäklin was apparently a pedantic, difficult person, as demonstrated by his continuous conflicts and sometimes vicious attacks on J. R. Sahlberg (see there). He was also an outspoken opponent of Darwin's theories.

Mäklin did not publish extensively. From his early years he was interested in the northern beetle fauna, and Staphylinidae was his favorite family. In his first paper, published in 1845, he described three new species of Staphylinidae. The following year he published a fairly extensive paper on myrmecophilous beetles of Finland, with the Staphylinidae dominating. His treatment of the genus Mycetoporus of Finland appeared in 1847. His dissertation dealing with the vikarierande former of the northern beetles was published in Helsinki in 1855; it was translated into German by Osten-Sacken and published in the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung in 1857; Kraatz (see below) criticized some aspects of it.

Mäklin's most important contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae came out of his collaboration with Mannerheim on the beetles collected by the Russian naturalists in the Russian possessions in North America around the middle of the nineteenth century. Mäklin worked up the Staphylinidae and his contribution constituted the first steps towards the knowledge of the rove beetles of western North America. Mäklin described 97 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 14 (1883): 1–16 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Nachrichten, Dresden 9 (1883): 56 [anonymous]. • Psyche 4 (1883): 39 [anonymous]. • Leopoldina 19 (1883): 55 [anonymous]. • Zoologischer Anzeiger 6 (1883): 80 [anonymous]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 2 (1883): 48 [by E. Bergroth]. • Revue d'Entomologie, Caen (1883): 48 [by A. Fauvel]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 27 (1883): 396–397 [by G. Kraatz]. • American Naturalist 17 (1883): 424 [by C. V. Riley]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 4 (1883): 6–8, 51–52 [by O. T. Sandahl, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 780–781 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968): 26 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only].

[101]

William M. Mann

Mann, William M. Mann was born in Helena, Montana, USA, on July 1, 1886. He died on October 10, 1960, in Washington, D.C., USA.

Mann attended Staunton Military Academy in Virginia and later studied entomology at Washington State College and Stanford University, where he received his B.Sc. in 1911. Afterwards he studied at Harvard University, Cambridge, where he received his Ph.D. in 1915. From 1917 to 1925 he served as an ant specialist in the U.S. Bureau of Entomology, and in 1925 he became the director of the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C.

Mann became involved with the Staphylinidae through his work on ants and termites, and described myrmecophilous and termitophilous members of the family in articles published mostly in the 1920s. Mann's collection of ants and associated insects is kept at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, and the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Mann described 46 species and 16 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Psyche 66 (1959): 55–59 [by E. O. Wilson, with bibliography, portrait]. • Studia Entomologica 4 (1961): 547–549 [by W. W. Kempf]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 63 (1961): 69–73 [by T. E. Snyder, with bibliography, portrait]. • American Entomologists (1971): 377–378 [by A. Mallis, with portrait].

[102]

Carl Gustav von Mannerheim

Mannerheim, Carl Gustav von. Mannerheim was born on the estate Willnas near Lemo, county Åbo, Finland, on August 10, 1797. He died on October 9, 1854 in Stockholm, Sweden. Motschulsky (see below) indirectly gave 1800 as the birth year of Mannerheim and Horn and Schenkling the year 1804. However, these dates are incorrect (see Saalas; Gaedike and O. Smetana below)

Mannerheim came from one of the most distinguished families in Finland. He was trained to enter government administration and pursued that career. He was first a clerk and later a secretary of the Chancellor in St. Petersburg. He then became the Governor of Läne Vaasa and Viipuri regions of Finland, but he was not the Governor of Finland, as is often stated (e.g., Essig, 1931, see below). The Governor of Finland was Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1867–1951); Mannerheim was his grandfather. Mannerheim eventually became the president of the Imperial Hofgericht in Wiborg (now Vyborg in Russia). He received several distinguished honors; he was also a member of many learned scientific societies.

Despite his political career, Mannerheim was from his youth very interested in natural sciences, particularly in entomology. He was quite successful in this field and eventually became one of the most celebrated entomologists of his time. He studied at the University in Turku, Finland, under C. R. Sahlberg, and was a regular participant in Salhberg's entomology lectures and his field excursions with students (see under C. R. Sahlberg).

Later, Mannerheim accompanied Sahlberg on an extended trip to Sweden, where they met many Swedish entomologists, such as Boheman, Fallén, Zetterstedt, Gyllenhal, and others. The two became good friends and exchanged many letters over the years, discussing both professional and personal matters.

Mannerheim was a prolific writer and he published some 50 papers, almost all of them on Coleoptera. He published the results of the study of the beetle specimens collected by Russian naturalists in the Russian possessions in North America around the middle of nineteenth century (see also under Mäklin). Before Mäklin took over the Staphylinidae, it was Mannerheim who described the first species of the family from the Pacific coastal areas of North America (1843, 1846). In 1830, fairly early in his career, Mannerheim published an important paper “Précis d'un Nouvel Arrangement de la Famille des Brachélytres, de l'Ordre des Insectes Coléoptères”. He divided the family into six sections called “Tribus”, and described many new genera and species, most of them still valid today. Mannerheim's system was viewed favorably by Erichson in his Genera et Species Staphylinorum (1839). Mannerheim described 130 species and 21 genera in the Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Taxidermy, with Biography of Zoologists (1840) [by E. Swainson]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1854): 54 [by E. Newman]. • Etudes Entomologiques 4 (1855): 5–7 [by V. I. Motschulsky]. • Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, Supplementum (1855): 1–24 [by A. Nordmann]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologists et leurs écrits) 24 (1887): 170–173 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 (1914): 98–99 [by R. P. Dow]. • Finska Tidsskrift 87 (1919): 76–100 [by J. R. Sahlberg]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 786–788 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 698–700 [by E. O. Essig]. • Annales Entomologici Fennici 20 (1954): 53–59 [by U. Saalas, with portrait]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 34 (1984): 181 [by W. Gaedike and O. Smetana].

Marsham, Thomas. The place and date of birth of Marsham is not known. He died on November 26, 1819, in London, England.

Marsham was one of the seven founding members present at the inaugural meeting of the Linnean Society on February 26, 1788. He served as the first secretary (1788–1798), and as a treasurer (1798–1816) of the Society.

Marsham published only 10 entomological papers, 9 of them published in the Transactions of the Linnean Society. The tenth work, Coleoptera Britannica [also Entomologia Britannica], treating British Coleoptera and published in 1802, became important and is still frequently consulted for taxonomic and nomenclatorial purposes.

Marsham's collection was one of the most important collections in London at that time. It was sold by auction in September 1819, about two months before his death, but some representative specimens went via J. F. Stephens to the British Museum (Natural History), London. The collection was offered in 115 lots. The cabinet of British insects, described in the Coleoptera Britannica, was offered separately as one lot. The microscope and sundries were also offered. Marsham described 40 species in Staphylinidae, most of which are synonyms today. [A.S.]

Sources: • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 45 (1921): 570, 571, 574, 575 [by J. J. Fletcher]. • Proceedings of the British Natural History Society 8 (1976): 92–93 [by C. Mackechnie-Jarvis].

[103]

Munetoshi Maruyama

Maruyama, Munetoshi. Maruyama, of Japan, was born on April 30, 1974. His interest in beetles began in early childhood; he focused on the taxonomy of staphylinids as an undergraduate at the suggestion of Shun-Ichiro Naomi. Much of his work and interest is directed towards the Palaearctic and Oriental Aleocharinae, particularly the Aleocharini, Lomechusini, and Myllaenini, and the evolution of myrmecophilous aleocharines. Presently he is studying the Japanese species of the Lomechusini and the myrmecophilous species of other tribes. He has published revisions of Aspidobactrus and the Japanese species of Tetrabothrus, both aleocharine genera, and several shorter articles including a coauthored description of a new species of Scaphidium. He has authored or coauthored five species.

[104]

Matsumura, Shonen

Matsumura, Shonen. Matsumura was born on March 5, 1872, and died on November 7, 1960, at the age of 88. He was the first man from Japan to describe species of Staphylinidae and is considered the father of Japanese entomology. He was interested in insects as a boy and was trained in entomology at Sapporo Agriculture College (now the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hokkaido University). Following his graduate course he was appointed Assistant Professor in the college in 1896. In 1898 he published Nippon Konchugaku (Entomology of Japan) and in 1899 was ordered by the government to Germany to advance his knowledge of entomology. In Europe he studied with H. J. Kolbe in Germany and G. Horváth of Hungary. After his return to Japan in 1902 he was appointed Professor. Much of his work was on Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, but he published on most orders of insects. He was an energetic and eager entomologist who published more than 240 articles and 35 books in the field, but who also published many articles pertaining to religion, nations, physical culture, and so on. He published his monumental, illustrated, 12 volume, Thousand Insects of Japan between 1904 and 1921. He also accumulated the largest collection of insects ever made in Japan; the collection was deposited at the Entomological Institute of the Hokkaido University. He traveled to England, Germany, Hungary, Italy, USA, Canada, USSR, China, and Indonesia for his entomological studies and research or to attend conferences. Throughout his life he was much interested in sports, particularly track and baseball, in fishing and billiards, and was a master of the bamboo flute. He named four species of staphylinids.

Sources: • Insecta Matsumurana 24 (1961): 1–3 [by T. Uchida and C. Watanabe]. • Kontyû, supplement 25 (1967): 79–80 [by H. Hasegawa]. • Memorias S. Matsumura (1968?) 385 pp. [anonymous, with bibliography, portrait].

[105]

Ian Moore

Moore, Ian. Moore was born in 1914 in San Francisco, California, USA, and died on August 9, 1983, in Fontana, California.

Moore published his first papers in 1954 and his last, in 1985, in coauthorship with Andrews (on seashore and intertidal beetles). Most of Moore's work dealt with the North American fauna. He concentrated on Staphylinidae, particularly those species inhabiting sea beaches and intertidal zones (his studies also included beetles of other families occurring in these habitats). Moore's articles covered many groups of Staphylinidae and many of them were reviews of certain groups or genera. In the latter part of his career, starting in the early 1970s, he was associated with the Division of Biological Control of the University of California, Riverside. From then on, about half his papers were published jointly, usually with E. F. Legner (as junior author), and occasionally with others (e.g., R. E. Orth). Some major publications come from that time, such as Bibliography (1758 to 1972) to the Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico (1974), Keys to the Genera of Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico . . . (1974), A Catalogue of the Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico (1975), and An Illustrated Guide to the Genera of the Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico (1979).

Moore described 33 species and 9 genera in the Staphylinidae. His collection is deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. [A.S.]

[106]

Viktor Ivanovich Motschulsky

Motschulsky, Viktor Ivanovich. Motschulsky was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, on April 11, 1810. He died on June 5, 1871, in Simferopol, Russia.

Motschulsky was an extraordinary, enigmatic man: adventurous, daring, strong-minded and dedicated. He frequently ignored conventional approaches. For example, his oft used method of mounting beetles by sprinkling them from small pill boxes onto a piece of paper covered with gum arabic, and after the glue dried, cutting the small pieces of paper with scissors, or driving thick pins obliquely through larger beetles was apparently his trademark and endlessly irritated his colleagues and exchange partners. Also the casual, in many respects, superficial way he presented his findings, including the descriptions of genera and species, was disagreeable to many of his colleagues in western Europe, particularly the contemporary German authors. It is therefore not surprising that Motschulsky was constantly clashing with Kraatz, who was similarly strong-minded and dedicated, but who was precise and organized. His problems with Kraatz were aggravated by the conflict concerning the Staphylinidae collected by Nietner in Ceylon, and forwarded by Nietner to Kraatz. Motschulsky's arrogance, his possessiveness of specimens that went through his hands, his rough treatment of the specimens, and his drive to describe new genera and species at any cost certainly did not help in his dealings with his colleagues. The two great Russian entomologists of that time, Fischer von Waldheim and Mannerheim, stood at Motschulsky's side; however after they died, Motschulsky ended up almost without sympathizers. Motschulsky's personality and behavior were without doubt a reflection of a creative mind that could not be bothered with convention and minute details. Also some of his scientific ideas, although not necessarily correct, such as his proposal of a new classification system of Coleoptera based on their way of life, also showed a touch of genius. At any rate, Motschulsky's name was one of the best known in entomological circles of that time. More recently, Motschulsky's greatness and enormous contribution to the knowledge of beetles is surfacing after a reassessment of his publications based on the study of his types, or what remains of some of them.

Motschulsky trained as a youth for military service, but at the same time he was intensely interested in collecting insects, particularly beetles. During the early 1830s he served as a lieutenant in the Caucasian region, and from there he made extensive trips that included Asia Minor, Armenia, and Kazakhstan. He was wounded by a cannon projectile during the Polish uprising, resulting in the significant loss of hearing. Apparently because of this, he was transferred to general staff and entrusted with communication services.

Motschulsky was a restless traveler. In 1836 he traveled through Europe, in 1839–1840 across Siberia, in 1847 he was again in the steppes of Kazakhstan. In 1849 he moved to St. Petersburg, and from there he undertook a long trip that led him again through Europe and south across the Mediterranean Sea to Egypt. From there he returned to Europe, visited Paris and London, and then Vienna, Prague, and Berlin before he returned to St. Petersburg. Next he traveled in 1853 to North America for the New York World Exhibition, supported by the Economical Society in St. Petersburg. He managed to get all the way south into Panama. In 1855, after his retirement (1852), he undertook his last major trip through Europe, passing through Berlin and Basel en route to Trieste, and through Warszawa on his way back to St. Petersburg. During all these trips, in addition to meeting fellow entomologists and studying collections, he relentlessly collected insects, particularly beetles. There were rumors that Motschulsky was involved in intelligence service, and that most of his extended trips were government financed. These rumors were never confirmed, but Horn (see below) presented a rather convincing case in support of that view. In 1862, after some personal and professional difficulties in St. Petersburg, as well as in Dresden where he tried to settle down with his daughter, Motschulsky moved to Simferopol in Krim (southern Russia). He died there some nine years later. He bequeathed his main collection to the Société Imperiale des naturalistes de Moscou (today it is at the Zoological Museum, Moscow University, Moscow) and most of his spare collection, as well as part of his library, to St. Petersburg.

Motschulsky was a prolific writer. The list of his publications contains almost 90 items; however, some (e.g., his Etudes Entomologiques, are multiple listings; therefore his total output was actually much greater. He described a large number of genera and species, mostly of Coleoptera, from all parts of the vast Russian Empire, including the Caucasus, Far East, and Central Asia, and from North America, particularly California. In 1869–1870, he published a list of Genres et espèces d'insectes, publiés dans different ouvrages par Victor Motschoulsky (as a supplement to Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, Vol. VI). The list contains, in addition to 88 pages of names in Coleoptera, also names in “Dermatoptères, Orthoptères, Neu-roptères, Hyménoptères, Hémiptères, Homoptères, Lépidop-tères, Diptères, Aptères, Myriapodes, Larves et Chenilles, Insectes contenus dans le succin, and even Arachnides”. The Staphylinidae are represented by 394 species and 44 genera. [A.S.]

Sources: • Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 6 (1869–1870): 1–118 [by V. I. Motschulsky, bibliography only (NOTE: This publication is often incorrectly attributed to Solsky [e.g., Carpenter, 1945; Gilbert, 1877; Gaedike and O. Smetana, 1984: 192]. At the end of the publication [p. 118], there is a footnote: “Nota. Nous avons jugé indispensable d'ajouter cette table, pour faciliter l'usage du catalogue. L'orthographe des noms est partout conservée telle, que nous l'avons trouvée dans le manu-scropt qui nous fut envoyé par son auteur M. Motschoulsky. . . . Le catalogue embrasse les ouvrages de son auteur jusqu'à 1867 inclusivement.” From this note it is clear that Motschulsky is the author of the publication. The “Redaction” only added the “Table alphabétique des genres” [pp. 105–118]. Solsky was at that time the editor of Horae . . . , thus the attribution of the paper to him by some biographers and bibliographers.)]. • Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 9 (1871): XVIII [anonymous]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1871): LII [by A. R. Wallace]. • Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 33 (1872): 73 [by C. A. Dohrn]. • Entomologist 6 (1872): 56 [by E. Newman]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologists and leurs écrits) 24 (1887): 164–170 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Insektenbörse 22 (1905): 4, 14 [by A. Becker]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 (1914): 99–101 [by R. Dow]. • Entomologische Mitteilungen 16 (1927): 1–9, 93–98 [by W. Horn]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 841–845 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 712–715 [by E. O. Essig, with portrait]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 231 [by A. Musgrave].

[107]

Josef (Giuseppe) Müller

Müller, Josef (Giuseppe). Müller was born in Zara, Dalmatia (now Croatia), on April 24, 1880. He died on September 21, 1964, in Trieste, Italy.

Müller obtained his basic education at the gymnasium in Zara. After graduation he moved to Graz, Austria, studied philosophy at the Graz University, and obtained his degree in 1902. At about that time he met Ganglbauer, who profoundly influenced Müller's entomological future. After graduation from the University, Müller went to Trieste, Italy, which already had several natural history establishments: a Natural History Museum, Società Adriatica di Scienze Natural, a botanical garden, and a small zoological station for marine biology in St. Andrea. Müller joined the Società Adriatica and soon established an entomological section of the society. The intention was to extend Ganglbauer's work Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa for the Gebieten des österreichischen Küstenlandes with the cooperation of coleopterists working in the area, who became members of this entomological section. One of the goals was a survey of the “Karst” areas around Trieste and on the Balkan Peninsula. The outbreak of the First World War brought work to a halt and Müller was drafted into military service. He first served at a small malaria station in Albania, but was soon transferred to Vienna to work in a bacteriology laboratory under Professor R. Doerr. He worked on the biology of Pediculus humanus (the importance of this species in the epidemiology of typhus had just been discovered) and on several microbiological assignments. After the war Müller returned to Trieste, became first the Konservator and later the director of the Triester Naturhistorisches Museum and the attached botanical garden. Under his direction the museum flourished, especially the entomological department, and so did Müller's scientific work. He published many encyclopedic works, such as Catalogo dei Coleotteri della Venezia Giulia, works on carabids, monograph of ants, etc., and a large number of smaller papers covering almost all families of beetles. In addition, he was actively working on the systematics of reptiles and became instrumental in rebuilding the station in St. Andrea into the famous Triester Aquarium that opened October 31, 1933. During the years 1930–1938 Müller led two expeditions to Ethiopia and the Red Sea that brought rich material to the Museum. In 1941 Müller retired as the director of the Museum, but for some time headed the Institute of Phy-topathology in Trieste. In 1953 he published the second volume of the well-known series I Coleotteri della Venezia Giulia, a large work of almost 700 pages dealing with phytophagous beetles (the first volume [Adephaga] was published in 1926).

Müller was one of the eminent European entomologists and naturalists of the era between the two world wars, a man with a remarkably developed “taxonomic sense”, allowing him to deal successfully with even the most difficult groups. His 243 publications deal mostly with beetles and many are classical treatments of particular groups. Müller's serious involvement with the Staphylinidae dates back to 1923, when he started to publish articles dealing with Staphylinus. This series of papers was published over 20 years (1923–1943); Müller soon became a recognized expert on the group. He was the first to extensively use the aedeagus for distinguishing the species and particularly subspecies. Müller described 61 species or subspecies and 5 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Koleopterologische Rundschau 33 (1955): 2–14 [by G. Pilleri, with bibliography]. • Il Piccolo, Trieste (1955) [by G. Pilleri]. • Il Piccolo, Trieste (1956) [by A. Pittoni]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 56 (1960): 73–74 [by C. Demelt, with portrait]. • Bollettino della Società entomologica italiana 94 (1964): 113 [by C. Demelt]. • Natura, Milano 55 (1964): 264–267 [by R. Mezzena, with portrait]. • Bioloski Glasnik, Anexes 18 (1965): 1–6 [by R. Radovanovic]. • Memorie della Società entomologica italiana 45 (1966): 135–148 [by F. Invrea, with bibliography, portrait]. • Atti della Accademia Nazionale italiana di entomologia Rendiconti 16 (1968): 21–39 [by F. Capra, with bibliography]. • Memorie della Società entomologica italiana 48 (1969): 967 [by C. Conti].

[108]

Otto Friedrich Müller

Müller, Otto Friedrich. Müller, the son of a court trumpet player, was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on March 11, 1730, and died there on December 26, 1784.

Müller studied theology, zoology, and botany. He also was an accomplished trumpet player, and he supported his studies with his musical talents. In 1773, he became financially independent by marriage and devoted his time exclusively to science.

Müller's publications cover various fields of natural history. Only his Fauna Insectorum Fridrichsdalina . . . (1764), and particularly his Zoologiae Danicae prodromus . . . (1776) are of importance for the taxonomy and nomenclature of Coleoptera. All members of Staphylinidae in these two publications were treated as Staphylinus. Some of his species are still valid today but quite a few others have not been synonymized and their status remains doubtful, especially since Müller's collection was apparently destroyed when the English fleet shelled the city of Copenhagen in 1801 (however, some doubt that Müller's private collection of insects ever existed). He named 21 species in the family. [A.S.]

Sources: Many biographies of Müller were published; only some are given here. Extensive listings may be found in Evenhuis (1997). • Entomologiske Meddelelser 15 (1922): 58–67 [by K. L. Henriksen, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 849–850 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography, only entomology]. • History of Biology (1935): 426–427 [by E. Nordenskiöld].

[109]

Etienne Mulsant

Mulsant, Etienne. Mulsant was born in Mornant, Département du Rhône, France, on March 2, 1797. He died on November 4, 1880, in Lyon, France.

Mulsant obtained his education at the colleges in Belley, Roanne, and Tournon. After graduation he first worked at a commercial establishment. At that time (1830) he published his first paper: “Lettres à Julie sur l'entomologie . . .”, which was a discussion of different groups of insects (interspersed with short pieces of his own poetry) in the form of letters written to the young lady who eventually became his wife. Later Mulsant went to Lyon to join his parents, and eventually became the curator of the library of the city of Lyon and the professor of natural history at the lycée in Lyon. He held these two posts his whole life, while at the same time proceeding tirelessly with his entomological studies. In addition to his entomological work, Mulsant also published on ornithology (including a paper on humming birds) and on general natural history. He was an honorary member of the Société entomologique de France, and a corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences.

Mulsant was one of the most eminent and prolific European coleopterists (although he also published on Heteroptera) of the nineteenth century. The list of his entomological publications contains almost 250 items, in addition to a long list of his contributions to the series Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France (some in coauthorship with Rey—see under Rey), Histoire naturelle des Punaises de France (in coauthorship with Rey), and eight volumes of Opuscules entomologiques.

Mulsant treated the Staphylinidae, in coauthorship with Rey, in nine volumes of the Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France between 1872 and 1878. Four additional volumes were published solely by Rey between 1880 and 1883 (see under Rey). The meticulously executed, detailed descriptions of all taxa in these treatments are well known to anybody seriously involved in the taxonomy of the family. The series became a standard reference for a long time.

Mulsant described in Staphylinidae 361 species (almost all in coauthorship with Rey, 1 in coauthorship with Godard, and 1 by himself) and 109 genera (in coauthorship with Rey). [A.S.]

Sources: There are many biographies and obituaries for Mulsant; only some are presented here. Extensive listings may be found in Gilbert (1977). • Annales de la Société entomologique de France (5) 10 (1880): 403–412 [by M. J. Félissis-Rollin]. • Annuaire Entomologique 9 (1881): 108–113 [anonymous]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 20 (1882): 20–39 [by S. A. Marseul, bibliography only]. • Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon 25 (1883): 259–309 [by A. Locard, with bibliography, portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 852–861) [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968): 157–160 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 67–70 [by J. Lhoste].

[110]

Thomas Georg Münster

Münster (also Munster), Thomas Georg. Münster was born in Kristiania, Norway, on March 1, 1855. He died on March 10, 1938, in Oslo, Norway.

Following the family tradition, Münster took his degree in mining geology at the university in Kristiania. He worked for some time in the metallurgical laboratory of the Kongelige Fred-eriks Universitet in Oslo, and later for the Norwegian geological survey, where he was responsible for the geological mapping of the country. At the same time he pursued a career with the Kongsberg Silver Mine, where he ended up as a mint-master. He left Kongsberg in 1906, when he was appointed the superintendent of mines of the Finmarken (1906) and Östand (1911) districts. He retired in 1918.

Münster was one of the early, widely respected, Norwegian entomologists who provided the groundwork for Norwegian coleopterology. In 1904, Münster was one of the founders of the Norsk Entomologisk Forening, and in 1920, as one of the initiators of the journal Norsk Entomologisk Tidskrift, he became the main editor of it. He became honorary member of the Norsk Entomologisk Forening, the Svensk Entomologisk Föreningen, and the Finnish Entomological Society in Helsinki.

Münster published 72 papers, mostly dealing with various beetle families of the northern fauna. Numerous papers included Staphylinidae, e.g., the Norwegian Quediini (1923), members of the genera Atheta (1923, 1932), Arpedium (1933), Olophrum (1935, 1936), etc. He described 16 taxa at the specific level and one taxon at the generic level in Staphylinidae. His large collection of beetles and library went in 1918 to the Universitets Zoologiska Museum in Oslo, and his spare collection (mainly Norwegian species) to the museum in Bergen. [A.S.]

Sources: • Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 3 (1935): 359 [anonymous, with portrait]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 43 (1938): 105 [anonymous]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 24 (1938): 121 [anonymous]. • Entomologiske Meddelelser 20 (1938): 188 [by V. Hansen, with portrait]. • Notulae Entomologicae 18 (1938): 70–72 [by W. Hellén, with portrait]. • Arbeiten über morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 5 (1938): 186 [by W. Horn]. • Annales Entomologici Fennici 4 (1938): 187 [by E. Kangas]. • Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 5 (1938): 49–53 [by R. Natvig, with bibliography, portrait]. • Entomologica Scandinavica 11 (1980): 41–43 [by A. Løken, with bibliography].

[111]

Shun-Ichiro Naomi

Naomi, Shun-Ichiro. Naomi, of Japan, was born on October 31, 1955. He dedicated himself to studying the family after he realized the group was unfamiliar to amateur entomologists because the species were so difficult to identify. He is interested in the Steninae, Megalopsidiinae, Piestinae, Osoriinae, Tachyporinae, and Trichophyinae of the eastern Palaearctic region. One of his major contributions is a series of 11 articles on the comparative morphology of the Staphylinoidea. He has published many articles on the Steninae of the eastern Palaearctic, particularly Japan. He has also published taxonomic articles on Anisolinus, Amichrotus, Phytolinus, Velleius, Ocypus, Siagonium, Trichophya, Thinobius, and Megalopinus, has revised the Xanthopygina and Leptochirini, and the genera Piestoneus, Nacaeus, Lispinus, Neolosus, and Sepedophilus of Japan, and has worked on the Osoriinae of Japan. One of his goals is to write checklists of the Steninae and Tachyporinae of Japan. He has described 176 nominal species and 5 genera.

[112]

José Luis Navarrete-Heredia

Navarrete-Heredia, José Luis. Navarrete-Heredia, of Mexico, was born on January 28, 1964. His interest in staphylinids was initiated by his work on beetles associated with mushrooms and his interactions with Campbell and Smetana during a visit to Ottawa in 1988. That interest was cemented a year later due to discussions with Newton and Thayer while visiting the Field Museum. He is pursuing studies of the taxonomy and ecology of the Oxyporinae, Scaphidiinae, Staphylininae, and Tachyporinae of the Neotropics, particularly Mexico. He has published a general discussion of the Staphylinidae of Mexico, articles on Sepedophilus, Styngetus, and Oxyporus, along with an article on the natural history of two species of Philonthus. He is working on a guide for identification of the staphylinid genera of Mexico and a revision of Glenus. He hopes to revise or review the Neotropical genera of the Philonthina and Xanthopygina and is interested in working with Philonthus and Belonuchus of the region. He has described two species.

[113]

Alfred Francis Newton

Newton, Alfred Francis. Newton, of the USA, was born on September 11, 1944. He collected beetles as a teenager and became interested in the family in graduate school because the group was large, diverse, and seemed challenging, the species were easily collected in a standardized fashion for surveys and ecological studies, and, at the time, there were few others working on them. He is interested in the entire family but particularly the Staphylinininae, Osoriinae, and various smaller subfamilies. Much of his work is focused on elucidating the higher classification and phylogenetic relationships within the Staphylinoidea. His published work includes annotated (coauthored) catalogs of the genera (with their type species) of the Pselaphinae and the Scydmaenidae, a catalog of the family-group names of the Staphylinioidea and the current classification, and the description of the single genus and all the species of a new subfamily (the Protopselaphinae). He has contributed to understanding of fungivory and to distributional patterns in the south temperate regions. He has published on genera in a number of subfamilies and has often included a general discussion of the classification or position of the genus in the subfamily or some other general phenomenon. One component of his work is the integration of adult and larval characters into the classification. His long-range goals include continuation of the refinement of the higher classification and understanding of the phylogeny of the Staphylinoidea, further work on the biogeography of the south temperate fauna, and completion of a various species-level studies. He is currently completing (with others) a guide to the staphylinid genera of Mexico, a revision of the New World Platydracus, and a review of the suprageneric classification of the Osoriinae. His skill as a collector and his collaboration with others has resulted in a collection of more than a million adult and larval Staphylinidae and he has built the world's largest larval collection of the family. He has described 1 species and 2 genera and coauthored 14 other species and 2 more genera.

[114]

Alexander Nordmann

Nordmann, Alexander. Nordmann was born in Rantasalmi (county Wiborg), Finland, on May 24, 1803, of a Germanized Finnish family. He died on June 25, 1866, in Helsingfors, Finland.

Nordmann studied at Åbo and from there he went to Berlin, where he became a student of Rudolphi. While in Berlin, he wrote his work Mikroskopische Beiträge in which he for the first time brought attention to parasitic Crustacea and Trema-toda. The work attracted attention and he was given a professorial chair in Odessa. While there, he explored the extinct and recent fauna of southern Russia and published the results in several important publications. In 1849 he was appointed professor to succeed R. F. Sahlberg at the University in Helsingfors, a post he held until his death. Nordmann was not very popular among his colleagues and students at the university, in part because he refused (supported only by Mäklin) to consider any work done on Finnish fauna and flora important. In his old age Nordmann became “an original character”, and none of his later work received the recognition of his early work.

Nordmann's contribution to the study of Staphylinidae comes through his early work “Symbolae ad Monographiam Staphylinorum”, published in 1837 in St. Petersburg. In this paper he described 89 new species and 17 new genera, and also presented an original division of the family. The paper is still frequently consulted for nomenclatorial and taxonomical purposes. [A.S.]

Sources: • Verhandlungen der Kaiserischen mineralogischen Gesellschaft, St. Petersburg 6 (1871): 73–80 [by J. F. Brandt]. • Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 9 (1871): 1–40 [by O. E. Hjelt, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 890–891 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • History of Biology (1935): 422–423 [by E. Nordenskjöld].

[115] Normand, Henri. Very few biographical data for Normand are available. The exact date and place of birth are unknown, as well as the exact date of death, but he likely died between June 24 and September 23, 1959 (judging from the reports of the “séances” in the Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France for the year 1959 (volume 64) that include reports of recent deaths of the members. He almost certainly died in Le Kef, Tunisia.

Normand spent almost his entire life in Le Kef, at least partially as a head of a hospital there. He was a life member of the Société entomologique de France since 1895, a Grand-officier de la Légion d'honneur, an Officier d'Académie, and a Chevalier du Mérite agricole.

Normand was an expert on the beetle fauna of North Africa, particularly that of Tunisia. He published many papers dealing with many beetle families. Many of them were parts of two series: Nouveaux Coléoptères de la Faune tunisienne and Contribution au catalogue des Coléoptères de la Tunisie. His last paper was published in 1955. He described 68 species in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 64 (1959): 141 [by M. A. Roudier]. • Collectiones entomologicae, Teil II, Berlin (1990): 284 [by G. Friese and R. Gaedike].

[116]

Howard Notman

Notman, Howard. Notman was born in Brooklyn, New York, USA, on April 20, 1881. He died on August 8, 1966, in Topanga, California, USA.

Notman was a man of varied talents whose interests included science, art, and music. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1903, but he was also an accomplished artist, having studied under Constantin Herzberg at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. His overriding interest, however, was entomology, in which field he was apparently self-taught. His aptitude in entomology was revealed at the age of 15, when in 1896, he captured a rare neuropteran insect, Neurinia pardalis, in the Adirondacks. Young Notman sent the specimen to the State Entomologist, along with a colored figure of his own making. This marked the first sighting of this insect in New York State.

Notman had a summer home in the Adirondacks, and much of his collecting was centered in the area around Keene Valley. The rugged surroundings of the Adirondacks also furnished the subject matter for many of his paintings. Notman specialized in beetles and butterflies and by the 1920s his collection contained an estimated 75,000 specimens. He apparently devoted most of his free time during the first three decades of the twentieth century to collecting beetles and publishing descriptions of newly discovered species. In the 1920s he served as the editor of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society (1920–1924), and acted as the corresponding secretary of the Brooklyn Entomological Society (1923–1925). He was also a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences. In 1931, the Notman family moved to Todt Hill on Staten Island, and there Notman kept a close association with the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. During the 1940s, Notman either lost interest or greatly reduced his beetle collecting activities. In 1948, he donated his entire beetle collection, including the types of the taxa he described (96 species and 10 genera in Staphylinidae) to the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, where it is still kept today. In the same year, he moved to Topanga, California (his family remained on Staten Island), and lived there until his death in 1966. [A.S.]

[117]

Guillaume Antoine Olivier

Olivier, Guillaume Antoine. Olivier was born in Arcs, near Fréjus, France, on January 19, 1756. He died on October 10, 1814, in Lyon, France.

He studied medicine at Montpellier, but at the same time, through his acquaintance with the naturalist P.M.A. Broussonnet, he became interested in natural sciences. Later, with the aid of Broussonnet, he was employed in an economic study of natural products around Paris. He did so well that the wealthy amateur entomologist Gigot d'Orcy engaged him to collect insects in several European countries, which gave him the opportunity to accumulate material for his Encyclopédie Méthodique, as well as his encyclopedic work on Coleoptera (see below). During the French Revolution, Olivier was sent on a commercial mission to Persia (the plan to establish the commercial relations with Persia was abandoned while Olivier was there). He spent six years there and eventually returned to France, bringing with him large natural history collections from both European and Asiatic Turkey (Asia Minor), various Mediterranean Islands, Persia, and Egypt. He proceeded to describe the insects and other animals from these collections. Eventually he was appointed professor of zoology at the Veterinary School of Alfort near Paris, and was elected a member of the Institut de France in 1800. He became one of the most renowned and sought after entomologists of that time. He was also a good friend of Fabricius and a protector of and provider for poor Latreille during the politically unstable, revolutionary period from 1810 until his death in 1814. Apparently Olivier died of an aortal aneurism.

Olivier's most important work is his publication dealing with Coleoptera: Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leurs . . . , published in six volumes with 363 color plates (1789–1808). He treated the Staphylinidae within three genera: Staphylinus (56 species), Oxyporus (1 species), and Paederus (7 species), essentially following Fabricius in this respect. Oliver named 18 species of staphylinids. [A.S.]

Sources: Numerous additional references may be found in Evenhuis (1997). • Considérations générales sur la classe des insectes (1823): 258–259 [by A. M. C. Duméril]. • Taxidermy; with Biography of Zoologists (1840): 279–281 [by W. Swainson]. • New General Biographical Dictionary 10 (1850): 392–393 [by H. J. Rose]. • Forstwissenschaftliches Schriftsteller-Lexicon 1 (1874): 389–396 [by J. T. Ratzeburg]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 22 (1884): 121–124 [by S. A. Marseul]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 8 (1913): 39 [by R. P. Dow]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 (1914): 9–10 [by R. P. Dow]. • Insecta 7 (1917): cover [portrait only, anonymous]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 899–900 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 719–721 [by E. O. Essig, with portrait]. • Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 27 (1933): 316 [by E. Ross]. • Bibliographia Araneorum 1 (1945): 30 [by P. Bonnet, with portrait]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 1 (1971): 187–188 [by N. Papavero]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 34 (1984): 200 [by R. Gaedike and O. Smetana]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 47 [by J. Lhoste].

[118]

Arthur Sidney Olliff

Olliff, Arthur Sidney. Olliff was born in Millbrook, Hampshire, England, on October 21, 1865. He died on December 29, 1895, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Olliff was employed as a young boy by E. W. Janson to prepare insects, and later did similar work at the British Museum. He became curator and private secretary to Lord Walsingham until he left England for Australia in December 1884, to take the post of the assistant zoologist (entomologist) at the Australian Museum in Sydney. He held this post until 1890, when he was appointed Government Entomologist at the Agricultural Department of New South Wales, a post he still held at the time of his early death.

Olliff's contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae lies in his three parts of “A Revision of the Staphylinidae of Australia”, published in 1886 (parts 1 and 2) and in 1887 (part 3). In these three papers Olliff provided a basic treatment of Australian Staphylinidae. Combined with contributions by Blackburn, who worked on the Australian members of the family at about the same time, these were the only treatments of the group for Australia until Lea published his first article on staphylinids the year Olliff died. His treatment was rather conservative at the generic level (he explained his philosophy in the introduction), resulting in very few new genera being described, mostly for quite distinctive taxa. Strangely enough, Olliff never worked on the family again, but this was perhaps due to the fact that he died when only 30 years old. He published 72 papers, but only three dealt with the Staphylinidae. Olliff described 49 species and three genera in Staphylinidae. His collection, including the types, is housed partly in the Australian Museum in Sydney, partly in the British Museum (Natural History), London. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 32 (1896): 66–67 [anonymous]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1896): XCII [anonymous]. • Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 7 (1896): 1–4 [by F. B. Guthrie, with bibliography]. • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 84 (1930): 395–396 [by L. O. Howard]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57 (1932): 7 [ex W. W. Froggatt MS]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 244–246 [by A. Musgrave, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968): 210–212 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only].

[119] Orousset, Jean. Orousset, of France, has worked primarily with the tiny staphylinids of the Euaesthetinae and Leptotyphlinae, particularly species of Edaphus, Octavius, and Leptotyphlus. He also published articles on other genera such as Phloeocharis and Cylindropsis. He has named 157 species and 5 genera.

[120]

Raimundo Outerelo

Outerelo, Raimundo. Outerelo, of Spain, was born on October 13, 1947. He started working on the family during his faunal investigations of the group in the Guadarrama Sierra of Spain. He is broadly interested in the Staphylindae, particularly those of the Palaearctic region. He has published a number of articles on the Leptotyphlinae, an identification guide to the subfamilies and genera of the Staphylinidae of the Iberian Peninsula, along with taxonomic articles on Quedius, Leptacinus, Xantholinus, Phalacrolinus, Scopaeus, Domene, Oedichirus, Lathrobium, Phloeocharis, and Lusitanopsis, among other genera. Much of his current work is directed at the edaphic and cavernicolous fauna, particularly the Leptotyphlinae, Osoriinae, and Pselaphinae (Mayetia), and his long-range plans are to improve knowledge of the Staphylinidae of the Iberian Peninsula. He has published 27 nominal species.

[121]

Roberto Pace

Pace, Roberto. Pace, of Italy, was born on May 7, 1935. He began his work on the Staphylinidae as a result of his studies of the literature at the Museo Civico de Storia Naturale de Verona, the support of S. Buffo, G. Osella, and A. Zanetti, the influence of the works by Coiffait, Smetana, Besuchet, and Jeannel, and the availabilty of collections held by museums and colleagues. He is primarily interested in and most of his published work has been on the Leptotyphlinae and Aleocharinae. He has concentrated his efforts on the Leptotyphlinae of the Mediterranean region and the Aleocharinae of the Indian, Indomalay, Papuan, east African, Madagascan, and Neotropical regions, but has published on the taxa of other regions as well. He has published more than 200 articles, many of them major treatments of the fauna of a region. The bulk of his publications have been on the Aleocharinae. A few of his major works include his monograph of the Leptusa of the world, his treatment of the Leptotyphyli-nae of Italy, and the Aleocharinae of the Galapagos, the Mas-carenes, and New Caledonia. He also found and described Crow-soniella relicta, later assigned to its own family. One of the hallmarks of his work is habitus and genitalic illustration for each species. The number of new taxa he has described is phenomenal. In 1973 he described his first 3 species; since then he has described new species and genera at the average rate of more than 100 taxa per year, with a low of 2 in 1974 and a high of 386 in 1991. Through 1998 he described more than 2,400 species and more than 200 genera. His goal is to make the Aleocharinae more easily identifiable, in part through the publication of carefully prepared illustrations. He hopes that his work will lead to a revision of the generic and tribal classification, which, at the moment, he believes is premature because of the vast amount of undescribed material.

[122]

Thure Palm

Palm, Thure. Palm was born on January 30, 1894, in Bellinga near Ystad in southern Sweden, where his father was an estate manager. He died on May 2, 1987, in Malmö, Sweden.

Palm was a blessed coleopterist who managed to stay in excellent physical and mental condition well into his 90s, which allowed him to continue his research work and field activities until near his death. For example, in 1981, when 87 years old, he collected for a month in Malaysia, on Penang Island and in the Cameron Highlands; in 1986, at 92, he wrote to me about his recent collecting in west Africa and in Bulgaria!

Palm's interest in insects started as early as 1912, when he was a student in Ystad. In 1918, after passing an examination, he became the forestry officer in Domänverket and in 1920 an assistant in the Ombergs district. Around 1926, Palm started to seriously study Swedish Coleoptera, particularly those of importance for forestry. In addition to many short contributions, he published two books dealing with the beetles inhabiting the wood and bark of the deciduous trees of northern Sweden in 1951 and of middle and southern Sweden in 1959; these books contain ecological and bionomical data for many members of Staphylinidae. His attention to the faunistic-ecological aspects of coleopterology, his enormous experience and knowledge in the field, and his excellent taxonomical skills were Palm's trademarks. In 1953, he received an honorary doctor degree from the University in Lund for his exceptional achievements. He was one of the most recognized Swedish coleopterists of modern times.

Palm published over 200 papers, many of them dealing with the systematics, faunistics, and ecology of Staphylinidae. He treated the family in an excellent way within the series Svensk Insektfauna, published in seven parts between 1948 and 1972. He described 22 species in Staphylinidae. He donated his Coleoptera collection to the University of Lund, where it is still housed. [A.S.]

Sources: • Opuscula Entomologica 29 (1964): 1–3 [by C. H. Lindroth, with portrait]. • Entomologisk Tiskrift 103 (1982): 45–49 [by T. Palm]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 105 (1984): 90–92 [by T. Nyholm, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 81 (1985): 191 [by W. Lucht]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 108 (1987): 121–122 [by L. Hedström and S. Jonsson, with portrait]. • Notulae Entomologicae 67 (1987): 180 [by H. Krogerus].

[123]

Gustaf Paykull

Paykull, Gustaf. Paykull was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on August 21, 1757, the son of the army major Carl Fredrik Paykull and Beata Charlotta Simming. He died on January 28, 1826, in Stockholm.

Paykull received his early education by private tutors. During his youth he stayed temporarily at the estate Hesselby close to Uppsala, where Linné often made his excursions. Paykull's interest in natural history was probably stimulated by these outings with Linné. He also showed interest and talent in classical poetry and literature, and during the 1780s several literary works were written, among them comedies and tragedies written in classical Greek style, as well as translations of Anachraeon, Sappho, and Bion. However, his literary efforts met with rather modest success, and for that reason, it was said, he turned his attention to natural history. After graduation from the University of Uppsala, Paykull embarked on his career in 1779, which in 1796 led him to an appointment as the principal assistant secretary in the federal administration. This position brought him the necessary contacts and made him also a wealthy man.

Paykull discovered early that the “art of collecting” provided him with great amusement, and also was a way of making him a man of respect among his contemporary colleagues. He obviously had a good sense of organization and systematics. That ability, combined with his wealth, enabled him to build up one of the largest private collections of natural objects ever seen in Sweden. During the late 1700s Paykull established contacts with many of the leading entomological authorities, including Fabricius in Kiel, who provided him with insights into higher systematics. Paykull's works accordingly reflected Fabricius' system, particularly in his monographic treatments of Swedish rove beetles, ground beetles, and weevils, which appeared in rapid succession in 1789, 1790, and 1792. The monographic treatment of Staphylinidae was the first of its kind. All three were, in a way, tests for his Insecta Svecica (1798–1800), showing somewhat modernized taxonomy and systematic treatment.

At the turn of the century, Paykull traveled several times abroad, often with the aim of enriching his rapidly growing collections of Mammalia, Aves, and Insecta. His correspondents included Latreille, Marsham, Müller, Rossi, and others, and he met Cuvier and Latreille in Paris. At the Mediterranean Sea he made large collections of birds (these were his second favorite group and he described several new species based on specimens he collected), insects, and conchylia. He also went to St. Petersburg and met there the Czar, who presented him with a diamond ring in appreciation of his literary efforts.

Paykull was a member of several scientific and literary societies, and in 1791 he was elected a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was a respected authority among his contemporary Swedish colleagues, such as Gyllenhal, Schönherr, Thunberg, and others. He kept an extensive exchange of specimens, but his passionate drive to collect made him sometimes a less wanted guest in the collections. Some curators spoke of specimens being “paykullarized”, i.e., kept by Paykull for his own collection. This explains, why some types of De Geer are being discovered in Paykull's collection. His giant collection, mainly birds and insects, was in a separate building at his large estate Wallox-Säby. The larger mammals were kept in the main buildings at several private estates. The collection comprised some 80 large mammals, 1,362 birds, numerous fish preparations, and 8,600 species of insects!

In 1816, Paykull was appointed baronet and two years later, after some arrangements about the royalties, he donated all his collections to the state in favor of creating a center for their keeping in Stockholm. This was the initiation of the Riksmuseum. According to the contemporary witnesses, the transportation of the collection was a spectacular sight. The ship Amphitrite needed three trips across Lake Valloxen to complete the evacuation.

After his retirement, Paykull spent his last years at Wallox-Säby, making occasional trips to the Riksmuseum in Stockholm.

Paykull described 51 species in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar (1826): 350–356 [anonymous, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 922–923 [by W. Derksen and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Naturen berättar. Utveckling och forskning vid Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet. Stockholm (1989): 9–30 [by G. Brusewitz]. • Sveriges zoologiska litteratur. Kjuge (1996) [by B. Dal].

[124]

Paul-Marie Peyerimhoff de Fontenelle

Peyerimhoff de Fontenelle, Paul-Marie. Peyerimhoff was born in Colmar, France, on October 7, 1873, as the second son of his father Henri, the mayor of Colmar. He died on January 2, 1957.

Peyerimhoff obtained his education at the Collège Saint-Sigisbert in Nancy and later at the Ecole des Eaux et Forèts in the same city, to become a forester. It was in the latter school where he started his entomology work. In 1896 he was named the Garde général des Eaux et Forèts à Senones (Vosges). Around that time, while doing his first survey of the cavernicolous fauna in Basses-Alpes, Peyerimhoff befriended J. Sainte-Claire Deville, an artillery lieutenant in Nice at that time, who eventually became a celebrated French entomologist.

Peyerimhoff was requested by his brother Henri, who was Mâitre de Requètes au Conseil d'État, to come to Algeria to serve in various functions attached to the Station de Recherches Forestières du Nord du Afrique. He eventually became the director of this institution in 1935, and served in this capacity until his retirement in 1937. At that time Peyerimhoff was Inspector général honoraire des Eaux et Forêts and also the Officier de la Légion d'honneur. He was, however, recalled to direct the Station de Recherches forestières du Bois de Boulogne à Alger during the war years of 1939–1942. Only in 1950, due to illness, did Peyerimhoff abandon his interests in this station.

Peyerimhoff's scientific output was quite copious and wide ranging. The list of his publications stands at around 350 items. In addition to publications dealing with various aspects of his job as a forester, he published many taxonomic papers dealing predominantly with Coleoptera, papers on biogeography, ecology, phylogeny, and papers on cavernicolous beetles. He contributed immensely to the knowledge of the Coleoptera (including Staphylinidae) of North Africa, including the Sahara (in his treatment of Coleoptera in the series Mission scientifique du Hoggar he reported 43 species of Staphylinidae, many of them endemic to central Sahara). He named 80 species and 4 genera of staphylinids. [A.S.]

Sources: • Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 244 (1957): 413–416 [anonymous]. • Bulletin della Société d'Histoire naturelle d'Afrique Noire 48 (1957): 161–191 [by F. Bernard]) • Annales de la Société entomologique de France 127 (1958): 1–8 [by F. Bernard and F. Pierre, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968): 273 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only, up to 1900].

[125]

Bertil Robert Poppius

Poppius, Bertil Robert. Poppius was born on July 28, 1876; he died on November 27, 1916, in Copenhagen, Denmark. Detailed biographical data are not readily available.

Poppius was one of the students of J. R. Sahlberg, who considered him a very capable young man. He worked at the Entomological Museum in Helsinki, first as a volunteer and later as an Amanuensis, until he became the custodian at the Zoological Museum in 1912. He held this post until his untimely death in 1916.

Already during his early career, Poppius undertook many extensive collecting trips in the historical Finland, in northern Russia, and Siberia, including a joint trip with the botanist A. K. Cajander to the Lena valley. The rich material of specimens collected during these trips formed a base for his numerous papers dealing with the north Palaearctic beetle fauna, such as “Die Coleopteren des arktischen Gebietes”, published in 1910. He had an excellent general knowledge of Coleoptera, and in addition to Staphylinidae, he also published taxonomic papers dealing with Carabidae. His extensive monograph of the ground beetle genus Cryobius is probably one of his most recognized works. While at the museum in Helsinki, Poppius was involved with several groups of insects in addition to beetles. Through O. M. Reuter, he became interested in Heteroptera, particularly when Reuter lost his eyesight in his old age, and he published several large monographs on these insects.

Poppius described 41 species and 1 genus in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Luonnon Ystavä 20 (1916): 234–236 [by K. M. Lavender, with portrait]. • Entomological News 28 (1917): 338 [by E. Bergroth]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 53 (1917): 19 [by E. Bergroth]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 37 (1918): 178 [anonymous]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 258 [by A. Musgrave]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968): 307 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only, up to 1900].

[126]

Volker Puthz

Puthz, Volker. Puthz, of Germany, was born on July 9, 1941. Volker became intrigued with staphylinids when he found many species of Stenus in a single collection of beetles in debris. He was encouraged by other entomologists at the Deutsche Entomologische Gessellschaft, and by Herbert Franz. He is primarily interested in the Steninae, Megalopsidiinae, and Euaesthetinae of the World and in the history of science, particularly for biology and entomology. His goal is to review all the species and genera of the three subfamilies and to publish catalogs and keys for them. He is currently working on the Steninae of China and the Euaesthetinae of Australia. Through 1998 he has described more than 1,300 species and 2 genera, and has published more than 340 articles including a monograph of the African species of Stenus, more than 250 articles on the Steninae, 79 on the Euaesthetinae and 21 on the Megalopsidiinae; these numbers do not include the numerous notes reporting species from various sites. When possible, he has published critical illustrations for all species. Probably the most impressive feature of his work is his continual refinement of the taxonomy and classification. His body of work on the Steninae constitutes a major contribution to the understanding of the group.

[127]

Ivan Miltschev Raitschev

Raitschev, Ivan Miltschev. Raitschev, of Bulgaria, was born on January 1, 1956. He became interested in the Staphylinidae through one of his professors, Ilko Vassilev. He is especially interested in the species of Bulgaria, and has published a number of articles on species of the country with the goal of making the species of Bulgaria better known. He has named three species.

[128]

František Rambousek

Rambousek, František. Rambousek was born in Liblice near Český Brod, Czech Republic, on April 1, 1886. He died on September 14, 1931 in Prague, Czech Republic.

Rambousek developed his interest in natural history early and he started to collect beetles as a teenager. His attention soon turned to the families Staphylinidae and Pselaphidae, an interest that lasted throughout his entire life. He received his doctoral degree from Charles University in Prague in 1913. He worked briefly as an assistant at the Institute of Zoology of Charles University, and as a teacher at the Academy of Commerce in Prague. In 1916 he was hired by the Research Institute of the Sugar Industry, and established and headed a modern phytopathological section that became internationally known.

Rambousek traveled extensively, not only officially but also privately, to collect beetles, staphylinids in particular. He collected extensively in Europe, particularly in the Balkans, and also in North Africa. He took part in the International Entomological Congress in Ithaca in 1928, and afterwards visited many institutions in the United States of America, and also went to Cuba to study the sugar industry there. Needless to say, he collected staphylinids everywhere he went. Rambousek accumulated a very impressive collection and became a widely recognized expert on the family. However his professional duties in the sugar beet industry consumed a lot of his time and energy, and consequently he did not publish many papers on staphylinids. The list of his publications includes about 27 items, one of them a large book dealing with pests and species beneficial for sugar beets. Rambousek's large staphylinid collection, including the types, is deposited in the Entomological Department of the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. He named 43 species and 4 genera of Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 84 (1930): 311–312 [by L. O. Howard, with portrait]. • Acta Societatis entomologicae Jugoslaviae 5–6 (1931): 5–7 [by M. Gradojevič]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 48 (1931): 218–219 [by A. Hetschko]. • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 28 (1931): 109–111 [by A. Jedlička, with portrait]. • Ochrana rost-lin 11 (1931): 145–150 [by F. Stanák, with bibliography, portrait]. • Annales de la Société entomologique de France 101 (1932): 333–336 [by J. Clermont, with bibliography]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 18 (1932): 65–66 [by O. Scheerpeltz, with partial bibliography].

[129]

Edmund Reitter

Reitter, Edmund. Reitter was born in Mohelnice (Müglitz at that time) in north-central Moravia, now Czech Republic (he shares this birthplace with Max Bernhauer, see above), on October 22, 1845. His father was a forester; his mother died when he was a small child. Reitter died on March 15, 1920, in Paskov, Moravia, now Czech Republic.

Reitter graduated from the gymnasium in Opava. While a student there he met Dr. Richter, who stimulated Reitter's interest in beetles. Following his father's wishes, Reitter went into farming. In 1869 he took a job as farm manager at the country estate of the count Moritz Saint Genois in Paskov, and later he became the exclusive lessee of the large fishing ponds on this estate. In 1871 he married the daughter of the beer brewer on the same estate; however, his wife, after their daughter died shortly after her birth, died in 1873 at the age of only 18 years. Shortly after that, Reitter received the title of the “count's controller of fish ponds”. He remarried in 1874, and by that time he occupied himself full-time with entomology. In 1879 he moved to Vienna and started there a specialized business selling insects. His wife stayed temporarily in Paskov, where she gave birth to their son Emmerich in 1880. In 1881 Reitter moved to Mödling, near Vienna, and enlarged his business to include entomological equipment and utensils, as well as entomological literature. His wife and both children followed him there; while in Mödling the family grew by another two daughters. By that time Reitter was already an eminent coleopterologist, and his establishment in Mödling had become a famous meeting place where materials from new collections were accumulated and determined. After his wife's father died in 1890, Reitter's wife insisted on returning to Paskov, and the move was made in 1891. Reitter's business continued to grow in Paskov, so he employed his single sister Maria, his two nieces, and eventually also his son Emmerich. He also received considerable help from Antonín Sequens, a pharmacist and entomologist in Paskov. Reitter's renown grew further, and his house in Paskov became a meeting place of European entomologists, both famous and beginners. Reitter was always ready to help, and his hospitality and generosity in giving away duplicates from his collection were widely known. In addition to his entomological activities, Reitter was active in public relations, supporting various public associations (firefighters, etc.). His humanitarian orientation was best documented by the fact that he established and financed a small hospital in Paskov for those wounded during the First World War. He received the title Kaiserlicher Rat from the Austrian government, and many learned societies named him as an honorary or corresponding member.

After Reitter's death, his wife and the daughters moved to Vienna. His son Emmerich took over Reitter's business, sold the house in Paskov and moved the business to Opava (Troppau).

Reitter's son, Emmerich, was also active entomologically, undertaking some collecting trips abroad and building his own beetle collection (one part is at the Department of Entomology of the National Museum in Prague). He also published the journal Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt from 1927 until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. He died shortly before the end of the war (January 2, 1945) in Opava and is buried there. His son, Ewald Reitter, obtained his Ph.D. degree from Charles University in Prague in 1939. After the war he continued to run the entomological business in Opava, and was associated with the Opava Museum. In 1949 he moved to Germany, and later opened his own business with entomological equipment and utensils. The business no longer exists.

Edmund Reitter was undoubtedly one of the geniuses of coleopterology. His friend Ganglbauer considered Reitter to have unequaled ability to find new usable characters on specimens studied many times by others. Reitter decided to pursue a professional entomological career when he was 34 years old in 1879 while he was in Vienna. His enormous drive and productivity is best documented by the following data: by 1892, he had already published 386 papers in 18 journals; by the end of 1902 the number increased to 641 papers; and by 1915 it was 949 papers. The total is just over 1000 titles. There is hardly a family of Coleoptera that Reitter did not touch in his writings. He wrote works like his famous Fauna Germanica (five volumes, 1908–1916), that remained for decades THE BOOK on beetles and educated and trained generations of coleopterists in Europe (it has remained so popular even in our modern times that it was reprinted); his series Bestimmungstabellen der europäischen Coleopteren, with contributions by Reitter himself and many other specialists that permitted the determination of many groups of beetles (including some Staphylinidae, see below); and his collaboration with Heyden and Weise on the Catalogus Coleopterorum Europae, Caucasi et Armeniae rossicae (1891), to name just a few. The Staphylinidae were not Reitter's preferred group, but he contributed substantially to the knowledge of the group through his treatment of the family in Fauna Germanica, his treatment of “Othiini” and “Xantholinini” in the series Bestimmungstabellen der europäischen Coleopteren, as well as in numerous shorter papers containing descriptions of new species. The total number of taxa Reitter described as new is staggering: 1,062 genera, 6,411 species, and 1,193 varieties and aberrations (the corresponding figures for Staphylinidae are: 147 species, 26 genera).

Reitter also traveled and collected extensively in many European countries (mostly in those that were, at that time, within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was among the first to use the “modern” sifter for collecting ground-dwelling small Coleoptera during his trip to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The technique for using sifters to collect had already been described by Kiesenwetter, but Reitter (together with Kraatz and Weise) improved the techniques and reintroduced its use. Reitter described his recommendations and experiences with the sifter in a separate paper in Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 5 (1886): 7–10, 45–56.

Reitter's original collection (estimated to contain 30,000 Palaearctic species in 250,000 specimens, with up to 4,500 primary types and some 10,000 “cotypes”) was sold in 1916 to the Museum in Budapest (today the Hungarian Natural History Museum) where it is still housed. However, many types of species Reitter described went to other museums and it is sometimes difficult to find them. [A.S.]

Sources: There are many biographies and obituaries of Reitter; only some are given here. Extensive listing may be found in Gilbert (1977). • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 12 (1893): 1–22, 185–213 [by Ed. Reitter, bibliography only]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 22 (1903): 157–170, 181–200 [by A. Hetschko, bibliography only]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 34 (1915): 215–218, 221–270 [by T. Wanka and A. Fleischer, with bibliography by A. Hetschko and portrait]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 38 (1920): 1–20 [by F. Heikertinger, with bibliography by A. Hetschko and portrait]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 41 (1924): 158–159 [by A. Hetschko, bibliography only]. • Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Troppau 3 (1929): 38–40 [by A. Hetschko]. • Entomologische Zeitschrift Frankfurt a.M. 43 (1929): 1–2 [by O. Meissner, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968): 382–395 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only, to 1900]. • Collectiones entomologicae (1990): 323 [by G. Friese and R. Gaedike]. • Vzpomínka na entomologa Edmunda Reittera (1995): 1–26 [by J. Janáček and R. Šigut, with portrait]. • Klapalekiana 31 (1995): 151–152 [by R. Šigut, with portrait].

[130]

Yrjö Olavi Renkonen

Renkonen, Yrjö Olavi. Renkonen was born on January 13, 1907. He died on December 12, 1959, in Helsinki, Finland.

Renkonen, a high school teacher by profession (at the Nor-mallyzeum in Helsinki), studied biology at the university in Turku. His doctoral thesis dealt with the statistics and ecology of the Coleoptera of the “Bruchmoore” in Finland. This paper, and a subsequent similar study on Carabidae and Staphylinidae of a lake border in southwestern Finland, made him a name in beetle ecology. The Staphylinidae were his preferred group and he published numerous papers about their taxonomy and ecology. He described species in Stenus, Lathrobium, and Philonthus, and published an important monograph of the genus Acro-trichis (Ptiliidae) of Finland. He named eight species of the Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Annales entomologici Fennici 23 (1957): 2 [anonymous, with portrait]. • Annales entomologici Fennici 26 (1960): 109–111 [by P. Kontkanen, with portrait]. • Opuscula Entomologica, Lund 25 (1960): 153 [by C. H. Lindroth]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 60 (1960): 73 [by G. Schmidt]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld (1964): 73 [by G. Schmidt].

[131]

Claudius Rey

Rey, Claudius. Rey was born in Lyon, France, on September 8, 1817, and died there on January 31, 1895.

Rey was financially independent thanks to the family-owned printing shop, which allowed him to direct most of his energy to the study of beetles; he became one of the well-known maîtres incontestés de l'entomologie lyonnaise. The family business went bankrupt in 1847, but fortunately one of Rey's uncles owned a vineyard in Morgon (Hyères, southern France) and offered him a job there. Rey accepted and while there he started, around 1848, to collaborate with Mulsant on the series Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France. In 1852, he returned to Lyon and lived at his brother's residence in Saint-Genis-Laval, while spending most winters in southern France.

Rey's collaboration with Mulsant lasted until Mulsant's death in 1880. Most parts of the Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France dealing with Staphylinidae were published jointly; however, the last three parts (1882–1884), dealing with Habrocerinae, Tachyporinae, Trichophyinae, Micropeplinae, and Steninae, were written only by Rey. A similar collaboration between Mulsant and Rey existed also with the heteropteran series Histoire naturelle des Punaises de France (see also under Mulsant).

In addition to his contributions to the above series, Rey also published many other papers, mostly on Coleoptera, including a series of papers on immature stages of Coleoptera.

Rey described 407 species and 116 genera in Staphylinidae, 48 species and 8 genera by himself, the rest in coauthorship with Mulsant. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 31 (1895): 122–123 [anonymous]. • Miscellanea entomologica 3 (1895): 13 [by E. Barthe]. • Annales de la Société entomologique de France 64 (1895): 127–130 [by F. Guillebeau, with portrait]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 39 (1895): 7–8 [by G. Kraatz]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1895): LXXII [by R. Meldola]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 989 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968): 406–408 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 73–74.

[132]

Jan Roubal

Roubal, Jan. Roubal was born in Chudenice, Czech Republic, on August 10, 1880. He died on October 23, 1971 in Prague, Czech Republic.

Roubal graduated from the gymnasium in Klatovy, Bohemia, and continued his education in natural sciences, mathematics and physics at the university in Prague. In 1905 he left the university to pursue a career as a high-school teacher. He taught from 1909 until 1919 at the gymnasium in Příbram, Bohemia. In 1919 he accepted a job as director of the gymnasium for girls in Baňská Bystrica, Slovakia. He stayed there until 1938, when, forced by the inclement situation around the outbreak of the Second World War, he returned to Prague to direct for a short time another gymnasium there. He retired in 1940 to devote all his energies to the study of beetles, and surprisingly, near the end of his life, to the study of true bugs. This is probably the best documentation of Roubal's unfading energy.

Roubal was one of the last European coleopterological poly-histors, developing an impressive, encyclopedic knowledge of the order. Being very outgoing and unselfish, he helped to form dozens of entomologists in the former Czechoslovakia, including the writer of this essay. His extensive library was always open to students and his vast collection was an unending source of material. Roubal was also an exceptionally gifted field observer and collector, and again, many of us benefitted tremendously from his experience and knowledge of collecting methods; it was quite a treat to be able to do fieldwork with him. In addition, Roubal's extensive knowledge of natural sciences in general, literature, music, languages, and architecture (he loved and adored the old Prague) was well recognized. When his love of nature, and his lifelong fight for its preservation, is added, Roubal was simply a man of the kind that is very hard to come by in our modern times.

Within Coleoptera, Roubal's favorite family was the Staphylinidae, particularly the difficult sections of Aleocharinae, such as the genera Atheta or Oxypoda, and he eventually became a recognized expert on the group. He was in regular contact with many contemporary specialists, such as Kraatz, Bernhauer, J. Müller, Gridelli, Rambousek, and others. When Roubal resided in Příbram (1909–1919), there was an entire staphylinidological school in Bohemia. Members included, in addition to Roubal, Krása, E. Lokay Jr., and Rambousek. The tradition continued even when Roubal moved to Slovakia (he was joined there by Machulka, who resided in Košice), and through the Second World War until now, as documented by such names as M. Dvořák, Likovský, Boháč, Hromádka, Kocián, Štourač, and this writer, who considers himself to be a part of that tradition.

Roubal's scientific output is impressive; he published over 300 papers, most of them entomological and on Coleoptera, covering a wide range of beetle families; some also deal with Heteroptera. His Katalog Coleopter (brouků) Slovenska a Pod-karpatska (three volumes, 1930–1941) was the first modern, annotated type of catalog offering habitat data and various comments; it pushed the knowledge of the beetle fauna of Slovakia far forward. Also significant are Roubal's ecological papers, dealing with beetle faunas of different types of habitats. He described 82 species and 2 genera in Staphylinidae.

Roubal's extensive collection of beetles is housed in the Slo-venské Národné Múzeum, Bratislava, Slovakia. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt (1934): 119–123 [by K. Špaček, with portrait]. • Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt 9 (1935): 38–52 [by K. Špaček, bibliography only]. • Entomologické Listy 3 (1940): 40–41 [by E. Jagemann, with portrait]. • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 47 (1950): 201–210 [by A. Pfeffer, with bibliography, portrait]. • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 57 (1960): 405–407 [by A. Pfeffer, with bibliography, portrait]. • Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca 62 (1965): 315–316 [by L. Heyrovský and P. Štys, bibliography only]. • Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca 67 (1970): 429 [by P. Štys, with bibliography]. • Acta Musei reginaehradecensis A: Scientiae naturales 12 (1971): 199–200 [by Z. Likovský, with portrait]. • Biológia, Bratislava 27 (1972): 173–174 [by L. Korbel]. • Acta Musei reginaehradecensis A: Scientiae naturales 13 (1972): 133 [by Z. Likovský, bibliography only]. • Acta rerum naturalium Musei Nationalis Slovakiae, Bratislava 18 (1972): 161 [by I. Okáli]. • Sborník jihočeského musea v Českých Budějovicích 12 (1972): 156–158 [by A. Pfeffer and P. Štys]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 71 (1975): 176 [by G. Schmidt]. • Acta rerum naturalium Musei Nationalis Slovakiae, Bratislava 24 (1978): 185–186 [by I. Okáli, bibliography only].

[133]

Guillaume-Marie de Rougemont

Rougemont, Guillaume-Marie de. Rougemont, of the United Kingdom, was born in New York City on October 26, 1945. Interested in beetles from childhood, he was attracted to staphylinids while seeking a group to study when he lived in Ethiopia for several years. While there, he became familiar with Puthz's monograph of the African Stenus and so decided to study that genus, with Puthz as his mentor. His travels in Asia in the mid-1970s led him to collect and become interested in other groups. He is interested in most groups of the family but his publications have been mostly confined to the Steninae and Paederinae, particularly those of the Oriental and Palaearctic regions. Although a part-time entomologist, he has described more than 170 species, produced revisions of the genera Stilicoderus and Stiliderus, and published many articles on the Steninae. He is currently working on an annotated checklist of the Staphylinidae of Hong Kong with descriptions of new species.

[134]

Alexander Sergeevich Ryabukhin

Ryabukhin, Alexander Sergeevich. Ryabukhin, of Russia, was born on November 8, 1955. After returning from two years in the military he began his studies on staphylinid species found in northeastern Asia. He is interested in all subfamilies (except the Aleocharinae) from the region. He is currently working on the groups from the northern Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. He recently published a catalog of the species of Far Eastern Russia and Siberia. He has described eight species in Lathrobium, Micropeplus, and Syntomium, and one genus.

[135] Ryvkin, Alexandr Borisovich. Ryvkin, of Russia, began publishing on the Staphylinidae in the mid-1980s. Most of his work has been on Stenus and on fossil staphylinids. In 1990 he published an important monograph on the Stenus of the Caucasus and in the same year published a long article on Mesozoic fossils of the Transbaical region. He has named 68 species, 15 of which are fossils and 14 fossil genera.

[136] Sachse, Johann Christian Rudolf. Biographical data on Sachse are scarce. He was born in 1802 and he died on March 24, 1891, presumably in Leipzig, Germany.

Sachse was a medical doctor who had his private practice in Leipzig. He was a member of the Stettiner Entomologischer Verein and was one of the founding members of the Berliner Entomologischer Verein and the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft. He was, for a long time, in contact with many notable coleopterists of that time, such as Germar, Märkel, Schaum, Kiesenwetter, and Kraatz, who visited him when he was 21 years old. The friendship with Kraatz lasted well into Sachse's old age.

Sachse published only one paper, in 1852 in the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. In this paper he described 33 species and 1 genus from several subfamilies of Staphylinidae. It was based on specimens collected mostly in North America by Sachse's friend Alexander Gerhard from Leipzig.

Sachse died at nearly 90, almost blind and wheelchair bound. His collection, including the types of most species Sachse described, went to Ernst Brenske from Potsdam. Brenske apparently forwarded the Staphylinidae to Kraatz who incorporated them into his collection. They are now housed in the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin (for the list of the types, see Zerche below). [A.S.]

Source: • Beiträge zur Entomologie 35 (1985): 97–99 [by L. Zerche].

[137]

Carl Reinhold Sahlberg

Sahlberg, Carl Reinhold. Sahlberg was born in Eura, Finland, on January 22, 1779. He died on October 18, 1860, in Uusikar-tano (near Yläne), Finland.

Sahlberg received his education in the Classis Syntactica of the school in Pori, and after graduation in 1795 he entered the Academy in Turku (Åbo). He attended mainly the natural history lectures by Hellenius. In 1802 he obtained the degree of Magister and in 1804 he became the docent of natural history. At about this time Sahlberg became acquainted with notable Swedish naturalists, such as C. P. Thunberg (University in Uppsala), C. F. Fallén (Lund) and O. Swartz (botanical garden in Stockholm), and also with the German entomologist J. Sturm. He also started his medical studies in Stockholm; in 1810 he wrote a medical dissertation and obtained his medical licence. Eventually he was named, in December 1813, to the position “adjunct of natural sciences and museum inspector” that had recently opened in Turku; he donated considerable numbers of insects from his collection to the museum. He was instrumental in the development of the botanical garden, as well as in the expansion of the zoological collections. In 1816 Hellenius stepped down as the professor at the University and donated his collections to the University. Sahlberg was quite interested in this position, and after he won for the second time a competition with Prytz (the latter also competed for the position Sahlberg obtained in 1813), he was named the professor of natural sciences and economy. In 1827, during the devastating fire that destroyed almost three quarters of the town of Turku, the university lost most of its library and its collections. Shortly after that, it was decided to transfer the university to Helsinki and the official opening took place in the fall of 1828. Sahlberg was named professor of zoology and botany and was expected to obtain new natural history collections and a library for the university, as well as to prepare the ground for the establishment of a new botanical garden. Sahlberg sold the university his insect collections and his herbarium (there was not enough money to buy his library) and eventually managed to build a new botanical garden. In addition to his regular lectures at the university, Sahlberg offered “private” lectures in entomology and botany and took his students for field excursions. Nordmann and Mannerheim were among his students; the latter eventually far surpassed his teacher in the knowledge of Coleoptera. While in Helsinki, Sahlberg founded the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica.

Sahlberg retired from the university on March 24, 1841 and moved to his estate in Yläne, after he shipped his new collections and the library there. He intended to continue his entomological studies, and in particular to continue to publish his series Insecta Fennica; however, he was unable to do so because of eye problems. He also decided to combine his and his son Ferdinand's insect collections. The collections were not well curated after Ferdinand's long journey to South America and his subsequent loss of interest in entomology, until Sahlberg's grandson John took care of them. After John's death, the collections of grandfather, son, and grandson all went to the university in Turku, where they are still housed.

Sahlberg did not publish extensively on entomology, except for his well-known series Disseratio entomologica Insecta Fennica enumerans, of which two volumes were published between 1817–1839, totaling over 800 pages. The Staphylinidae are treated on pages 273–434, published from 1827 to 1832; some of the species described as new are still valid today. He described 32 species and 1 genus in the Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Sällskapets pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (1861): 160–167 [by F. G. Sanmark, with bibliography]. • Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 6 (1861): 1–7 [by L. H. Törnroth]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 1034–1035 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • C. R. Sahlberg (1956), 480 pp. [by U. Saalas, with bibliography, portraits]. • Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde 31 (1958): 60–61.

[138]

John Reinhold Sahlberg

Sahlberg, John Reinhold. Sahlberg was born in Helsinki, Finland, on June 6, 1845, as the sixth of eleven children of Reinhold Ferdinand Sahlberg (see below) and Sofia Christina Sahlberg. He died on May 8, 1920, in Helsinki.

Sahlberg had a keen interest in nature and entomology from his early years, not surprisingly, since he was the son and grandson of entomologists and had therefore entomology “in his blood”. He obtained his basic education at the elementary school and then at the gymnasium in Turku. After graduation, he entered the university in Helsinki in 1865 to study natural sciences. He became magister philosophiae in 1869 and two years later, despite the rough opposition of Mäklin, he was named a docent for zoology at the university. It was not until 1880 that he received his doctor philosophiae degree. In 1883 he became an associate professor of entomology, a post he did not leave until 1918 when he became a professor emeritus two years before his death. Among his students were numerous successful entomologists, such as A. Westerlund, Harald Lindberg, W. M. Lin-naniemi, R. B. Poppius, R. Frey, Y. Vuorentaus, and W. Hellén, among others.

Sahlberg was a naturalist in the best sense, always keen to learn directly from nature all that was to be learned about insects. His prime interests were Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Sahlberg's extensive collecting trips and expeditions not only covered almost all of Finland, but also led him to Russian Karelia (1869), Russian Lappland (1870), northwestern Siberia (1876), Sweden and Norway (1879 and 1894), Corfu, Palestine, Egypt, etc. (1895–1896), Caucasus, Transcaspia, and western Turkestan (1896), Italy, Greece, Tunisia, and Algeria (1898–1899), the Balkan Peninsula, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor, etc. (1903–1904). From these expeditions Sahlberg brought back to Helsinki an enormous amount of insect material that was deposited partly in the university collection and partly in his private collection that had been founded and expanded by his grandfather and father (see also under C. R. Sahlberg). Materials from these expeditions were studied by many entomologists, as well as by himself, often in comprehensive publications, such as “Coleoptera mediterranea orientalia quae in Aegypto . . .” (1913). Sahlberg also substantially contributed to the knowledge of the beetle fauna (including Staphylinidae) of his native Finland and other northern countries, and published papers dealing with the fauna of northwestern Siberia, as well those of the Mediterranean area and central Asia. Many new species of Staphylinidae were described in these papers, most of them still valid today. His “Enumeratio Coleopterorum Brachelytrorum Fenniae” (1876) was the first comprehensive treatment of the family for Finland, and contained many descriptions of unusual or new species. He contributed in particular to the knowledge of the northern species of the genus Stenus. Sahlberg described 109 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 56 (1920): 138 [anonymous]. • Entomological News 31 (1920): 239 [anonymous]. • Science 52 (1920): 216 [by A. G. Bøving]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 16 (1920): 195–199 [by U. Saalas, with portrait]. • Notulae Entomologicae 1 (1921): 21–25 [anonymous, with portrait]. • J. R. Sahlberg (1960): 620 pp. [by U. Saalas, with bibliography, portraits]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1972): 3–6 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, partial bibliography].

[139]

Reinhold Ferdinand Sahlberg

Sahlberg, Reinhold Ferdinand. Sahlberg was born in Turku, Finland, on December 23, 1811, one of five children (two of them died early) of Carl Reinhold Sahlberg (see above) and Johanna Sofia Sahlberg. He died on March 18, 1874, in Yläne, near Turku.

Sahlberg studied natural sciences at the university in Helsinki with his father Carl Reinhold Sahlberg, and graduated in 1834 after completing his thesis “Dissertatio academica novas Coleopterorum Fennicorum species sistens” (only 12 pages!). As was customary at that time, he also studied medicine and obtained his medical degree in 1840.

In the same year Sahlberg was, after a long wait, named Adjunct in botany and zoology and the museum inspector at the Museum in Helsinki.

Sahlberg was a very capable naturalist and collector. He undertook extensive travels (Dauria, Chile and particularly Brazil) from which he brought back to Helsinki rich natural history materials.

Sahlberg did not publish much on entomology (only about 10 papers, the last published in 1853), and in the latter part of his life he apparently lost all interest in entomology. He is listed here only to complete the history of the Sahlberg family, unique in that the men of three consecutive generations were professionally involved in entomology, two of them contributing to the knowledge of Staphylinidae. He described 19 species and 2 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • R. F. Sahlberg (1958): 1–255 [by U. Saalas, with bibliography, portraits). • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 2 (1975): 366–367 [by N. Papavero]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 1035–1036 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only].

[140] Saiz, Francisco. Saiz, of Chile, published six of his first eight articles with Coiffait in the 1960s. His work with Coiffait was highlighted by their “Les Staphylinidae (sensu lato) du Chile” which, excluding the Aleocharinae, covered the family for the country. Saiz's work was largely restricted to Chile and he published many articles in the 1960s and 1970s but, few, perhaps only one, since. He authored or coauthored 88 species and 19 genera.

[141]

Kohei Sawada

Sawada, Kohei. Sawada, born in Japan on January 6, 1929, became interested in the Staphylinidae by chance. He is primarily interested in the Aleocharinae of the Holarctic and Oriental regions. He studied a variety of genera of Japan such as Paraleaster, Brachypronomaea, Anisolinus, Dianous, Micropeplus, Oedichirus, Boreaphilus, Quedius, Autalia, Lobrathium, Philonthus, Ocypus, Megarthrus, and Parapyxidicerus. He eventually realized that the Aleocharinae would be an excellent object of study because of their rich diversity and because many related species may coexist in the same collecting site. Beginning in 1970, he wrote a series of articles on the Aleocharinae. He published articles on the Aleocharinae of Shiga Heights, on species of the seashore and intertidal zone, and on methodological research in the taxonomy of the Aleocharinae. He later published a series on Atheta and its allies, and Lio-gluta. In these studies he introduced the use of chaetotaxy of mouthparts and abdominal terga. Since he obtained satisfactory results, he would like to see the characters used and evaluated by many other workers. He continues his work with species of the marine littoral zone, is re-examining the Wal-lacea biogeographic zone, and is doing taxonomic studies on soil animals. He would like to produce a natural classification of the Staphylinidae, and to this end, he is searching for characters that have not been used before. As of 1994 he had named more than 130 species and 20 genera.

[142]

Thomas Say

Say, Thomas. Say was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, on July 27, 1787, as the first child of his father Benjamin Say and Ann Bonsall Say. Say's father, a physician and an apothecary, served in the Pennsylvania legislature and as a representative of Pennsylvania in the U.S. Congress. He was one of the wealthiest men in Philadelphia. Say died on October 10, 1834, in New Harmony, Indiana, USA.

Quite a lot has been published about the life and importance of Say for North American entomology, so there is no need to repeat it here; a detailed listing of the references may be found in Gilbert (1977).

Say obtained his basic education at Friend's academy, a Quaker school near Philadelphia. He did not like his studies or his teachers. He entered the school when he was 12 years old and left at 15, the earliest permissible age for students of that school. He helped his father in the apothecary and collected butterflies and beetles. Philadelphia at that time had a group of prominent naturalists, including botanists Muhlenberg and Barton, and the ornithologist A. Wilson. These men started an association of scientists that eventually became the Academy of Natural Sciences; Say was one of the founders. While really interested in natural history, Say followed his father's wish to continue as a druggist. Eventually, with his father's help, he entered into a partnership with John Speakman, an apothecary who was interested in natural history and who allowed Say to devote his time to the natural sciences. The business went bankrupt after a while, and Say was left without money. He turned his energy entirely to natural sciences, and dealt with his financial problems by living in the Academy and not eating properly. It is believed that he slept in the Academy under a skeleton of a horse. Say's studies were interrupted in 1814 when he had to serve as a private in the First City Troop of Philadelphia, but he never took part in any campaign during the war.

Encouraged by his friend, the ornithologist A. Wilson, Say started to write his work on American entomology in 1816 and published a small part in 1817, but the work had to be suspended for lack of financial resources. He also began to publish papers, on both shells and insects, in the new Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences. In 1817 Say took part in an expedition to Georgia and Florida, and in 1819 he was appointed as a zoologist on Major S. H. Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, during which he endured many physical hardships. When he returned to Philadelphia at the end of 1820, Say once again started to publish papers describing insects and shells, mostly collected during these two expeditions. In 1821 he became the curator of the American Philosophical Society, and stayed in this capacity until 1827. In 1822 he was appointed professor of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania, but just one year later he left on his second trip to the West, again with Major Long. From 1821 to 1825 Say presented occasional lectures on zoology in Peale's Museum of art and natural history.

In the winter of 1825–1826, Say and some other scientists left Philadelphia (Say was never to return) for a utopian Quaker commune, New Harmony, on the Wabash River in southern Indiana. Say was the superintendent for literature, science, and education in this community. While there, he married Lucy Way Sistare in January 1827. The usual shortcomings of human nature soon wrecked this community. Say went with Maclure, one of the community's founders, to Mexico; they returned in 1827 but only Say went back to New Harmony because he felt obliged to manage the property. While in New Harmony, Say published most of his entomological and conchological observations in the journal The Disseminator of Useful Knowledge (it became The Disseminator on June 29, 1830) and in several pamphlets, printed in New Harmony. Some of the pamphlets were reprinted in scientific journals and this created confusion over the dates of many new species that Say described, including those in Staphylinidae (see Y. Bousquet for the details and correct dates). Later, J. L. LeConte collected all Say's papers and published them, with annotations, in two volumes in 1859 (The Complete Writings of Thomas Say . . .).

Say had been in poor health ever since he moved to New Harmony, being troubled by stomach disorders, and by dysen-teric and fever attacks. He died in Maclure's house in the fall of 1834, at the age of only 47 years. After Say's death, his collection and library were donated to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and the collection was sent in 1836 to Dr. T. W. Harris in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Unfortunately, it arrived virtually destroyed by dermestids and the rough transportation.

Say is often called “the father of American entomology”, and rightly so. Although some give this tribute to Melsheimer, it was Say's work and publications that were comparable to those of eminent European entomologists of that era, such as Dejean, Gravenhorst, Gyllenhal, Mannerheim, and others. Say described 64 species and 2 genera in Staphylinidae, most of them still valid today. [A.S.]

Sources: There are many biographies and obituaries for Say; therefore only some are given here. A detailed listing may be found in Gilbert (1977) and Evenhuis (1997). • American Journal of Science and Arts 27 (1835): 393–395 [anonymous]. • Taxidermy; with Biography of Zoologists (1840): 317–318 [by W. Swainson]. • American Entomology, J. L. LeConte editor (1859): VII–XXI [by G. Ord]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 26 (1889): 265–268 [by S. A. Marseul, bibliography only]. • Pioneers of Science in America (1896): 215–222 [by W. J. Youmans]. • Journal of the New York Entomological Society 35 (1927): 231–239 [by H. B. Weiss]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 1048–1051 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Say, Early American Naturalist (1931), 260 pp. [by H. B. Weiss and G.M.T. Ziegler]. • American Entomologists (1971), XVII + 549 pp. [by A. Mallis, with portrait]. • Entomological News 104 (1993): 1–14 [by Y. Bousquet, partial bibliography only). • Litteratura Taxonomica Dipterorum (1758–1930) (1997): 684–689 [by N. L. Evenhuis, with partial bibliography, portrait].

[143]

Otto Scheerpeltz

Otto Scheerpeltz later in life

Scheerpeltz, Otto. Scheerpeltz was born in “Stadt-Neugasse” near Olomouc (Moravia), Czech Republic, on July 16, 1888, the son of a court clerk. He died on November 10, 1975, in Vienna, Austria.

After graduating from the gymnasium in Opava (Troppau at that time) in 1905, Scheerpeltz followed the wish of his father that he become an engineer, went to Vienna, and enrolled in the Technische Hochschule. After his first Staatsexamen he accepted a temporary teaching position at the Schottenfelder Oberrealschule in Vienna and interrupted his studies at the Technische Hochschule, mainly for financial reasons. In 1910 he passed the prescribed teacher's examinations for mathematics and descriptive geometry and in 1919 obtained a permanent position as professor at this school. He remained associated with the school until his retirement from school service in 1945. Scheerpeltz declined several job offers, one of them at the “Vivarium” of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He was later offered a job by Jeannel at the Institute of Zoology and Speleology of the University in Paris, and at Tokyo University by Esaki. Scheerpeltz turned all these offers down because he could not part with his teaching job or his country.

The security of the permanent teaching job at the Oberrealschule allowed Scheerpeltz to pay more attention to the natural sciences, always in his sphere of interests. In 1922 he entered the University in Vienna to study zoology and botany. Despite his heavy teaching load at the Oberrealschule, he graduated summa cum laude in 1930. Following the advice of his teacher, Prof. F. Werner, he turned his attention during his study years at the university to the beetle family Staphylinidae. Eventually he became, along with Bernhauer and Cameron, one of the world's leading specialists of that family. In 1948 Scheerpeltz was called to join the management of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna as the head of the coleopterological section, and was expected to provide a modern curation of the collection, as well as to reorganize the library. In 1953 he had to step down because of the age regulations, and he was replaced by Dr. F. Janczyk. Even after his retirement, Scheerpeltz continued to work at least part time in the section. At the same time, for a good many years, Scheerpeltz relentlessly continued to build his private collection of Staphylinidae, accompanied by a specialized library, in his apartment in Neustiftgasse 121. The collection eventually became one of the family's largest, containing close to 300,000 specimens, including about 10,000 types, and almost two-thirds of all species known at that time. The collection and library were donated to the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna where they remain. The history of this collection and particularly of the associated materials, including parts of the library, was to a great extent influenced by the rather tense and unfortunate period around the end of the Second World War. The collection itself, along with Bernhauer's collection and other collections of the Naturhistorisches Museum, was stored in the underground safe of a large bank in Vienna to protect it from air raids and falling bombs. The collections were removed from the safe in perfect condition at the end of the war in 1945. However, because the underground safe was not large enough, Scheerpeltz chose to move most of his unfinished manuscripts, drawings, microscope slides, and most valuable books, along with valuable family belongings, to a small village in southern Moravia near Znojmo (at that time the place was in Österreich's “Gau Niederdonau”) and entrusted them to the care of an entirely trustworthy person. This move, unfortunately, proved to be disastrous. All stored materials were apparently untouched in the house in this little village at the end of the war in 1945. But then, due to the turmoil and problems associated with the removal of German-speaking citizens from the area and arrival of new people, Scheerpeltz's belongings disappeared without a trace and were never recovered. I have tried personally, together with my father, to shed some light on this unfortunate event, but failed to recover any of the materials, or even to find any clues.

In 1936, during his teaching career, Scheerpeltz received the title Studienrat. On the occasion of his retirement from his teaching job in 1945, this was upgraded to Oberstudienrat. For his merits, Scheerpeltz was named an honorary member of the Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Vienna in 1966. He was honoured at his 70th birthday in 1958 by the “Ehrenkreuz für Wissenschaft und Kunst 1. Klasse” followed by the “Grosses Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich” in 1975.

Scheerpeltz wrote 286 papers, most of them on the taxonomy and other aspects of the family Staphylinidae, or on topics related to collecting, preserving, and mounting specimens, and establishing and curating beetle collections. Thanks to his drawing talents, most of his taxonomic papers are accompanied by excellent drawings, illustrating both general habitus and details, mostly aedoeagi. In these publications, he described 1,405 species and 181 genera in the Staphylinidae. Many of his papers present results of the study of staphylinid specimens collected in different parts of the world either by individuals, or by institutional expeditions (e.g., the large paper on staphylinids collected by the Swedish expedition to Burma in 1934, published in Arkiv för Zoologi in 1965). These papers almost became a trademark of Scheerpeltz. In 1933–1934 he published an extensive supplement to the Staphylinidae previously compiled by Bernhauer and Schubert in the series Coleopterorum Catalogus; in 1940 he published a key to the Palaearctic genera of Staphylinidae in the series Bestimmungstabellen europäischer Käfer, and in 1968 he worked up the Staphylinidae for the series Catalogus Faunae Austriae, to name just a few of his larger publications of more general interest. Despite some recent problems and objections concerning his work and publications, Scheerpeltz was and will remain one of the giants of Staphylinidae and his collection will be an essential source of information about the family for a long time. [A.S.]

Sources: • Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft Wien 115 (1976): 21–23 [by R. Brunner]. • Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 81 (1978): 665–678 [by F. Janczyk, with bibliography, portrait (Note: A supplement to this bibliography compiled by Dr. H. Schönmann, Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna, is available upon request, as well as reprints of some of the papers)]. • Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien (B) 88–89 (1987): 431–433 [by H. Schönmann, additions to previous bibliography].

[144]

Harald Schillhammer

Schillhammer, Harald. Schillhammer, of Austria, was born on April 16, 1960. He became interested in staphylinids after viewing an exhibition, designed by Heinrich Schönmann, on the life and work of Otto Scheerpeltz. Schillhammer is interested in the Staphylinini of the Palaearctic, Oriental, and Papuan-Australian regions. He has published a revision of the Oriental species of Gabrius, and a number of other articles on Philonthus, Gabrius, and Naddia, as well as several new Asian genera of the subfamily. He is currently working on studies of such genera as Algon and Pammegus, and on species groups of Philonthus. His long-range plans include investigating the diversity of the Australasian Philonthina and Anisolinina, and eventually he wants to produce a revision of the eastern Palaearctic and Oriental Philonthus. As of 1999, he had published over 100 nominal species and 3 nominal genera.

[145]

Jörgen Matthias Christian Schiødte

Schiødte, Jörgen Matthias Christian. Schiødte was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on April 20, 1815. He died on April 22, 1884, in Copenhagen.

Schiødte showed from his early career remarkable abilities for natural sciences; therefore it was not surprising that in 1840 he became Docent i Zoologi ved Veterinærskolen, and in 1842 the Underinspecteur at the Kgl. Naturhistoriske Museum in Copenhagen; eventually he became the director of the entomological department of this museum, a post he held until his death. In 1854 he received the position of the titular professor at the University.

Most of Schiødte's work was focused on Coleoptera. His first paper, dealing with Danish species of the carabid genus Amara was published in 1836, when he was only 21 years old, and his first volume of Genera og species af Danmarks Eleutherata appeared in 1841. He made himself widely recognized, particularly by his series of papers “De metamorphosi Eleutheratorum observationes”, dealing with the immature stages of Coleoptera, published in Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift (he was the editor of the journal for about 20 years) from 1861 through 1883. Many Staphylinidae were treated in this series. In 1854 Schiødte published a paper describing and illustrating two new termitophilous genera, Corotoca and Spirachtha. These were the first two genera of the remarkable, physogastric termitophilous staphylinids to be known. The first genus later became the type genus of the subtribe Corotocina, to which the most highly specialized termitophilous Staphylinidae belong.

Schiødte published numerous papers dealing with Staphylinidae, but his most important contributions are those dealing with the immature stages and with the termitophilous species. He described seven species and four genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 28 (1884): 437 [anonymous]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1884): XXXIX–XL [by W. Dunning]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 5 (1884): 101–110, 207–208 [by H. J. Hanson, with bibliography]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 5 (1885): 473–480 [by M. J. Bourgeois, with bibliography]. • Psyche 5 (1888): 36 [anonymous]. • Entomologiske Meddelelser 15 (1926): 226–241 [by K. L. Henriksen, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1929): 1069–1071 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 84 (1930): 278 [by L. O. Howard, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1972): 47–48 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only].

[146]

Daniel Schmidt

Schmidt, Daniel. Schmidt, of the USA, was born in 1956. He began studying the group because he was intrigued by the predatory habits of the larvae, and is particularly drawn to the immature stages and natural history of the Nearctic Staphylininae and Paederinae. He has published articles on the immature stages of species of Erichsonius, Neobisnius, and Platydracus. He is currently rearing as many genera of staphylinine and paederines as possible, and would like to see more features of the immature stages used in phylogenetic studies. He is a hog farmer whose avocation is staphylinid beetles.

[147]

Karl Schubert

Schubert, Karl. Schubert was born on July 13, 1867, in Berlin, Germany, where he died on September 3, 1911.

Schubert obtained his education for a teaching career in Prä-parandenanstalt in Sommerfeld and in the Seminar in Delitzsch. His first teaching post was in Hochröhlitz i.Th., but in 1892 he obtained a teaching position in Berlin-Pankow and he stayed there until his death. Schubert had a genuine interest in natural sciences and managed to get, through his own effort, a solid general knowledge in the field. He first turned to ornithology, but eventually concentrated on entomology and became an active student of Staphylinidae. He soon was recognized by fellow researchers, as best documented by the fact that he was chosen to prepare the family, together with Bernhauer, for the Junk-Schenkling's Coleopterorum Catalogus. He described 103 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae. His collection of Coleoptera, including Staphylinidae, was transferred in 1912 to the Zoological Museum in Berlin (now Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). [A.S.]

Source: • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (1911): 728–730 [by H. Soldanski, with portrait].

[148]

Michael Schülke

Schülke, Michael. Schülke, of Germany, was born on August 23, 1960. As a teenager he was a general beetle collector. By 1982 he had restricted his collecting to staphylinids; they attracted him because they were reputed to be taxonomically difficult. His friendship with Lothar Zerche and Manfred Uhlig prompted his taxonomic studies. He works on the Tachyporinae of the world. Much of his work and interests are directed toward Tachyporus, Bolitobius, and Carphacis, and the Palaearctic species of Sepedophilus and Thinobius. He has published parts of anticipated world monographs of Bolitobius and Tachyporus, a revision of the Japanese species of Carphacis, along with articles on Mycetoporus, Tachinus, Sepedophilus, Ischnosoma, Thinobius, Lathrobium, and Platydomene, among others. Currently he is studying the Palaearctic Thinobius and the Bolitobius of China, Japan, and Taiwan. He is a telecommunications specialist; staphylinids are his avocation. He has named 43 species.

[149]

Charles Seevers

Seevers, Charles. Seevers was born on April 19, 1907. He died on December 4, 1965, in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Amazingly, no further biographical data seem to be available.

Seevers was a professor of zoology at Roosevelt University, Chicago, and a Research Associate at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. He was an internationally recognized specialist on the systematics of the subfamily Aleocharinae of Staphylinidae. His contributions include important papers on termitophilous and myrmecophilous Staphylinidae, particularly “A Monograph on the Termitophilous Staphylinidae” (1957), and “The Systematics, Evolution and Zoogeography of Staphylinid Beetles Associated with Army Ants” (1965). Other major papers include a revision of the North American and European members of subtribe “Gyrophaenae”, and “A Generic and Tribal Revision of the North American Aleocharinae”, published posthumously in 1978. Seevers also studied the mammal-parasitizing members of the subtribe Amblyopinina (1944), and in coauthorship with H. S. Dybas he also published on the myrmecophilous members of the subfamily Cephaloplectinae (Limulodinae) of Ptiliidae (1943). He described 215 species and 42 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Studia Entomologica 9 (1966): 526 [anonymous]. • Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 12 (1) (1966): inside front cover [anonymous].

[150]

David Sharp as a young man

David Sharp later in life

Sharp, David. Sharp was born in Towcester, Northants, England, on October 15, 1840. He died on August 27, 1922, in Brockenhurst, England.

Sharp spent his early years at Stony Stratford, Bucking-hamshire, and later moved with his parents to St. John's in the north of London. The philosopher Herbert Spencer resided with the Sharp family for a considerable time, and undoubtedly influenced the young Sharp, offering him assistance and encouragement in his efforts to study natural sciences. Sharp, after an unsuccessful attempt to enter his father's business, decided to study medicine, and eventually graduated from the medical school in Edinburgh in 1866. In 1867 he received an appointment at the Crichton Institution at Dumfries, and subsequently he was entrusted with the medical care of a wealthy patient. This arrangement gave him sufficient time to pursue entomological work, and some of his papers, such as his Revision of Homalota, were finished at that time. When the patient died in 1883, Sharp had become sufficiently wealthy to quit active medical practice and to devote himself entirely to entomological work. In 1890 Sharp accepted an invitation to take charge of the insect collections of the University Museum of Zoology in Cambridge. He served in this capacity until 1909 when he retired to a house he had built for himself at Brockenhurst, overlooking one of the most attractive parts of the New Forest. He stayed in this house for the remainder of his life.

Sharp's interest in entomology started during his student years. First he was attracted to Lepidoptera; however, he soon turned his attention to Coleoptera, a fascination that lasted his entire life and made him one of the most prominent coleopterists of his era. Sharp's contribution to the knowledge of Coleoptera is enormous, not only in the number of papers he published, but also in the insight he brought to the treatment of various groups. A complete bibliography for Sharp does not seem to be available; however, the total number exceeds 250. Many of his contributions are large publications, including his treatment of insects, which formed the greater part of volumes 5 and 6 of the Cambridge Natural History (1895 and 1899), his paper “On Aquatic Carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae” (1880–1882), and on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands (1878–1880). Later publications included the Fauna Hawaiiensis (1899, 1908), his contributions to the Biologia Centrali-Americana (aquatic beetles, Staphylinidae, most of Clavicornia, some Rhynchophora, Brenthidae, and Bruchidae), the Catalogue of the British Coleoptera (1893, with Fowler), Rhynchophora of Japan (1896), and “The Comparative Anatomy of the Male Genital Tract in Coleoptera” (1912, with Muir, who was his son-in-law). In addition, Sharp performed enormous service to the international community of entomologists by recording and producing the section of insects for the Zoological Record from 1891 to 1920.

Sharp's contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae is fundamental, and includes, in addition to contributions mentioned above, his treatment of the group from Japan (1874, 1888, 1889) and from the Amazon Valley (1876), as well as many smaller papers on various members of the family. Anyone working on Neotropical or Palaearctic/Oriental Staphylinidae becomes familiar with Sharp's types, which are so characteristically neatly dissected and mounted on large plates. Sharp described 2,315 species and 145 genera in Staphylinidae.

Sharp was the president of the Entomological Society of London in 1887 and 1888, a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Linnean and Zoological Societies in London, an honorary M.A. of the University in Cambridge, 1 of the 15 honorary members of the Société entomologique de France, and a corresponding member of the American Entomological Society (since 1898), as well as of many other scientific societies.

Sharp's collection of Staphylinidae, including most of the types, is deposited at the Natural History Museum, formerly the British Museum (Natural History), in London. [A.S.]

Sources: There are many biographies and obituaries for Sharp, therefore only some are given here. More complete listings may be found in Gilbert (1977) and particularly in Evenhuis (1997). • Entomologist 55 (1922): 217–221 [by W. J. Lucas, with portrait]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 58 (1922): 234–237 [by J. J. Walker, with portrait]. • Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 95 (1924): XXXVI–XLII [by R.C.L. Perkins]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 1120 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Entomologiske Meddelelser 15 (1936): 464–465 [by S. L. Tuxen]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1972): 113–119 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, partial bibliography only]. • Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand 11 (1992): 4–5 [by G. W. Ramsey and T. K. Crosby, with portrait]. • Australian Weevils 3 (1993): 763–766 [by E. C. Zimmerman, with portrait].

[151]

Yasutoshi Shibata

Shibata, Yasutoshi. Shibata, of Japan, was born on November 24, 1936. He began studying staphylinids as a university student. At the time there was an older student studying the group but little other work was being done. He is interested in the systematics of all the Staphylinidae of the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. He has published on Hesperus, Othiellus, Tympanophorus, Amichrotus, Thoracostrongylus, Quedius, Gabrius, Stilicoderus, Planeboreaphilus, Tachinus, Oloprinus, and Eupiestus, among others. He published a checklist of the species of Taiwan and Japan (in five parts) and plans to complete a study of the Philonthini of Japan. He has named 28 species and 4 genera.

[152]

Filippo Silvestri

Silvestri, Filippo. Silvestri was born in Bevagna (Perugia), Italy, on June 22, 1873, and died there on June 1, 1949.

Silvestri was educated at the University of Palermo. He was, for some time, an assistant in the Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy of the University of Rome. He also served as the head of the department of Zoology of the Museum in Buenos Aires (1898–1899). In 1904 he was appointed director of the Zoological Station at Portici, and he stayed in this capacity until his death. Silvestri was one of the most remarkable entomologists of his generation, with a vast output of scientific publications that treated diverse groups of arthropods and included applied entomology. He published 470 papers, of which 320 were on systematics. He established the orders Protura and Zoraptera. He was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Science, the ancient Academy of the Lincei, and a member or honorary member of at least 30 additional academies and societies around the world.

Among other topics, Silvestri was interested in myrmecophilous and termitophilous insects, and it was through this interest that he contributed to the knowledge of the Staphylinidae. He published numerous papers, particularly on termitophilous staphylinids, that contributed substantially to the knowledge of this fascinating group. He described 59 species and 30 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: There are many biographies and obituaries for Silvestri, so only some are listed here. Detailed listings may be found in Conti (1975, see below) and Gilbert (1977). • Annuario della Pontifica Accademia delle Scienze 1 (1937): 674–704 [anonymous, with portrait]. • Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria di Portici 9 (1949): III–XLIX [by G. Russo, with portrait]. • Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria di Portici 9 (1950): XI–XLIX [by G. Russo, bibliography only]. • Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria di Portici 10 (1951): 23–24 [by G. Cotroni, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1973): 133 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only, to 1900). • Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 48 (1975): 1017 [by C. Conti].

[153]

Oscar Sjöberg

Sjöberg, Oscar. Sjöberg was born on October 28, 1885 in Sweden. He died on June 15, 1959, in Falun, Sweden.

Sjöberg was a physician by profession, and coleopterology was his hobby. He served for 30 years as a provincial physician in Los, a small town in the province of Hälsingland. Along with other physicians in many other countries (there must be a primordial link between medicine and entomology), he was a first class coleopterist. His interests included mainly the northern beetle fauna, and he was a recognized specialist of the genera Epu-raea and Meligethes in Nitidulidae, and of the genus Atomaria in Cryptophagidae. In addition, he also studied the northern Staphylinidae and published several papers on them, e.g., a revisionary paper on the genus Proteinus (1930), and a paper describing two new members of Aleocharinae from Sweden (1934), etc. Some of his papers were published together with another Swedish coleopterist, A. Jansson. Sjöberg described five species (one of them coauthored with Jansson) in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Opuscula Entomologica 20 (1955): 2–3 [by C. H. Lindroth, with portrait]. • Opuscula Entomologica 24 (1959): 184 [by C. H. Lindroth].

[154]

Aleš Smetana

Smetana, Aleš. Smetana, of Canada, was born in Czechoslovakia on April 6, 1931. He became interested in the Staphylinidae because of the genus Gabrius. During his early years he was interested in carabids, but at about age 19 he realized that there were too many others working on the group, so he searched for a more exciting group. Upon dissecting his collection of “Gabrius nigritulus” and finding that there were actually many species included, he immediately switched to the Staphylinidae and never looked back. After earning an M.D. degree, he joined the Institute of Parasitology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, where he studied and defended his Ph.D. thesis on the taxonomy and bionomics of the Anoplura of Czechoslovakia. He was later involved in research on transmission and circulation of tick- and mosquito-borne viruses. All the while, in concert with his para-sitological research, he continued with his systematic studies. He arrived in Canada with the award of a postdoctoral fellowship to work on the Quediini of North America for two years. He returned to Czechoslovakia in 1969 and joined the staff of the National Museum in Prague as a research scientist. He returned to Canada in 1971, and was appointed a research scientist at the Entomology Research Institute in Ottawa with responsibilities for aquatic Coleoptera and the Staphylinidae. He is interested in the Staphylinidae in general and has published taxonomic work on many subfamilies, but his primary interests are the Staphylininae and the Staphylinini of the world with particular emphasis on the Quediina. Prior to his arrival in Canada, Smetana had published more than 100 articles, including his 1958 book on the Staphylinidae of Czechoslovakia. On reaching North America his career as a monographer came to fruition. In addition to a constant stream of shorter articles on staphylinids and monographs for various groups of the Hydrophilidae, he has published major studies on the Quediini, Xantholininae, and Philonthina of North America, the Quediini and Atanygnathini of the Himalayan region and Taiwan, and an ongoing series on the quediines of China. He published his first article on staphylinids in 1948 at age 17; 51 years later Smetana has published over 270 articles, and more than 530 species and 19 genera. Currently he is working on several projects in the Staphylinini, is describing new taxa from material he collects, is an editor and author of the proposed catalog of the Palaearctic Coleoptera, and has returned to the Carabidae as coauthor for a few projects. He plans to continue his work on the Chinese Quediini and eventually produce a synthesis of the group for Southeast Asia.

[155]

Antoine Joseph Jean Solier

Solier, Antoine Joseph Jean. Solier was born in Marseille, France, on February 8, 1792; he died there on November 27, 1851.

Solier was a captain of military engineers. His entomological work included mainly the Adephaga, particularly the Carabidae, and many groups of heteromerous Coleoptera. His only contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae was in his treatment of Coleoptera in Gay's Historia fisica y politica de Chile, published in 1849, in which he described 56 new species and 14 new genera in the Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Opuscula Entomologica 1 (1852): 82–94 [by E. Mulsant, with bibliography]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1853): 52–53 [by J. O. Westwood]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 20 (1882): 39–42 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1929): 1150–1151 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only].

[156]

Alexey Yurievich Solodovnikov

Solodovnikov, Alexey Yurievich. Solodovnikov, of Russia, was born on December 16, 1970. From childhood he was interested in collecting and drawing the local (Krasnodar) beetles. For his Master's degree he worked on the ecology and biology of the Malachiidae of the northwestern Caucasus. By the time he was in graduate school for a doctoral degree, he was working with A. A. Stekol'nikov and V. Gusarov on the taxonomy and ecology of the staphylinids of the Northwestern Caucasus. Currently he is working on taxonomic and faunal investigations of Ocypus, Quedius, Othius, and some Paederinae and Omaliinae (for example Psephidonus and Deliphrosoma) of Russia and adjacent regions (particularly the Caucasus). Solodovnikov is just starting his studies of the family but has published nine articles including a faunal work on the Caucasus and four new species.

[157]

Semen Martynovich Solsky

Solsky, Semen Martynovich. Solsky was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, on July 27, 1831, and died there on February 11, 1879.

Solsky graduated from the St. Petersburg University. From his graduation to his death, Solsky was an officer in the Military Ministry in St. Petersburg, but he actually devoted most of his time to entomology. The order Coleoptera was in the foreground of his interests, but he also studied Lepidoptera and even spiders and some crustaceans. Within Coleoptera, the family Staphylinidae was a special focus of his attention. Of his 28 published entomological papers, 7 were exclusively on Staphylinidae. In addition, data on staphylinid faunas of various parts of the former Russian empire, Mexico, and South America constitute a considerable portion of his other papers dealing with beetles. Among these papers is his widely known contribution on the Coleoptera of Turkestan, which was based on rich material collected by A. P. Fedchenko.

Solsky was known among his contemporaries, both Russian and foreign, not only as an excellent entomologist, but also as an enthusiastic leader of the Russian Entomological Society. Solsky established the library of the Society and he was its first librarian for a long time. He also served as the society's secretary and vice-president, and also as the editor of Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae. He had a very nice, generous nature, and was always ready to provide help to anybody interested in entomology.

After a long illness, Solsky died when he was only 48. Solsky's large collection of Coleoptera, originally containing many members of Staphylinidae, is deposited at the Zoological Museum of Moscow University; however the staphylinid portion of the collection, including the types, is now housed at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Solsky described 107 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Le Naturaliste 7 (1879): 56 [anonymous]. • Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 30 (1897): VII–X [by I. Por-chinsky, with bibliography and photograph].

[158]

Bernard Staniec

Staniec, Bernard. Staniec, of Poland, was born July 13, 1960. He became interested in the family during his university biological studies. Beginning in the early 1990s, he published a number of articles describing the immature stages and discussing the natural history of various species. His particular emphasis is on the Oxytelinae and Staphylininae of central Europe. Much of his work has been centered on genera such as Aploderus, Bledius, Oxytelus, Platystethus, Acylophorus, Philonthus, Quedius, Lathrobium, and Aleochara. Among his goals are description of all preimaginal stages of central European oxytelines and some staphylinines (such as Acylophorus, Atanygnathus, some Philonthus, Gabrius, and Quedius) with keys to identification. He would also like to describe the life histories of some of the more interesting Staphylinidae of Poland, and to complete the faunistic data concerning the occurrence of some central European staphylinid species.

[159]

William Owen Steel

Steel, William Owen. Steel was born in London, England, on September 23, 1917. He died in his sleep on September 5–6, 1969, during an entomological survey in the Isle of Rhum, Scotland.

Steel's studies were cut short by the death of his father, and to help support the family, he took a post as a medical laboratory technician with the Middlesex County Council. Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War he worked on the development of plastics and after the war, in 1945, he was transferred to the Agricultural Control Section, where he finally had a chance to work with insects, his life-long interest. In 1959 he was appointed a Senior Experimental Officer in the Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology of Imperial College, at the Silwood Park Field Station. At this station his work on the taxonomy of the Coleoptera finally became part of his official duties. Steel was elected to the Royal Entomological Society in 1951 and was a member of the editorial panel of the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine from 1961. During his last 8 years, he was closely associated with the Nature Conservancy and organized entomological surveys of the Isle of Rhum and the Cairngorms. He died just before his appointment to a Lectureship in Entomology at the Imperial College at Silwood Park. In addition to entomology, Steel was a recognized national authority on nineteenth-century railway goods stock: he was a joint author of a book on this topic that was in press at the time of his death.

Steel's work on Staphylinidae concentrated mainly on two subjects: taxonomy of the two staphylinid subfamilies Proteininae and Omaliinae, and the rearing and taxonomy of staphylinid larvae. His revision of the subfamily Proteininae, published in 1966, was the first, modern revision of the subfamily, and his paper on the omaliine larvae, published posthumously in 1970, contributed significantly to knowledge about them. Steel also made important contributions to the taxonomy and nomenclature of Xantholinini and Oxytelinae. He published 79 entomological papers, 65 of them on various topics concerning Staphylinidae, containing 69 new species and 30 new genera. His collection is housed in the Natural History Museum, formerly British Museum (Natural History), London. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 105 (1969): 145–149 [by T.R.E. Southwood, bibliography and photograph only). • Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (C) 34 (1970): 63 [by H. E. Hinton].

[160]

James Francis Stephens

Stephens, James Francis. Stephens was born in London, England, on September 16, 1792, and died there on December 22, 1852.

Stephens was a clerk in the Admiralty Office, Somerset House, for many years. In 1818, at the request of the Trustees of the British Museum, and on the recommendation of Leach, the government gave Stephens permission to leave his office temporarily to assist Leach in the arrangement of the insects in the British Museum collection. In 1845 Stephens retired from the Somerset House and started to work at the British Museum.

Stephens devoted most of his life to the study of entomology, and along the way he built the largest, most complete collection of British insects yet assembled, as well as an extensive entomological library. Both the collection and the library were made accessible to anyone for scientific purposes on Wednesday evenings every week.

It is worth mentioning that Stephens was involved in an unsuccessful law suit against James Rennie for alleged piracy of the “Illustrations” in the published Conspectus of British Butterflies and Moths. Stephens also had severe clashes and professional fights with his contemporary, John Curtis, but they managed to eventually overcome their bitterness and differences and “it was not an uncommon circumstance to see them both in the insect room at the British Museum discussing entomological matters in friendly communion” (see F. Smith, 1866: 125, cited under Curtis).

The list of Stephens' publications contains about 45 items, some of them extensive, comprehensive works. Three of his publications, The nomenclature of British insects . . . (1829), A systematic catalogue of British insects . . . (1829), and the Illustrations of British entomology . . . , published in two sections (Haustellata and Mandibulata) comprising 11 volumes (1827–1837), became important for the taxonomy and nomenclature of Staphylinidae, as well as for many other beetle families, as sources of early type species designations (see also under Curtis). Stephens described 467 species and 25 genera in the Staphylinidae.

Stephens's entire British collections were purchased by the British Museum in 1853 and are still housed there. [A.S.]

Sources: There are many biographies and obituaries for Stephens, therefore only selected ones are given here. A detailed listing may be found in Gilbert (1977) and in Evenhuis (1997). • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1853): 45–50 [by J. O. Westwood, with bibliography]. • Bibliotheca Stephensiana (1853): 2–10 [by H. T. Stainton]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologists et leurs écrits) 26 (1889): 261–265 [by S. A. Marseul, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1929): 1184–1186 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Proceedings of the British Natural History Society 8 (1976): 95–96 [by C. Mackechnie-Jarvis, with portrait].

[161]

Andreas Strand

Strand, Andreas. Strand was born in Haugesund, on the southwest coast of Norway, on June 11, 1895. He died on February 8, 1980, in Oslo, Norway.

Strand received his education in Haugesund and worked in telegraph services there until 1917, when he moved to Oslo. He obtained a position with the government Telecommunication Board as an office manager responsible for foreign affairs related to telegraphic services. He retired from this position in 1962.

Strand's inclination to natural sciences started during his student years. When he moved to Oslo he became interested, through the influence of Münster and other entomologists, in the study of beetles, an interest that lasted his entire life and made him one of the most eminent Norwegian coleopterists. Most of Strand's work dealt with north European, particularly Norwegian, Coleoptera, but he occasionally published also on material of other provenience. One of Strand's first papers was a contribution to the knowledge of the Norwegian species of Carabus (1928), but soon after that papers on Staphylinidae started to appear. The first one treated northern species of Gyrophaena (1935), and was followed by a large number of papers on this family, including two papers on the male genitalia of northern species of the genera Oxypoda (1966) and Aleochara (1968) in coauthorship with Anders Vik, and further publications through 1979 as one of the authors of Enumeratio Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae et Daniae. One of his major publications is the book Nord-Norges Coleoptera, published by the Troms Museum in 1948; 472 species of Staphylinidae are treated in this book. Strand published 120 papers on beetles and almost all of them were published in Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift. In recognition of his achievements in coleopterology, Strand received an honorary doctoral degree from the university in Bergen in 1965; he was also an honorary member of several entomological and natural history societies in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. In 1977 he donated his collection and entomological library to the Zoological Museum of the University of Bergen, but all type specimens are now housed in the Zoological Museum, University of Oslo. Strand described 24 species of staphylinids. [A.S.]

Sources: • Entomologisk Tidskrift 91 (1970): 1–2 [by T. Palm, with portrait]. • Fauna Norvegica (B) 27 (1980): 1–2 [by E. Sundt, with portrait]. • Entomologica Scandinavica 11 (1980): 343–347 [by A. Løken, with bibliography]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 117 (1981): 174–176 [by C. Johnson, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 78 (1982): 48 [by W. H. Lucht].

[162]

Margaret Kathryn Thayer

Thayer, Margaret Kathryn. Thayer, of the USA, was born June 14, 1952. She became involved with the Staphylinidae when she found many staphylinids in samples she was sorting. She also had the opportunity to learn about the group under the mentorship of Al Newton. She works with the Omaliinae and related subfamilies from all parts of the world, but is particularly directed toward those with Nearctic and south temperate region distributions. She has authored or coauthored at least 22 articles, including several on resolving nomenclatural problems and contributions to catalogs. She has revised and discussed the phylogeny and biogeography of the species of Metacorneolabium, the phylogeny, habitat, and feeding behavior of Neophonus, and sexual dimorphism in the Staphylinidae. She has also coauthored a catalog of the family group names and a higher classification of the Staphylinoidea, a revision of Glypholoma, and the description of a new subfamily of staphylinids (Protopselaphinae), including a discussion of its phylogenetic relationship to other subfamilies. She is currently working on phylogenetic and faunal studies of various groups with Austral distributions, a revision of the generic classification of the Omaliinae, and, in collaboration with others, a guide to the genera of the Staphylinidae of Mexico and North America, and a staphylinid phylogeny based on morphology and DNA sequence data. Her aim is to improve understanding of the systematics, phylogeny, and historical biogeography of the family, and particularly of the Omaliinae and related subfamilies. Through 1998 she has described or codescribed 35 species and 2 genera.

[163]

Carl Gustaf Thomson

Thomson, Carl Gustaf. Thomson was born in Mellan-Grefvie (Skaane), Sweden, on October 13, 1824, of an honorable Malmö family of agriculturists Johan Thomson and his wife Christina Hansson. He died on September 20, 1899, in Lund, Sweden.

Thomson received his primary education in Malmö, and in 1848 he entered the university in Lund. He obtained his Ph.D. degree there in 1850, and stayed in various capacities at this university until his death in 1899. He became the assistant at the Lund Zoological Museum in 1853, lecturer in zoology in 1857, assistant in entomology in 1862, and ordinary assistant in entomology in 1864, as well as the holder of an assistantship not attached to a particular branch of study. He was one of the great, renowned entomologists associated with the university in Lund.

Thomson was endowed with a remarkable systematic talent that enabled him to tackle difficult taxonomic problems successfully. His knowledge covered all insects, but he published mainly on Coleoptera and Hymenoptera; most of his papers appeared in his series Opuscula Entomologica, after which the entomological journal Opuscula Entomologica, published in Lund, was subsequently named. Thomson studied mainly the fauna of his homeland, yet many of his contributions are of significant general impact. He was also an inspirational teacher.

Thomson's most important contributions to the knowledge of Staphylinidae came during the earlier part of his career. In 1858, he published a paper “Försök till uppställning af Sveriges Staphyliner”, in which he presented the division of the family into “tribes”, and a conspectus of the genera, many of them described as new, and most of which are still valid. Later, he treated the family in his series Skandinaviens Coleoptera (volumes 1–3, 1859–1861), offering further subdivisions and adding numerous new species in volumes 2 and 3 (1860–1861). In total, Thomson described 146 species and 70 genera in Staphylinidae.

Thomson's main collection of Coleoptera is housed in the Zoological Museum, Lund University. The remaining Coleoptera collection was sold to Germany and is housed in the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin. [A.S.]

Sources: There are many biographies and obituaries for Thomson; only some are given here. Detailed listing may be found in Evenhuis (1997). • Entomologisk Tidskrift 21 (1900): 1–16 [by S. Bengtsson, with bibliography, portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1929): 1220–1221 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Opuscula Entomologica 1 (1936): 80–81 [by N. A. Kemner, with portrait]. • Opuscula Entomologica 13 (1948): 50 [by K. Ander]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (l972): 260 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 2 (1973): 285 [by N. Papavero].

[164]

Anna L'vovna Tikhomirova

Tikhomirova, Anna L'vovna. Tikhomirova was born in Kras-nogorsk (a small city about 10 km west of Moscow), Russia, on April 11, 1940, the daughter of the painter Lev Richardovich Myoulgaupt and the school teacher Tamara Vasil'evna Sheve-leva. She died on January 12, 1987, in Moscow, Russia.

Tikhomirova was keenly interested in natural history as a child. She joined the club of young biologists at the Moscow zoo, the well-known informal establishment for children and teenagers interested in nature and biology. This unique organization, with a long history and rich traditions, is about 75 years old now; many widely known Russian biologists started their careers as members of this club. There Tikhomirova chose insects as the objects of her interest. Enthusiasm, patience, and inventiveness were characteristic for the girl even then.

Tikhomirova graduated from the Biological Faculty of the Moscow State University. At the university she was a student in the department of entomology, where she started to study the Staphylinidae. Later she was a postgraduate student at the laboratory of soil zoology (headed by M. S. Gilarov) of the Moscow Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of Animals (now Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution). Her Ph.D. dissertation on the morphological features and phylogeny of Staphylinidae was later (1973) published as a monograph Morfoekologicheskie osobennosti i filogenez stafilinid (Morphological and Ecological Features of Staphylinid Beetles and Their Phylogeny) and brought Tikhomirova a wide-reaching reputation. After her postgraduate study, Tikhomirova continued to work in the laboratory of M. S. Gilarov.

In the 1960s, by then married to A. Raznitsyn, Tikhomirova became interested in her husband's research, and helped him to prepare a paper on the interactions of morphogeny and growth in the evolution of insect onthogeny. She started experiments in this field, working closely with her husband. She completed her thesis for the degree of Doctor of Science, but she did not defend it due to poor health and her untimely death on January 12, 1987. The thesis was published posthumously in 1991 as a monograph Perestroyka ontogenesa kak mechanizm evolutsii nasekomykh (Ontogeny Transformation as a Mechanism of the Insect Evolution).

Tikhomirova's bursting scientific activity was not restricted to staphylinid beetles and insect morphogeny. To some degree her interests were closely connected to her private life. Her first husband was Sergei Tikhomirov, a talented acarologist. He encouraged her during her work on the Ph.D. project. Tikhomirova at the same time helped him publish his own work, prior to his untimely death by drowning at sea. Her next marriage to A. Raznitsyn lasted only from the fall of 1958 to spring of 1961, but it considerably affected the fates of both of them. Finally, Tikhomirova married the botanist A. Razumovsky, the author of ingenious ideas in the field of geographical botany; this marriage stimulated her interests in this field prior to Razumovsky's death.

Tikhomirova's collection of Staphylinidae is deposited at the Zoological Museum of Moscow University. Some type material is also kept in the collections of the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg. [A.S.]

Source: There is no published biography or bibliography for Tikhomirova. The above biography is based on material kindly provided by Alexandr P. Raznitsyn, Palaeontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, with some assistance from A. Solodovnikov, St. Petersburg.

[165]

Werner Topp

Topp, Werner. Topp, of Germany, was born on May 1, 1942. He became interested in staphylinids when, one winter when he was about 15, he discovered many species under the bark of a tree trunk. Most of his staphylinid work is concerned with adap-tational, physiological, and developmental questions. He has published articles on diapause, aestivation, natural history, and larval morphology, photoperiodism, low-temperature survival, adaptation to marine environments, and season partitioning and polymorphism in the developmental cycles of sympatric Staphylinoidea, among other topics. He is currently doing breeding experiments with winter-active species, to better understand adaptations to the harsh conditions of winter and the developmental cycles of species that are active during the cool season.

[166] Tóth, László. Tóth, of Hungary, died in 1992. He worked almost exclusively on the Hungarian fauna of the family. Probably his best known work is his series of articles, published in the 1980s and 1990s, that present descriptions and keys for all the genera and species of the country. He named seven species.

[167]

Charles Edward Tottenham

Tottenham, Charles Edward. Tottenham was born in Seld-mere, Yorkshire, United Kingdom, on February 22, 1895. He died on June 30, 1977, in Cambridge, United Kingdom.

During his early years, Tottenham pursued scholarly studies of math and the classics (Rustat Scholar), and he obtained his B.A. in 1917 and M.A. in 1922. He was ordained in the Diocese of Chichester and his curacies included places in several counties. He was also the headmaster of Southend Grammar School at Thorpe Bay in Essex. He gave up Holy Orders in September 1937, moved to London, later to West Ewell Surrey, and in 1942 to Cambridge, where he took up teaching again in a local school. He became the curator of the Zürich collection at the Cambridge University Museum. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London in 1928. In addition to entomology, Tottenham also had other wide-ranging interests. Interested in music, he was a member of the Strauss Society and used to travel to Vienna to collect and record the compositions of the Strauss composers. He was also keen on philately and was a good swimmer and competed in some races.

Tottenham was almost exclusively interested in Staphylinidae. He started to publish his papers, most of which dealt with the British fauna, in the early 1930s. He soon became interested in nomenclatorial problems in the family and from 1939 until 1959 he published numerous important papers on this field. He contributed a section of Staphylinidae (Piestinae to Euaesthetinae) to the Royal Entomological Society of London series Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects (1954). At the same time, he became deeply involved in the study of the members of the genus Philonthus and related genera, particularly of the Afrotropical fauna, and published several important papers on them. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he also published major papers dealing with portions of Staphylinidae from the results of several scientific expeditions to tropical Africa. Tottenham published 50 papers, almost exclusively on Staphylinidae, in which he described 363 species and 18 genera.

Tottenham's large collection of Staphylinidae is housed in The Natural History Museum, formerly British Museum (Natural History), London, England. The collection is quite unique. He kept his specimens in small, extremely shallow trays that he himself made specifically to fit the shallow drawers of his homemade cabinets. Needless to say, it is difficult to handle these specimens on plates attached to quite short pins. [A.S.]

Source: • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 113 (1978): 173–175 [by H. Last, with bibliography, portrait].

[168]

Marc Tronquet

Tronquet, Marc. Tronquet, of France, was born on July 6, 1938. Some 30 years ago Marc became interested in staphylinids when, as a budding coleopterist, he met the prominent staphylinidologist, Jean Jarrige. His interest in the family is centered on the Aleocharinae of the western Palaearctic region. One of his long-range projects is a revision of all or some groups of Oxypoda, particularly those of the western Palaearctic region. He has published on the staphylinids of Afghanistan and on aleocharine genera such as Atheta, Leptotheta, Oxypoda, and Alpinia. He retired from his job about four years ago, so is now able to devote significantly more time to his staphylinid studies.

[169]

Manfred Arthur Uhlig

Uhlig, Manfred Arthur. Uhlig, of Germany, was born in 1949. As a child Uhlig was interested in biology in general, and made many collections of beetles near his home village. Among them were, of course, staphylinids, which fascinated him because of their immense variety and the difficulties of identification. He decided then that he wanted to study biology, with the hope of doing research on staphylinids in a museum or in his spare time. His mentors include his high school biology teacher, Heinz Auerswald, as well as such coleopterists as Reinhold Krieger, Walter Paul, Gerhard Linke, Werner Wallis, Gustav Lohse, Fritz Hieke, and Lothar Dieckmann. His dream was granted when he was employed at the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin, first as a scientific assistant, then curator, then as the head of the Coleoptera collection. He is interested in the Staphylinidae of Germany, Switzerland, and South Africa, the Staphylininae of Europe and Africa, Philonthini of the Afrotropical and Palaearctic regions, and Erichsonius and Neobisnius of the world. He is producing a monograph of Erichsonius in part, and has published taxonomic articles on genera including Sepedophilus, Philonthus, Atanygnathus, and Adinopsis, as well as lists of species collected at various sites, along with habitat data. He has authored or coauthored more than 80 articles and 21 nominal species.

[170]

Erich Wasmann

Wasmann, Erich. Wasmann was born in Meran, Austria, on May 29, 1859. His father was a landscape and portrait painter. He died on February 27, 1931, in Valkenburg, Holland.

Wasmann finished elementary school in Meran, then continued his education at the Franciscan school in Hall near Innsbruck and eventually at the Stella Matutina Jesuit school in Feldkirch, Austria. He was already interested in insects, and when he left Stella Matutina at the age of 16 years, he gave his collection of insects to the school's museum. In 1875 he entered the novitiate of the Jesuit order in Exaten, Holland. Because of health problems, all his studies were made in private. By doctors' orders, Wasmann had to spend a lot of time outdoors, and that is when he started to study ants and their insects guests. After the completion of his philosophical and theological studies, Wasmann was ordained in the priesthood and continued his investigations of ants and their inquilines in the Jesuit community in Valkenburg, Holland. In 1890 he entered the German university in Prague (now Praha, Czech Republic), and studied zoology under Hatschek and Cori for two years. He did not write a doctoral thesis, but returned to Exaten and devoted all his energy to studies that he had started some time before. He produced many substantial papers dealing with “Entwicklung der Staatenbildung” (1901), with “Ursprung und Entwickelung der Sklaverei bei den Ameisen” (1905), etc. His paper “Die psychischen Fähigkeiten der Ameisen” (1899) became famous and a second edition was printed in 1909. The list of his publications contains 289 papers on myrmecophiles and termitophiles, and 144 other entomological papers, a total of 433 entries! Wasmann soon became the leading authority on any topics concerning ants and termites, and myrmecophily and termitophily, and secured for himself a prominent place in the history of entomology. He became a well-known personality at entomological meetings and congresses and was an honorary member of many learned institutions and societies (e.g., the Institut Grand-Ducal of Luxemburg, Academia Pontifica dei Nuovi Lincei, etc.). The University of Freiburg i. Ue., Germany, awarded him an honorary doctoral degree in 1921. The Jesuits established a biological society named for him with chapters around the world in schools conducted by them, and founded a biological journal, The Wasmann Collector, as an official organ of that society. The name of the journal was later (from volume 8) changed to The Wasmann Journal of Biology. The Museum Wasmannianum in Valkenburg, Holland, was another monument to Wasmann.

Wasmann's favorite group among the beetles was apparently the carabid tribe Paussini. However, he also worked extensively on Staphylinidae and some of his papers, such as “Neue Beiträge zur Biologie von Lomechusa und Atemeles . . .” (1915), based on long-term detailed observations of 412 colonies of Formica ants, belong to the classical literature on myrmecophily. He described 259 species and 96 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: There are many biographies and obituaries for Wasmann, therefore only selected ones are given here. A detailed listing can be found in Gilbert (1977). • Zoologischer Anzeiger 82 (1929): 1–10 [by A. Reichensperger, with portrait]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 17 (1931): 89–96 [by F. Heikertinger, with portrait]. • Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 75 (1932): 1–57 [by H. Schmitz, with bibliography, portrait]. • Wasmann Collector 5 (1942): 1–8, 41–46 [by C. J. Wideman, with portrait]. • Insectes Sociaux 1 (1954): 345–369 [by R. Stumper, with portrait]. • Publicaties Reeks van natuurhistorisch genootschap in Limburg (1956): 113–141 [by J.K.S. Van Boven, bibliography only].

[171]

Yashuaki Watanabe

Watanabe, Yashuaki. Watanabe, of Japan, was born on November 12, 1932. He became interested in the family because it was one of the most difficult groups of beetles and is rich in species diversity. His primary interests are the Micropeplinae, Omaliinae, and Paederinae of East Asia. He has published a monograph of the Omaliinae of Japan in addition to many articles on various genera of the subfamily, and has authored or coauthored articles on Erichsonius, Quedius, Liusus, Ocypus, Philonthus, Derops, Micropeplus, Mycetoporus, Tachinus, Syntomium, Trichophya, Lathrobium, Ochthephilum, and Nazeris, among others. His intention is to revise the East Asian species of the Micropeplinae, Omaliinae, and Paederinae to facilitate identification and to provide data for biogeographic studies. He has described or coauthored more than 220 species and 5 genera.

[172]

Hans Wendeler

Wendeler, Hans. Wendeler was born in Elberfeld, Germany, on February 2, 1886, but his family soon moved to Berlin. He died on April 4, 1967, in Berlin-Karow, Germany.

Wendeler attended the Realgymnasium in Berlin, and after graduation he continued his education in a school for mechanical engineering. He went into the construction business and eventually specialized in railroad safety systems. He worked in that field for 41 years. After retirement he worked at an optical institute of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He was also active as an aquarium and terrarium keeper, and through this hobby he developed an interest in insects, particularly beetles, that eventually led him to Staphylinidae.

Wendeler's speciality in Staphylinidae was the subfamily Paederinae, particularly the Neotropical members of the genus Paederus. He also published on other groups of Staphylinidae, such as Leptochirini, etc., also from other zoogeographical regions. The exact number of his publications is not known, but it exceeds 30. He described 243 species and 4 genera in Staphylinidae. [A.S.]

Sources: • Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, e.V. 25 (1966): 17–18 [by H. Korge, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 63 (1967): 56 [by G. Schmidt]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 64 (1968): 61 [by G. Schmidt].

[173]

Joachim Willers

Willers, Joachim. Willers, of Germany, was born on June 4, 1959. He became interested in staphylinids because most of his colleagues refused to work with them. His interests center on collecting and identifying all the species of central Europe. His current research concerns Paederus and related genera, and is presently focused on species of the Afrotropical, Palaearctic, and Oriental regions. He is completing work on the species of Nepal, and will next work on the Afrotropical region, especially on southern Africa in collaboration with Manfred Uhlig. He plans to study the faunas of the New World and Australia. His long-term goal is to understand the systematic relationships and evolution, ecology, and behavior of Paederus.

[174]

Thomas Vernon Wollaston

Wollaston, Thomas Vernon. Wollaston was born in Scotter, Lincolnshire, England, on March 19, 1822. He died on January 4, 1877, in Teignmouth, Devonshire, England.

Wollaston received his basic education at the Grammar School, Bury St. Edmunds. In 1842 he entered the Jesus College, and received his B.A. in 1845 and later his M.A. degree. Shortly after that he became a Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and of the Linnean Society in London. While still at the Jesus College, he became interested in British Coleoptera and started to publish on them. His first paper on Coleoptera, observed at Launceston, was published in the first volume of the Zoologist in 1843. Because of serious health problems (lung disease), Wollaston spent many winters in Madeira, studied the indigenous fauna, and eventually published his famous work Insecta Maderensia in 1854. These experiences, and some contemporary work done in the Canary Islands, stimulated Wollaston's interest in island faunas, and his desire to visit other Atlantic Islands. He went to the Canary Islands in 1858 and 1859 aboard the yacht of his friend John Gray. In 1866 he embarked again on the same yacht for a cruise among the Cape Verde Islands, and in 1875–1876 he spent six months on St. Helena. Despite his poor health, Wollaston worked hard during these trips and produced many important publications on the beetle faunas of these islands that provided a solid foundation for future investigations. These publications were: Insecta Maderensia (1854), Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira (1857), Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries (1864), Coleoptera Atlan-tidum (1865), Coleoptera Hesperidum (1867), and Coleoptera Sanctae Helenae (1877). Wollaston's favorite beetle families were apparently the Cossonidae (considered today a subfamily of Curculionidae) and Colydiidae.

As for many other families, Wollaston provided a solid account of the members of Staphylinidae of the Atlantic Islands that facilitated future research that ultimately revealed the amazingly developed endemism on many of these islands.

Wollaston described 186 species and 6 genera of Staphylinidae, most of them from the Atlantic Islands. [A.S.]

Sources: • American Naturalist 12 (1878): 197 [anonymous]. • Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 1 (1878): 178–181 [anonymous]. • Canadian Entomologist 10 (1878): 34–35 [anonymous]. • Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 14 (1878): 213–215 [anonymous]. • Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques 2 (1878): 206 [anonymous]. • Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario 9 (1878): 25 [anonymous]. • Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 22 (1878): 228–229 [by G. Kraatz]. • Nature 17 (1878): 210 [by “E.C.R.”). • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1877 (1878): XXXVIII [by J. O. Westwood]. • L'Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 20 (1882): 46–49 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928): 1346–1349 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 356 [by A. Musgrave]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1972): 453–454 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only].

[175]

Paul Wunderle

Wunderle, Paul. Wunderle, of Germany, was born in 1954. He became interested in the family as a student working on the pygidial gland secretions in Oxytelinae. He is interested in the staphylinids of the western Palaearctic region, particularly various genera of the Aleocharinae such as Alevonota, Hygro-petrophila, and perhaps Hydrosmecta. He has authored or coauthored articles on the defense secretion of Deleaster dichrous, a revision of the central European Ischnoglossa, the Madeiran species of Geostiba, Othius, and Xenomma, and a revision of the Habrocerinae of the world. His goal is to publish revisionary studies of the Staphylinidae of the western Palaearctic region to simplify the determinations of species and genera so as to facilitate ecological, zoogeographic, and phylogenetic studies. He has authored or coauthored 18 species.

[176]

Adriano Zanetti

Zanetti, Adriano. Zanetti, of Italy, was born on April 29, 1950. He became interested in the Staphylinidae when he as 18 and a collaborator at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale du Verona, when there were few other specialists on the group in Italy. He is interested in the entire family for Italy, the Omaliinae of the Palaearctic region, and Eusphalerum for the world. He has published a book on the entire fauna of the Omaliinae of Italy, has been publishing a series of articles revising Eusphalerum, and has made a number of contributions to the knowledge of the Italian fauna with articles on Philonthus, Quedius, Acrolocha, Boreaphilus, Omalium, and Hapalaraea, among others; he was the principal author of the coauthored staphylinid section of the Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana. He plans to revise the genus Eusphalerum for the world and produce a ecological-biogeographical catalog of the Italian Staphylinidae. He has described about 60 species and 1 genus.

[177]

Lothar Zerche

Zerche, Lothar. Zerche, of Germany, was born in 1944. He became interested in the Staphylinidae as a student at Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald. He is interested in the Palaearctic fauna of the Omaliinae, Aleocharinae, Proteininae (Metopsia), and Pseudopsinae. He has published a monograph on the Palaearctic Coryphiini and another on the Oxypoda of the Canary Island, which is part of an ongoing series on the Palaearctic Oxypoda and related genera. He has published articles on the Palaearctic Pseudopsis, a revision of the Hadrognathini, a taxonomic and phylogenetic study of the central Asian species of Hygrogeus and related genera, and a revision and phylogeny of the west Palaearctic Metopsia as well as work on other genera including Deliphrosoma and Amblopusa. Among his goals are series that revise Oxypoda and related genera, and Alpinia. He has named at least 115 species and 15 genera.

[178]

Johann Wilhelm Zetterstedt

Zetterstedt, Johann Wilhelm. Zetterstedt was born on May 20, 1785, on the estate Lärketorp near Mjölby in Ostgothland, Sweden. He died on December 23, 1874, in Lund, Sweden.

Zetterstedt was, from his early years, seriously interested in botany and zoology. He entered the Lund university in 1805, and in 1808 he received his doctoral degree in philosophy. In 1812 he received the title docent in botany, and in 1812 the Lund university established for him the position of an “Adjunctus” in natural sciences. However, until 1816, there was no salary attached to this post, so Zetterstedt was forced to support himself by giving private lessons. Without much recognition, he was giving lectures at the university, either in botany, or in zoology, sometimes even in both at the same time. Eventually, he was given the position and recognition of a professor in 1822. In 1840 he replaced Agardh as a professor of botany and practical economy. In 1853, he retired but continued as an emeritus, and in 1868 he received the title Doctor medicinae honorarius.

Zetterstedt is often called one of the nestors of entomology, and rightly so. The list of his publications is not very long, but it includes several instrumental works, such as “Fauna insectorum Lapponica” (1828), “Insecta Lapponica descripta” (published in six issues between 1838 and 1840), and the monumental work Diptera Scandinaviae disposita and descripta, published in 14 volumes between 1842 and 1860. The former two works were based to great extent on Zetterstedt's own explorations in Lapland that the poor Zetterstedt was able to conduct only through the generous financial support of the marshal Axel Gustav Gyllenkrook.

Zetterstedt was a member, or honorary member, of many learned European societies and many species in both zoology and botany were named in his honor. He described 29 species in Staphylinidae. His collection, including the types, is deposited at the Zoological Museum, Lund University. Some of the types (perhaps mainly in Diptera) are also at the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. [A.S.]

Sources: Many biographies and obituaries of Zetterstedt were published; therefore only some are given here. A detailed listing may be found in Evenhuis (1997). • Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 36 (1875): 192–193 [by C. A. Dohrn]. • Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5 (1875): 9–10 [by J. Lichtenstein]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1929): 1363 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskapens. Oslo 69 (1934): 30–34 [by O. Dahl, with portrait]. • Opuscula Entomologica 1 (1936): 78–79 [by N. A. Kemner]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 21 (1971): 314 [by F. Marwinski]. • Litteratura Taxonomica Dipterorum 1758–1930 (1997): 836–841 [by N. L. Evenhuis, with partial bibliography, portrait].

[179]

Fa-ke Zheng

Zheng, Fa-ke. Zheng, of China, was born on September 9, 1938. He works on the family in part because few people study the taxonomy of the Chinese Staphylinidae. He is mainly interested in the Oxytelinae, Paederinae, and Staphylininae of the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. He has published articles on Lathrobium, Nazeris, Coprophilus, Trichophya, Cyrtothorax [= Bolitogyrus], Erichsonius, Neobisnius, Nudobius, Othius, Gyrohypnus, Bledius, Oxyporus, Stenus, Dianous, and others. His plans to continue studies of the staphylinid fauna of China. He has described at least 45 species.