Egle, K., Beschow, H. and Merbach, W. 2015. Nitrogen allocation in barley: Relationships between amino acid transport and storage protein synthesis during grain filling. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 451-459. A better knowledge of the source-sink relationships relating to nitrogen allocation within plant and synthesis of storage protein in grains could be of particular importance contributing to better define grain sink capacity for improving nitrogen use efficiency by plant species. The objectives of this study were to assess N partitioning in barley cv ‘Barke’prior and after anthesis, and to investigate whether the synthesis of the major storage protein (hordein) is an indicator of the sink strength of the developing grain for nitrogenous compounds. Pot experiments were performed using N fertilizer, labelled N (¹⁵N fertilizer) or feeding of labelled proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids (¹⁵N-L-a-alanine: ¹⁵N-a-Ala or ¹⁵N-a-aminoisobutyric acid: ¹⁵N-a-Aib, respectively). Results showed that N filling of spike occurred from N remobilized predominantly from leaves and stem, and from current N uptake. Post-anthesis applied ¹⁵N was taken up and predominantly transported into spike. Experiment with feeding of labelled amino acids demonstrated that most of the ¹⁵N from a-Ala and a-Aib was transferred to grains, but that more (about 37% versus 24%) was retained in the fed leaf when ¹⁵N was applied in the form of a-Aib. The strongest effect was observed in partitioning between N fractions in grains: hordein acted as a main reservoir for ¹⁵N-a-Ala while ¹⁵N-a-Aib predominantly remained in NaCl-extractable fractions (non-protein nitrogen and salt-soluble proteins). The biosynthesis of hordein in grains did not seem to be exclusively the potential sink for nitrogenous compounds but could enhance the transport of amino acids into the grain by the instantaneous incorporation of imported amino acids into hordein.

Bennani, K. et Bendaou, N. 2015. Influence de la salinité en plein champ sur la teneur en phytœestrogènes et la germination d'écotypes marocains de Trifolium. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 461-466. La salinité des sols constitue l'une des contraintes qui pèsent sur la production et la qualité chimique du trèfle dans les régions arides et semi-arides. L'objectif de cette étude est l'évaluation au champ d'un stress salin sur le développement et l'accumulation de certains polyphénols chez différentes espèces de trèfle. Pour ce faire, des essais impliquant neuf écotypes marocains (Trifolium isthmocarpum, Trifolium scabrum et Trifolium lappaceum) et une variété commerciale (cv. Paradana de l'espèce Trifolium michelianum) ont été réalisés à deux sites marocains Ghich (Rabat) et Benadid (Casablanca). Au premier site, les plantes ont été irriguées avec une eau de puits douce, de conductivité électrique (CE) de 0,56 ds m^-1, tandis qu'au second site, l'irrigation a été réalisée avec une eau de puits saline, (CE=10,9 ds m^-1). Des mesures sur le rendement en grain, le taux de germination et la concentration en formononétine, daidzéine et coumestrol ont été réalisées. Après cinq mois de culture, l'écotype L1 (T. lappaceum) a enregistré une capacité germinative significativement supérieure (P<0,001) par rapport aux autres écotypes pour les deux essais. Sa teneur au niveau des trois polyphénols testés a été significativement (P<0,01) sous la concentration limite admise: 200 ppm pour le coumestrol, 25 ppm pour la formononétine et 30 ppm pour la daidzéine.

Gao, M.-F., Peng, H.-Z., Li, S.-S., Wang, X.-L., Gao, L., Wang, M.-H., Zhao, P.-F. and Zhao, L.-X. 2015. Insight into flower diversity in Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum chilense using comparative biological approaches. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 467-478. Flowers, the defining feature of angiosperms, are reproductive organs that enable the continuation and propagation of flowering plant species. However, intra- and inter-species specific reproductive barriers have often evolved in plants; one such example being in the section Lycopersicum of the genus Solanum. This biological phenomenon is closely related to flower diversity, including visible morphologic features and processes such as pollination and fertilization are influenced by floral morphology, although the exact relationships remains unclear. In this study, two distinct Solanum accessions that exhibit either self-compatibility (SC) (S. lycopersicum, P86) or self-incompatibility (SI) (S. chilense, LA2405), from section Lycopersicum in Solanum were subjected to comparative analyses focusing on flower diversity. The long style of LA2405 was found to differ from that of P86 in that it exserts from the anther cone, and the irregular ‘long strip villi on the lower style of LA2405 were structurally distinct from the typical ‘finger shape’ villi of P86. Pollen grains from both LA2405 and P86 were able to germinate on their own stigmas and those of the other accessions. Pollen tube growth was arrested 1/2 and 3/4 of the way down the style in P86 and LA2405, respectively, when LA2405 was used as pistil parent. Additionally, the disappearance of starch grains and lipid bodies in the cytoplasm of the transmitting tract cells was most evident in cells that were close to the pollen tube. An analysis of the expression of flower associated genes revealed that CUL1 and SLF had an anther-specific expression pattern, while SKP1 and RBX1 were constitutively expressed in flowers of both LA2405 and P86. It was also found that transcript levels of four flower associated genes encoding subunits of the SCF complex (Skp1-Cullin1-F-box-Rbx1) were higher in anthers than in other floral organs of the flower, and higher in LA2405 than in P86. Phylogenetic analysis of CUL1 sequences and RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis (genome-wide scanning) indicated that flower associated genes may represent a good resource for evaluating evolutionary relationships between tomato species. Taken together the results suggest that comparative biological methods not only represent a platform for detecting evolutionary differences in flowers of different tomato species, but also provide useful data for further dissecting the mechanisms of reproductive behaviors.

Bussières, J., Rochefort, L. and Lapointe, L. 2015. Cloudberry cultivation in cutover peatland: Improved growth on less decomposed peat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 479-489. Cloudberry cultivation is being seriously considered as a rehabilitation option for industrial peatlands after horticultural peat extraction has ceased. Besides increasing the ecological and economic values of these sites, cloudberry cultivation could improve fruit yield and facilitate fruit harvesting compared to picking in natural peatlands. Previous studies reported slow establishment that was tentatively associated with substrate characteristics. Field and greenhouse experiments were thus conducted to better characterize the impact of different peat substrates in combination with restoration techniques on the growth of male and female clones. Cloudberry grew much better in less-decomposed fibric peat (H1-H3) than in more-decomposed mesic peat. Restoring the moss layer of the former peat field would thus need to precede cloudberry planting by a few years, in order to plant the rhizomes in a newly formed fibric peat layer. Male clones produced larger leaves and more ramets per rhizome than female clones under common greenhouse conditions, which indicated that differences between sexes are most likely genetic rather than environmental. Furthermore, we found cloudberry clones may be very sensitive to aluminium toxicity. In conclusion, the degree of peat decomposition appears to be one of the key factors determining the success of cloudberry plantations.

Ehlenfeldt, M. K., Rowland, L. J., Ogden, E. L. and Vinyard, B. T. 2015. LT₂₅, LT₅₀, and LT₇₅ floral bud cold hardiness determinations for a diverse selection of Vaccinium genotypes. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 491-494. Freeze-bath cold hardiness results were used to calculate LT₂₅ and LT₇₅ values (temperatures causing 25% and 75% lethality, respectively) for a diverse selection of Vaccinium genotypes which had been previously analyzed for LT₅₀ values. Overall, LT₂₅ and LT₇₅ values paralleled the LT₅₀ values. Across genotypes, the LT₂₅ was approximately 1.7°C (3.1°F) higher than the LT₅₀, and the LT₇₅ approximately 1.6°C (2.9°F) lower than the LT₅₀ for any given date.

Kim, J. and Wolyn, D. J. 2015. Freezing tolerance assessment for seedlings of three asparagus cultivars grown under controlled conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 495-504. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cultivars grown in southern Ontario must be winter-hardy. Development of a method to screen seedlings for freezing tolerance directly, or indirectly through metabolite analysis, could be useful in a breeding program. Ten-week-old seedlings of three cultivars with varying adaptation to southern Ontario, Guelph Millennium (GM), Jersey Giant (JG) and UC157 (UC), were acclimated under factorial combinations of two temperatures (7 or 23°C) and two photoperiods (8 and 16 h), with or without 5 additional days of sub-freezing acclimation at 3/-3°C (12/12 h) in darkness. Plants were then evaluated for metabolites and LT₅₀, the temperature at which 50% of plants die. Photoperiod had no effect, but low temperature without sub-freezing acclimation decreased LT₅₀ (increased freezing tolerance) of all three cultivars. The ranking of freezing tolerance, GM>JG>UC, was consistent with observed persistence in the field. The cultivars differed for concentrations of fern chlorophyll, and crown proline, high-molecular-weight fructan and sucrose, as well as crown percentage water. LT₅₀ was highly correlated with crown percentage water, and chlorophyll, proline, sucrose, and high-molecular-weight fructan concentrations, suggesting these traits could be used as indirect measures to breed for winter-hardy cultivars.

Ostaff, D. P., Mosseler, A., Johns, R. C., Javorek, S., Klymko, J. and Ascher, J. S. 2015. Willows (Salix spp.) as pollen and nectar sources for sustaining fruit and berry pollinating insects. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 505-516. Willows (Salix spp.) are ubiquitous in the northern hemisphere, serving as an important pollen and nectar resource for insect pollinators and for the enhancement of insect-pollinated agricultural crops such as fruits and berries. We used a common-garden field test containing seven native North American willow species to assess attractiveness of male and female flower catkins by documenting visits of Andrena spp. (Apoidea: Anthophila), other wild bees (all native), and flower flies (Syrphidae). Most willows in Canada's Maritimes begin flowering very early in spring, as the first wild pollinators become active following winter, and stop flowering by mid-May. A later-flowering group normally begins flowering in mid-May and stops flowering by mid-June. Pollinator species were largely opportunistic, visiting whatever species of willow flowers were available during foraging, but Andrena dunningi appeared to prefer flowers of S. nigra and S. interior. There was a general preference for male flower catkins, with 72% of Andrena spp. and 82% of all flower flies collecting pollen and/or nectar from male flowers, because pollen is the major component of nest provisioning for most solitary bees and the major source of protein used to develop reproductive tissues in most flower flies. Most andrenids and flower flies were collected within the April-June flowering period of six of the seven willow species studied, indicating that these willows could be used to support the pollinator community before the flowering period of commercially valuable flower-pollinated crops such as lowbush blueberry, cranberry, and apple.

Xue, A. G., Chen, Y., Marchand, G., Guo, W., Ren, C., Savard, M. and McElroy, A. R. B. 2015. Timing of inoculation and Fusarium species affect the severity of Fusarium head blight on oat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 517-524. The influence of timing of inoculation and pathogenicity of four Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. avenaceum) causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) were examined on 12 oat genotypes under controlled environmental conditions in two separate sets of experiments. In the first set, early inoculations with F. graminearum at or before the complete emergence of ears resulted in little or no visible FHB symptoms but deoxynivalenol (DON) contents ranging from 0.4 to 2.6 ppm were detected in the harvested grain. Severe levels of FHB were observed on these genotypes with infected spikelets ranging from 30 to 74% and DON concentrations, from 6.6 to 10.0 ppm, when plants were inoculated at or after the 50% anthesis stage. Inoculation at 50% anthesis was considered the most appropriate as it allowed sufficient time for disease development and assessment prior to the physiological maturity of the plants. In the second set of experiments, F. culmorum and F. graminearum were equally highly pathogenic, having areas under the disease progress curve of 45.3 and 47.3, respectively. Fusarium sporotrichioides was significantly less pathogenic than the two highly pathogenic species. The pathogenicity of F. avenaceum was intermediate and was not significantly different from those of either the highly pathogenic or the weakly pathogenic Fusarium species.

Turkington, T. K., O'Donovan, J. T., Harker, K. N., Xi, K., Blackshaw, R. E., Johnson, E. N., Peng, G., Kutcher, H. R., May, W. E., Lafond, G. P., Mohr, R. M., Irvine, R. B. and Stevenson, C. 2015. The impact of fungicide and herbicide timing on foliar disease severity, and barley productivity and quality. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 525-537. There is interest in mixing herbicides with a half-rate of fungicide at herbicide timings for barley in western Canada. At six sites across the Canadian prairies from 2010 to 2012 combinations of herbicide and the fungicide Tilt^® (propiconazole) were applied to barley at the two- to three-leaf stage (herbicide and half-rate fungicide), five- to six-leaf stage (herbicide and half-rate fungicide), and/or the flag leaf stage (full or half-rate fungicide only). Each plot area was cross-seeded with tame oat as a model weed prior to seeding. Upper canopy leaf samples were collected for leaf disease assessment at the early dough growth stage. Weed biomass, and grain yield and quality were determined. Total leaf area diseased (a combination of scald, both forms of net blotch and spot blotch) was greater for the two- to three- or five- to six-leaf stage herbicide-only treatments and the combination herbicide and half-rate fungicide treatments compared with fungicide at the flag leaf stage. Yield, 1000-kernel weight, kernel plumpness and test weight were greatest and kernel thins lowest for treatments with a flag leaf stage fungicide application. Split applications of fungicide at the time of herbicide application and at flag leaf emergence did not improve disease management and crop productivity compared with a single full rate fungicide application at the flag leaf stage. Weed biomass was generally not influenced by the treatments because weed control was excellent at all sites. However, yield was lower when herbicide was applied at the five- to six-leaf versus the two- to three-leaf stage. For improved leaf disease management and yield in barley, fungicide applications should include a flag leaf stage timing for adequate protection of upper canopy leaves, which are key contributors to yield and grain filling. Delaying herbicide application to the five- to six-leaf stage in an attempt to accommodate a fungicide application reduces barley yield due to early-season weed interference.

Simard, M.-J., Nurse, R. E. and Darbyshire, S. J. 2015. Emergence and seed production of woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa) in legume forage crops. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 539-548. Woolly cupgrass is an annual grass of East Asian origin now present in North America, particularly in the US corn belt. The species was found in Canada in 2000 (southern Quebec). New, mostly small, populations have been discovered every year since 2007 and the species became a nationally regulated and quarantined weed in 2011. In order to evaluate the potential use of perennial legumes to reduce established populations, the emergence pattern, density, biomass and seed production of a woolly cupgrass population were evaluated in plots either kept unmanaged (control), in chemical fallow (treated with sequential applications of glyphosate) or cropped with alfalfa or clover from 2009 to 2011. Every year, woolly cupgrass seedlings started to emerge early (Apr. 29 to May 05) and continued to emerge over a 26- to 85-d period. All unmanaged weekly cohorts produced seed. Woolly cupgrass in unmanaged control plots produced about 10 000 seeds m^-2 in 2010 and 2011. In the chemical fallow, emergence counts decreased by about 2/3 each year. No woolly cupgrass seeds were collected during forage harvests except during a single late cut. However, despite the control of the initial spring cohort (using herbicide) and a standard cutting regime, seedbank inputs from woolly cupgrass increased every year in the forage plots. Therefore, the inclusion of perennial legumes into a rotation is unlikely to reduce the local abundance of woolly cupgrass.

White, S. N., Boyd, N. S., Van Acker, R. C. and Swanton, C. J. 2015. Pre- and post-vernalization ramet removal reduces flowering of red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) in wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 549-556. Red sorrel is a common, ramet-producing herbaceous creeping perennial species in wild blueberry fields. Flowering and seed production occur primarily in overwintering ramets in Nova Scotia, Canada, and growers may therefore be able to adopt fairly simple management strategies to reduce or prevent flowering and seed production in this species. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of pre- and post-vernalization ramet removal on red sorrel flowering ramet density under both controlled and field conditions. Under controlled conditions in a growth facility, ramet populations were subject to pre- and post-vernalization clipping treatments to simulate late autumn and early spring ramet removal. Under field conditions, pre- and post-vernalization ramet removal was achieved using postemergence applications of paraquat applied at a rate of 1 100 g a.i. ha^-1 in early autumn and spring. Under controlled conditions, pre- and post-vernalization ramet removal reduced the density of flowering ramets by >95% and significantly reduced the frequency of pots with flowering ramets. Autumn and spring applications of paraquat under field conditions significantly reduced the survival of overwintering ramets, resulting in a significant reduction in the density of flowering ramets. Pre- and post-vernalization ramet removal has the potential to be a component of an integrated weed management strategy for red sorrel in wild blueberry.

Gaire, R., Astley, C., Upadhyaya, M. K., Clements, D. R. and Bargen, M. 2015. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 154. Himalayan blackberry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 557-570. Himalayan blackberry, an invasive weed in Canada, is particularly problematic in southwestern British Columbia. Isolated occurrences have also been recorded in Ontario. The nomenclature of this species has been under review recently; Rubus armeniacus Focke, R. discolor Weihe & Nees, and R. bifrons Vest have been frequently applied, as well as R. procerus auct. Non P. Muell. Ex Genev, Rubus praecox Bertol., R. vestitus Weihe and others. Himalayan blackberry microspecies in North America are within the species aggregate R. fruticosus L. Because the Canadian material has yet to be analysed genetically we refer to the species by the common name Himalayan blackberry in this account. Because of its vigorous growth in temperate, moist environments, it has become a problem weed in the Pacific Northwest, where it outcompetes native plant species by shading. It reproduces by seeds and vegetatively, forming dense thickets. Although humans value blackberries harvested from Himalayan blackberry and the plant also provides habitat and food for wildlife, management to prevent excessive growth is recommended. Nesting songbirds preferred more diverse, “natural” forest types over Himalayan blackberry-dominated thickets in southwestern British Columbia. Chopping, cutting, mowing or browsing by goats and/or herbicide application are effective management strategies but require diligence to prevent vegetative re-growth. A leaf fungal rust, Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) Winter, has recently become a major pathogen of Himalayan blackberry in Oregon, and was found to occur in British Columbia in 2008.

Lokuruge, P., Tar'an, B., Harms, T., Howard, R. and Bandara, M. 2015. Effect of prohexadione calcium on vegetative growth, seed maturity and seed yield of the Kabuli chickpea cultivar CDC Frontier. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 571-578. In the western Canadian semi-arid prairies, chickpea maturity is often delayed by the presence of cool and wet, growing conditions, particularly during the late growth stages of the crop. This results in reduced seed yield and quality, by increasing vegetative growth and delaying seed maturity. A field study was conducted in 2010 and 2011 at Brooks and Bow Island in Alberta to evaluate the potential use of prohexadione calcium (PC) to control secondary vegetative growth of Kabuli chickpea cultivar CDC Frontier. PC was foliar-applied at 750, 1500, 3000 and 4500 mg (a.i.) L^-1 to CDC Frontier chickpeas at 10, 20 and 30 d after first flower appearance. Results indicated that PC had no significant impact on plant height at the late reproductive stages, mainly due to the resumption of crop growth 2 to 3 wk after the PC treatment; PC decreased seed yield significantly without affecting the green and immature portions. Increasing concentration of PC significantly increased 1000-seed weight only in 2011. In summary, our results suggest that PC treatment at reproductive phase is not a reliable option for controlling excessive crop growth, synchronising seed maturity or improving productivity of chickpea cultivar CDC Frontier in southern Alberta.

Smith, E. G., Janzen, H. H. and Kröbel, R. 2015. Yield and profitability of fallow and fertilizer inputs in long-term wheat rotation plots at Lethbridge, Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 579-587. A long-term, 42-yr study was used to determine the impacts of crop rotation and fertility management on wheat yield and profitability. Crop rotations included continuous wheat (W), fallow-wheat (FW), and fallow-wheat-wheat (FWW). Original plots were split for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertility treatments, a two-factor factorial for N (0 and 45 kg ha^-1) and P (0 and 20 kg ha^-1). Phosphorus increased yield during the first half of the period, but had little impact during the last half. Nitrogen had no yield impact on fallow crops during the first half of the period, but had a positive impact during the last half, and throughout for wheat after wheat. The soil became incapable of releasing adequate N for wheat after fallow. Simulated distributions of net returns determined the W rotation with N and P fertilizer had, on average, the highest but also the most variable net return. Net return was higher during the last half of the study, and the fertilized continuous wheat rotation had the highest average net return. The continuous wheat rotation was more risky, and producers averse to risk would prefer the less risky fertilized fallow-wheat rotation.

Singh, A. K., Clarke, J. M., DePauw, R. M., Knox, R. E., McCaig, T. N. and Cuthbert, R. D. 2015. AAC Current durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 589-594. AAC Current durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. AAC Current combines high grain yield, high grain protein concentration, strong straw strength, very high test weight, high grain pigment and strong gluten strength, and low grain cadmium concentration.

Choo, T. M., ter Beek, S. M., Martin, R. A., MacDonald, D., Scott, P., Dion, Y., Rioux, S., Pageau, D., Frégeau-Reid, J. and Abdel-Aal, E.-S. M. 2015. AAC Starbuck hulless barley. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 595-598. AAC Starbuck is a two-row, spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar developed by the Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. It has high yield, high test weight, high seed weight, and it accumulates low concentrations of deoxynivalenol in response to Fusarium head blight infection. AAC Starbuck performs well in Quebec and the Maritimes.

Choo, T.M., Martin, R.A., ter Beek, S.M., MacDonald, D., Scott, P., Dion, Y., Rioux, S., Pageau, D. and Abdel-Aal, E.-S.M. 2015. AAC Purpose barley. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 599-602. AAC Purpose is a two-row spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar developed by the Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. It has high grain yield, very high seed weight, and resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust. AAC Purpose performs well in the Maritimes and Quebec.

Acharya, S. N. 2015. AAC Mountainview sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifoila subsp. Viciifolia). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 603-607. AAC Mountainview sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifoila subsp. viciifolia) was developed by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta. This cultivar, tested as LRC 3902 in Western Forage Trials and in other trials, was derived from parental clones selected for improved persistence in mixed stands with alfalfa and regrowth after cutting. When grown under irrigated and rain-fed conditions of western Canada LRC 3902 out yielded Nova (check) by 22 to 42% in pure stands and 30 to 39% in mixed stands with alfalfa in some locations. This cultivar matures 7-10 d earlier than Nova and has slightly larger seed than Nova (20-24 g 1000 seeds^-1 vs. 18-22 g). Although it can be grown for hay and pasture by itself, AAC Mountainview is well suited for preventing pasture bloat in mixed alfalfa stands without loss in animal productivity. Breeder seed for the cultivar will be produced by AAFC, and the multiplication and distribution rights were awarded to NorthStar Seeds through a competitive process.

Fofana, B. and Sanderson, K. 2015. AAC Sylvia-Arlene rose for rosehip production. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 609-613. AAC Sylvia-Arlene is a semi-domesticated rose variety demonstrating quality and yield to meet the criteria for economic production. AAC Sylvia-Arlene was evaluated in Charlottetown between 2005 and 2012, and was found to be adapted in field and different agronomic practices. In comparison to the control lines S36, S68, S140, and S142, the line S26 was characterized as a natural interspecific hybrid of Rosa carolina×Rosa virginiana and was denominated as ‘AAC Sylvia-Arlene’ whereas S36 and S68 are Rosa virginiana species. AAC Sylvia-Arlene yielded more rosehips than all the control lines. The plants of AAC Sylvia-Arlene are taller and wider than those of the reference varieties. The flowers of AAC Sylvia-Arlene are light-pink, whereas those of S36, S140 and S142 are medium-pink. The fruits of AAC Sylvia-Arlene are longer and wider than those of the reference varieties. AAC Sylvia-Arlene's fruit contains more seed than that of S36 and S140, was similar to S142 and contains less seed compared with S68. The seed weight per fruit of AAC Sylvia-Arlene and S142 is lower than that of other references. The antioxidant capacity of AAC Sylvia-Arlene fruit was similar to that of S36 and higher than any other control lines. AAC Sylvia-Arlene showed a unique terpenoid content, higher than that of any other control lines.