In 1998 herbarium and field studies in the West Indies resulted in the rediscovery of the baffling Haitian Cereeae depicted in Charles Plumier's plate 26 of his Botanicon Americanum (1689–1697). Typified upon Burman's copied tab. 195, f. 1 corresponding to Plumier's famous plate 26, this species was named and described in 1830 under Cereus by A. H. Haworth as C. serruliflorus. It was always difficult to accommodate this cactus among the subgenera of Cereus as circumscribed in eds. Hunt & Taylor (1990, 1992). Consequently, a new subgenus of Cereus is hereby proposed for this taxon, Neohaiticereus, alluding to Haiti, its only site of occurrence. With a unique combination of fluted, mucilaginous stems with 10 to at least 17 ribs; flowers striate-angled, recurved, with long-exserted style and stamens; indehiscent fruits that are pendant at maturity and enclose rostrate seeds with a papillose-tuberculate exotesta lacking interstitial pits, Neohaiticereus stands as a monospecific subgenus of Cereus. A detailed morphological description of this taxon is provided in addition to accounts of palynology, seed and epidermal surface morphology. Cereus haitiensis Franck & Peguero (2017) is treated as a synonym of Haworth's earlier name C. serruliflorus.