Rahman, M. and McVetty, P. B. E. 2011. A review of Brassica seed color. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 437-446. Canola oil has excellent fatty acid composition and low saturated fat levels, and canola meal has protein with excellent amino acid composition. Canola seed quality can be further improved by the development of higher oil, higher protein and lower fiber content germplasm through the development of yellow seeded lines. While there is no naturally occurring yellow seeded B. napus, yellow seeded mutants that have arisen in nature can be readily indentified in Brassica rapa, B. juncea and B. carinata species. Brassica napus is widely cultivated in Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. Yellow seed in Brassica species is associated with seed that has higher oil and protein content and lower fiber content. Because of these seed quality advantages of yellow seeded lines, plant breeders around the world have been attempting to develop yellow seeded B. napus genotypes using crosses involving naturally occurring yellow seeded Brassica species. Seed color in B. rapa is controlled by two genes. Two duplicate genes are responsible for seed color in B. juncea. In B. carinata, one repressor gene represses the seed color gene resulting in yellow seed, while the absence of the repressor gene results in brown seed. Several yellow seeded B. napus genotypes have been developed and in most cases three genes are reported as being are responsible for seed color. Numerous different molecular markers for seed color genes in B. rapa, B. juncea and B. napus have been developed for use in marker-assisted selection in plant-breeding programs. These molecular markers can also be used to clone the Brassica seed color gene(s) and then create transgenic yellow seeded B. napus genotypes. This review summarizes past and current research on Brassica seed color breeding, genetics and genomics/biotechnology.

Rahman, H., Shakir, A. and Hasan, M. J. 2011. Breeding for clubroot resistant spring canola (Brassica napus L.) for the Canadian prairies: Can the European winter canola cv. Mendel be used as a source of resistance? Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 447-458. Canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars resistant to clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, are desired by the Canadian canola growers. Different genotypes of its two parental species B.rapa and B. olaeacea carry resistance to this disease. Furthermore, the European winter canola cultivar Mendel, which was bred through introgression of resistance from its parental species, also carries resistance to P.brassicae pathotypes prevelent in Europe. The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of resistance of Mendel for the development of clubroot-resistant canola cultivars for the Canadian prairies. For this, crosses between Mendel and two Canadian spring canola lines were made and pedigree breeding was followed. Plants with spring growth habit and resistant to P.brassicae pathotype 3 were recovered in the F₂ generation, apparently due to the involvement of major genes in the control of clubroot resistance and vernalization requirement. However, repeated selection over several generations was needed for the improvement of earliness. Most of these resistant lines also showed resistance to P.brassicae pathotypes 5 and 6, and had oil, protein, glucosinolate and saturated fatty acids acceptable to meet the Canadian canola standard. The test hybrids produced using the resistant F₆ lines and a male sterile line of the Male Sterility Lembke (MSL) system showed resistance to all three pathotypes in most cases. Furthermore, conversion of these clubroot resistant lines into cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line of the INRA-Ogura system and evaluation of the BC₂ CMS families for resistance revealed the possibilities of using clubroot resistant CMS lines for the development of clubroot resistant F₁ hybrid cultivars. However, despite rigorous selection for resistance performed in different generations, a small number of plants with visible disease symptoms appeared in some of the advanced generation pedigree lines and test hybrids, which is possibly due to the involvement of additional gene(s) in the control of clubroot resistance in these lines. Thus, data presented in this paper demonstrate the possibility of using the clubroot resistance of Mendel for the development of open-pollinated as well as hybrid canola cultivars for the Canadian prairies.

Kim, I.-J., Lee, J., Han, J.-A., Kim, C.-S. and Hur, Y. 2011. Citrus Lea promoter confers fruit-preferential and stress-inducible gene expression in Arabidopsis. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 459-466. A genomic clone encoding a group 5 late embryogenesis abundant protein (Lea5) was isolated from Citrus unshiu. Approximately 600 bp region upstream of the CuLea5 gene with putative cis-elements was fused to the ß-glucuronidase (GUS) gene in pBI121. The LeaP₆₀₀::GUS construct was then introduced to Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed higher expression levels of GUS transcript in silique than in other tissues such as leaves and roots. The level of GUS transcripts increased according to silique development and the maximum was observed in yellowish silique. In addition, histochemical localization of GUS activity was detected only in the valve and septum defined as the fruit part of silique, but not in the seed and replum. The GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis leaves was enhanced by phytohormones, ABA and NAA, and abiotic stresses, cold and drought treatment. Thus, CuLea5 promoter confers the fruit-preferential and stress-responsive expression of a gene in plants.

Campbell, C. A., Lafond, G. P., VandenBygaart, A. J., Zentner, R. P., Lemke, R., May, W. E. and Holzapfel, C. B. 2011. Effect of crop rotation, fertilizer and tillage management on spring wheat grain yield and N and P content in a thin Black Chernozem: A long-term study. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 467-483. We analyzed the agronomic data from a 50-yr crop rotation experiment being conducted on a fine-textured, thin Black Chernozem at Indian Head, Saskatchewan in Canada. Our objective was to determine how a change from conventional-till to no-till, together with an increase in N fertilizer rates recommended by the Saskatchewan Soil Testing Laboratory has affected wheat yields and N and P balance in the systems over the past 20 yr. The treatments assessed were fertilized (N P) and unfertilized fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (F-W), F-W-W, and continuous wheat (ContW), and unfertilized legume green manure (LGM)-W-W and F-W-W-brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.)/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay (H)-H-H. On average, N applied to wheat grown on fallow was 6kgha^-1yr^-1 from 1957 to 1989 and 57kgha^-1yr^-1 from 1990 to 2007; for wheat grown on stubble, the N rates were 21kgha^-1yr^-1 from 1957 to 1977 and 85kgha^-1yr^-1 thereafter. Crops received P at 10kgha^-1yr^-1. On average, fertilizer increased wheat yield of fallow-wheat by 31%; the hay system increased fallow-wheat yield by 26% compared with unfertilized fallow-wheat in F-W-W, and the LGM system increased it by 14%. Effects were greater on stubble crop than on fallow crop, with fertilizer increasing the yield of wheat grown on stubble in the monoculture system by 114%, the hay system increasing it by 83% and the LGM system increasing it by 37%. The legume-containing rotations increased yields by increasing the N supplying capacity of the soil with the hay system being more effective than the LGM because legumes occurred more frequently in the hay rotation (3 in 6 yr vs. 2 in 6 yr). The benefit of the legume-containing systems on wheat yield may have been restricted because this unfertilized system steadily depleted available soil P. Average annualized wheat production in F-W, F-W-W and ContW rotations was unaffected by cropping frequency for the unfertilized systems, but it was directly proportional to cropping frequency for the fertilized systems. Annualized wheat production for the LGM-W-W rotation was 18% greater than for unfertilized F-W-W, but 41% less than for the fertilized F-W-W. Annualized wheat production in the hay-containing rotation was 32% less than in the unfertilized F-W-W rotation because of the less frequent presence of wheat in the hay system. Greater rates of N fertilizer in the later years increased yields and grain N content; this resulted in less residual NO₃-N in the soil compared with previous years with lower fertilizer N. Thus, we expect there will be less likelihood of NO₃ leaching under fallow-containing systems under no-till when updated fertilizer recommendations are used compared with previous results under conventional tillage with lower rates of N applications.

Nelson, A. G., Quideau, S., Frick, B., Niziol, D., Clapperton, J. and Spaner, D. 2011. Spring wheat genotypes differentially alter soil microbial communities and wheat breadmaking quality in organic and conventional systems. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 485-495. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars may have differential effects on soil microbial communities and the breadmaking quality of harvested grain. We conducted a field study comparing five Canadian spring wheat cultivars grown under organic and conventional management systems for yield, breadmaking quality and soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile. Organic yields (2.74 t ha^-1) were roughly half of conventional yields (5.02 t ha^-1), but protein levels were higher in the organic system than the conventional system (16.6 vs. 15.3%, respectively). Soil microbial diversity measures were significantly higher in the organic system compared with the conventional system, including PLFA richness (31 vs. 27 unique PLFAs per sample, respectively) and PLFA diversity (Shannon diversity indexes of 2.90 and 2.73, respectively). Diversity measures were positively correlated with weed seed yield in the organic system (0.44<r<0.55), indicating that the presence of weeds played some role in increased microbial diversity. The use of composted dairy manure in the organic system may also have contributed to differences between the microbial communities in the organic and conventional systems. In the conventional system, the most recent wheat cultivar, AC Superb, had higher levels of mycorrhizal fungi in the soil (1.97%) than the other cultivars (1.32-1.43). Our results suggest that breeding efforts in conventionally managed environments may have resulted in cultivating mycorrhizal dependence in that environment. Cropping systems that include a diversity of plants, such as polycultures, may increase soil microbial diversity.

Miller, P. R., Lighthiser, E. J., Jones, C. A., Holmes, J. A., Rick, T. L. and Wraith, J. M. 2011. Pea green manure management affects organic winter wheat yield and quality in semiarid Montana. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 497-508. Organic farmers in semiarid Montana desire green manures that supply sufficient soil nitrate-N (NO₃-N) to subsequent crops with minimal soil water depletion. Spring and winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) green manures were compared at the bloom and pod stages for soil NO₃-N contribution and water use, and subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and quality in a long-term organic farm in northern Montana. Winter wheat was managed with three additional variables (cultivar, row spacing, and seeding rate). Winter pea had 15-33 kg ha^-1 greater shoot N content (at pod stage only), contributed 14-20 kg ha^-1 greater soil NO₃-N, used 26-31 mm less soil water, and increased winter wheat grain yield by 13-39% and protein by 1.5 percentage units (2007 only), compared with spring pea. Pea green manure type was of primary importance, pea manure termination timing and wheat cultivar generally were of secondary importance, and row spacing and seeding rate were relatively unimportant to wheat yield and quality. Although wheat yield and quality were superior following winter pea green manure in this study, grain protein concentrations were inadequate to meet organic milling industry standards following both green manure types. This suggests that a long-term organic farmer in semiarid northern Montana may not solely rely upon annual legume green manures to sufficiently condition soil NO₃-N for milling wheat production.

Hangs, R. D., Schoenau, J. J., Van Rees, K. C. J. and Steppuhn, H. 2011. Examining the salt tolerance of willow (Salix spp.) bioenergy species for use on salt-affected agricultural lands. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 509-517. Dryland salinity is a significant limitation on crop production across the Canadian prairies, with an estimated 4 million ha of salt-affected land. The potential exists to make better use of saline marginal lands by developing them into willow (Salix spp.) plantations as a bioenergy feedstock; however, relatively little is known about the salt tolerance of willow. The objective of this study was to compare the relative salt tolerance of 37 different native and exotic willow varieties grown under controlled environment conditions on soils of varying salinity. The soils were collected from a farm field in south-central Saskatchewan along a hillslope catena influenced by saline seep salinity, containing high concentrations of sulfate salts, which commonly occurs within western Canada. Most willow varieties tested in this study were able to tolerate moderately saline conditions (EC_e=5.0 dS m^-1). In addition, several varieties (Alpha, India, Owasco, Tully Champion, and 01X-268-015) showed no reduction in growth with severe salinity (EC_e=8.0 dS m^-1). These results indicate that some willow varieties are quite salt-tolerant and suitable for establishment on salt-affected soils in Saskatchewan and abroad.

Balasubramanian, P. M., Hou, A., Conner, R. L., Kiehn, F. A. and Mündel, H.-H. 2011. Carman Black dry bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 519-521. Carman Black is a high-yielding black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with an upright indeterminate growth habit (Type 2a) and early maturity. Carman Black was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Station, Morden, MB, in collaboration with the AAFC Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB. Carman Black has a black seed coat with an intermediate (matte-shiny) seed luster or glossiness. Carman Black is well adapted to the Red River Valley of Manitoba, with maturity earlier than the check cultivars AC Harblack and CDC Jet.

Hou, A., Balasubramanian, P., Conner, R.L., Park, S., Yu, K., Kiehn, F.A. and Navabi, A. 2011. Portage common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 523-525. Portage (CFIA registration no. 6881) is a high-yielding, early-maturing navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with moderate resistance to common bacterial blight, developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Station, Morden, MB, and the Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre at Harrow, ON. Portage is adapted to the dry bean producing regions of Manitoba. Portage has similar cooking and canning quality as the check cultivars.

Rahman, H., Stringam, G. R. and Degenhardt, D. F. 2011. 72P01 CL Clearfield herbicide-tolerant spring canola. Can J. Plant Sci. 91: 527-528. 72P01 CL is a Clearfield herbicide-tolerant canola-quality Brassica napus L. cultivar registered in Canada in 2007. On average, 72P01 CL yielded 7% more seed and flowered 2 d earlier than the WCC/RRC check cultivars. Seed oil and meal protein content of 72P01 CL are similar to the WCC/RRC checks. Thus, 72P01 CL combines high seed yield with earliness of flowering, while retaining other desired traits at an acceptable level.

DePauw, R. M., Knox, R. E., McCaig, T. N., Clarke, F. R. and Clarke, J. M. 2011. Carberryhard red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 529-534. On average, over 36 replicated trials over 3 yr, Carberry, a doubled haploid hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), expressed significantly higher grain yield than all checks except Superb. Wheat and flour protein concentrations were greater than Superb. Carberry matured significantly later than AC Barrie, Katepwa, and Lillian. Carberry was significantly shorter than all of the checks and was significantly more resistant to lodging than Katepwa, Laura and Lillian. Carberry had significantly higher test weight than all of the checks, intermediate kernel weight relative to the checks, and meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat market class. Carberry expressed improved resistance to fusarium head blight relative to the checks, resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust, common bunt, and moderate resistance to loose smut.

Lafond, J. et Ziadi, N. 2011. Fertilisation azotée et phosphatée dans la production du bleuet nain sauvage au Québec. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 535-544. Peu d'études ont évalué les interactions entre l'azote (N) et le phosphore (P) dans la production du bleuet nain sauvage (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). Ainsi, l'objectif de cette étude a été de déterminer la réponse du bleuet à la fertilisation en N et en P sous les conditions climatiques et édaphiques du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Québec, Canada. Les traitements ont consisté en quatre doses de N (0, 30, 60 et 90 kg N ha^-1) et quatre doses de P (0, 30, 60 et 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1). Les rendements optimaux en fruits (5361 kg ha^-1) déterminés selon l'équation de régression ont été atteints avec la dose de 64 kg N ha^-1 tandis que la fertilisation en P n'a eu aucun effet sur les rendements dans cette expérience. La densité de tiges, le nombre de bourgeons floraux et la taille des plants ont augmenté uniquement avec la fertilisation en N. Durant l'année de végétation, les concentrations en N, en P et en potassium (K) des feuilles ont augmenté significativement avec les doses de N tandis que les doses de P ont augmenté uniquement la concentration en P des feuilles. Les doses élevées de N ont, par ailleurs, diminué les concentrations en calcium et en magnésium des feuilles. Les rendements en fruits ont été significativement corrélés à la taille des plants (r =0,75), au nombre de bourgeons floraux (r =0,82),à la densité de tiges (r=0,52) ainsi qu'aux concentrations en N (r =0,58), en P (r =0,57) et en K (r =0,72) des feuilles. La productivité du bleuet nain sauvage a été fortement influencée par la fertilisation en N et les interactions avec le P ont été limitées. L'absence de réponse à la fertilisation en P a confirmé que les besoins en P de la culture sont faibles et que le P du sol est suffisant pour les combler.

Ahmed, H. U., Hwang, S. F., Strelkov, S. E., Gossen, B. D., Peng, G., Howard, R. J. and Turnbull, G. D. 2011. Assessment of bait crops to reduce inoculum of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) of canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 545-551. Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a serious threat to canola (Brassica napus, B. rapa) production in western Canada because of its long-lived resting spores, high spore production potential, and negative impact on seed yield when inoculum concentrations are high. The impact of bait crops on soil resting spore populations and subsequent clubroot severity was studied in replicated trials under greenhouse and field conditions. Resting spore populations were often slightly reduced following two cycles of cruciferous crops (canola or Chinese cabbage) relative to non-cruciferous host crops (red clover, perennial ryegrass, orchardgrass, bentgrass) and non-host crops (barley, wheat). Subsequent clubroot severity showed a similar trend, but the impact was generally small and inconsistent. Bait crops had no effect on clubroot severity at two commercial field sites where populations of resting spores were high (1 × 10⁶ spores per gram of soil). We conclude that the use of bait crops is unlikely to be an important component of an IPM program for clubroot of canola.

Francis, A., Darbyshire, S. J., Clements, D. R. and DiTommaso, A. 2011. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 146. Lapsana communis L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 553-569. Nipplewort, Lapsana communis, is an annual weed of the Asteraceae native to Europe and western Asia, first detected in northeastern and Pacific northwestern regions of North America in the 19th century. It appears to have been introduced as a contaminant of imported garden material and seeds, but may also have been deliberately introduced as a medicinal herb. After a century of remaining close to its original points of introduction in gardens and ruderal habitats, it spread to neighbouring areas, and now occurs across southern Canada and in many areas of the United States. Possible reasons for this range expansion include forest clearance and changing crop management practices as was observed in Europe, where this plant has become an important weed in grain, forage and vegetable crops. In Ontario, L. communis has recently emerged as a weed in wheat (Triticum aestivum), corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) fields. Various herbicides have been effective on L. communis in corn, but control has been less effective in winter wheat, where the herbicides MCPA and 2,4-D used alone have provided little or no control. Control in soybean has yet to be assessed. In Europe both mechanical methods and herbicides have been effective in controlling the weed, but L. communis has recently developed tolerance to MCPA. It is unclear whether this weed will continue to spread or will remain a localized or relatively minor crop pest in Canada.

Soltani, N., Mashhadi, R. H., Mesgaran, M. B., Cowbrough, M., Tardif, F. J., Chandler, K., Swanton, C. J. and Sikkema, P. H. 2011. The effect of residual corn herbicides on soybean injury and yield seeded in the same season. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 571-576. In rare situations, poor stands of corn are removed and reseeded to soybean later in the spring, even though residual corn herbicides have already been applied. Nine field studies were conducted over a 3-yr period (2005 to 2007) at four locations in Ontario, Canada, to determine the minimum interval for re-seeding to soybean following the application of residual corn herbicides. Five commonly used residual corn herbicide premixes or tankmixes were applied 6, 4, 2 or 0 wk before soybean seeding. The level of injury generally increased as the interval between herbicide application and soybean seeding decreased. Isoxaflutole plus atrazine caused as much as 28% injury and decreased plant stand, biomass and yield as much as 7, 49 and 42%, respectively. S-metolachlor/atrazine and S-metolachlor plus mesotrione plus atrazine caused 0 to 17% injury, but had no adverse affect on plant stand, biomass and yield except for biomass, which was reduced 18% with S-metolachlor plus mesotrione plus atrazine at 0 wk before seeding. Rimsulfuron plus S-metolachlor plus dicamba caused up to 68% injury and decreased plant stand, biomass and yield as much as 18, 56, and 26%, respectively. Dimethenamid plus dicamba/atrazine caused up to 90% injury and decreased plant stand, biomass and yield by as much as 43, 77, and 54%, respectively. Based on these results, corn producers are advised to switch to herbicides that are less injurious to soybean as the spring seeding season progresses. This would allow for reseeding to soybean if it is no longer profitable to re-seed corn due to the late seeding date.

Soltani, N., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. H. 2011. Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifidaL.) control in corn. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 577-581. Twelve field trials (five with PRE and seven with POST herbicides) were conducted over a 4-yr period (2006-2009) on various Ontario farms with heavy giant ragweed infestations (22 plants m^-2) to determine the effectiveness of preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides for the control of giant ragweed in corn. Atrazine, dicamba, dicamba/atrazine, isoxaflutole plus atrazine, mesotrione plus atrazine, saflufenacil, and saflufenacil/dimethenamid applied PRE provided 9-52, 60-80, 64-83, 44-77, 33-80, 36-80, and 43-63% control of giant ragweed, reduced giant ragweed density 55, 45, 59, 64, 68, 73, and 77% and reduced giant ragweed shoot dry weight 60, 89, 90, 87, 83, 81, and 78%, respectively. Atrazine, dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, dicamba/atrazine, 2,4-D/atrazine, bromoxynil plus atrazine, prosulfuron plus dicamba, primisulfuron/dicamba, mesotrione plus atrazine, topramezone plus atrazine, and bentazon/atrazine applied POST provided 46-94, 70-90, 69-84, 82-94, 56-83, 59-76, 66-84, 71-81, 49-81, 34-78, and 26-84% control of giant ragweed, reduced giant ragweed density by 65, 82, 71, 82, 76, 76, 59, 65, 59, 47, and 71% and reduced giant ragweed shoot dry weight by 97, 99, 97, 99.6, 98, 98, 95, 97, 95, 88, and 96%, respectively. Based on these results, dicamba/atrazine provided the best and most consistent control of giant ragweed in corn of the PRE and POST herbicides evaluated.

Seerey, N., Shirtliffe, S. J. and Hucl, P. 2011. Seeds from unthreshed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spikes have reduced field emergence compared with threshed seed regardless of cultivar. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 583-585. Five wheat cultivars were evaluated for their ability to emerge as volunteers from cereal spikes and threshed seed. Emergence monitoring of two sites found differences between timing and total volunteer emergence varying with cultivar, and shed seed form. Seeds from threshed seeds had greater emergence than those from unthreshed spikes. Because of these differences, future studies should utilize both threshed and un-threshed wheat spikes to determine seedbank persistence.

Pynenburg, G. M., Sikkema, P. H., Robinson, D. E. and Gillard, C. L. 2011. The interaction of annual weed and white mold management systems for dry bean production in Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 587-598. Annual weeds and white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) are serious pests in dry bean, and can cause substantial yield losses. The proper management of these pests is essential for profitable production. A 2-yr study conducted at three field locations in Ontario examined the effects of two pre-plant incorporated herbicide programs on weed management and three foliar fungicides on white mold development. In addition, thiamethoxam was evaluated for its ability to alleviate stress caused by annual weeds and white mold. Interactions among disease severity, weed control, agronomics and economic returns were examined. Thiamethoxam seed treatment had inconsistent benefits with respect to plant emergence and vigour, harvested weight, seed weight and economic returns. There were no benefits for the other parameters measured. The premium herbicide program (s-metolachlor plus imazethapyr) reduced weed ground cover, white mold severity and pod drop, and increased 100-seed weight, harvested weight and net economic return compared with the economic herbicide program (trifluralin). The foliar fungicides reduced white mold severity and pod drop, while increasing 100-seed weight, harvested yield and net economic return. Fluazinam resulted in the lowest white mold severity, and the highest yield and treatment return, when compared with cyprodinil/fludioxonil and boscalid in some environments. High weed pressure in the presence of white mold increased disease severity. Where treatment differences occurred, the premium herbicide program and fluazinam foliar fungicide resulted in the highest net economic return to growers.